Chemical bonds result from the attraction between positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons. There are three main types of bonding: ionic, metallic, and covalent. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions with opposite charges that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. Molecules form through covalent bonds and have molecular formulas that describe the number and type of atoms present. The shape and polarity of molecules can be predicted from their Lewis structures.

1. CHEMICAL
BOND
1

2. Chemical Bond
A Quick Review….
• A bond that results from the attraction of
nuclei for electrons
• IN OTHER WORDS
– the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to
the electrons (-) of another atom
• This is Electronegativity !!
2

3. 3

4. Three Major Types of Bonding
1.Ionic Bonding
–forms ionic compounds
–transfer of valence electron
2. Metallic Bonding
- formed between two metals
3. Covalent Bonding
–forms molecules
–sharing of valence electron
4

5. 5
What is an Ionic Bond?
An ionic bond is a type of
chemical bond formed by
electrostatic attraction between
two oppositely-charged ions.
These ions are created by the
transfer of valence electrons
between two atoms, usually a
metal and a non-metal.

6. 1. Ionic Bonding
• Always formed between metal cations
and non-metals anions
• Cations are ions that are positively
charged. Anions are ions that are
negatively charged
• The oppositely charged ions stick like
magnets
[METALS ]+ [NON-METALS ]-
Lost e- Gained e- 6

7. • During ionic bonding, two atoms
(usually a metal and a non-metal)
exchange valence electrons. One
atom acts as an electron donor,
and the other as an electron
acceptor.
• This process is called electron
transfer and creates two
oppositely-charged ions. 8

8. • For example, when a sodium atom meets
a chlorine atom, the sodium donates one
valence electron to the chlorine.
• This creates a positively-charged sodium
ion and a negatively-charged chlorine ion.
• The electrostatic attraction between them
forms an ionic bond, resulting in a stable
ionic compound called sodium chloride
(AKA table salt).
10

9. •Examples of Ionic Bonds
•NaCl: sodium chloride
•NaBr: sodium bromide
•NaF: sodium fluoride
•NaI: sodium iodide
•KF: potassium fluoride 11

10. •KI: potassium iodide
•KBr: potassium bromide
•LiI: lithium iodide
•Li2O: lithium oxide
•MgO: magnesium oxide
•KCl: potassium chloride
12

11. 2. Metallic Bonding
• Always formed between 2 metals (pure
metals)
– Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…
14

12. 3. Covalent Bonding
• Pairs of electrons
are shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to
acquire the electron
configuration of a
noble gas.
molecules
15

13. Covalent Bonding
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to
gain electrons to get a stable octet of electrons
or a filled outer shell.
• The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms
to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence
shell. When atoms have fewer than eight
electrons, they tend to react and form more
stable compounds.
• The outermost shell of any atom is called the
valence shell and the electrons that reside in
the valence shell are called valence electrons

14. Drawing molecules (covalent)
using Lewis Dot Structures
• Symbol represents the KERNEL of the atom
(nucleus and inner electrons)
• dots represent valence electrons
• Draw a valence electron on each side (top, right,
bottom, left) before pairing them.
17

15. Always remember atoms are trying
to complete their valence shell!
“2 will do but 8 is great!”
The number of electrons the atom needs is the
total number of bonds they can make.
Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
one two one three one four
18

16. Draw Lewis Dot Structures
You may represent valence electrons
from different atoms with the
following symbols x, ,
H or H or H
x
19

17. • The atoms form a covalent bond by
sharing their valence electrons to
get a stable octet of electrons.(filled
valence shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms
are combined to show the covalent
bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form
MOLECULES

18. Methane CH4
• This is the finished Lewis dot structure
• Every atom has a filled valence shell
How did we get here?
OR
21

19. General Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
• All valence electrons of the atoms in Lewis structures must
be shown.
• Generally each atom needs eight electrons in its valence
shell (except Hydrogen needs only two electrons and
Boron needs only 6).
• Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) can be formed by
C, N, O, P, and S.
• Central atoms have the most unpaired electrons.
• Terminal atoms have the fewest unpaired electrons.
22

20. • When carbon is one of your atoms, it will
always be in the center
• Sometimes you only have two atoms, so
there is no central atom
Cl2 HBr H2 O2 N2 HCl
• We will use a method called ANS
(Available, Needed, Shared) to help us draw
our Lewis dot structures for molecules
23

21. EXAMPLE 1: Write the Lewis structure for H2O where oxygen is the central atom.
Step 1: Determine the total number of electrons available for bonding. Because only valence
electrons are involved in bonding we need to determine the total number of valence electrons.
AVAILABLE valenceelectrons:
Electrons available
2 H Group 1 2(1) = 2
O Group 6 6
8
There are 8 electrons available for bonding.
Step 2: Determine the number of electrons needed by
each atom to fill its valence shell.
NEEDED valence electrons
Electrons needed
2 H each H needs 2 2(2) = 4
O needs 8 8
12
There are 12 electrons needed.
24

22. Step 3: More electrons are needed then there are available. Atoms therefore make bonds by sharing
electrons. Two electrons are shared per bond.
SHARED (two electrons per bond)
# of bonds = (# of electrons needed – # of electrons available) = (N-A) = (12 – 8) = 2 bonds.
2 2 2
Draw Oxygen as the central atom. Draw the Hydrogen atoms on either side of the oxygen atom.
Draw the 2 bonds that can be formed to connect the atoms.
OR
Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shells for each atom. All atoms need 8 electrons
to fill their valence shell (except hydrogen needs only 2 electrons to fill its valence shell, and
boron only needs 6). For H2O there are 2 bonds, and 2 electrons per bond.
# available electrons remaining = # electrons available – # electrons shared = A-S = 8 – 2(2) = 4 extra e-
s
25

23. Sometimes multiple bonds must be formed to get
the numbers of electrons to work out
• DOUBLE bond
– atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)
O O
• TRIPLE bond
– atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)
N N 26

24. 27

25. Step 3: SHARED (two electrons per bond)
# of bonds = (N – A) = (20 – 12) = 4 bonds.
2 2
Draw carbon as the central atom (Hint: carbon is always the center when it is present!). Draw the
Hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom around the carbon atom. Draw 2 bonds of the 4 bonds that can
be formed to connect the H atoms. Draw the remaining 2 bonds to connect the O atom (oxygen
can form double bonds)
Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shell for each atom.
# electrons remaining = Available – Shared = A – S = 12 – 4(2) = 4 extra e-
s
28

26. Let’s Practice
H2
A = 1 x 2 = 2
N = 2 x 2 = 4
S = 4 - 2= 2 ÷ 2 = 1 bond
Remaining = A – S = 2 – 2 = 0
DRAW
29

27. Let’s Practice
CH4
A = C 4x1 = 4 H 1x4 = 4 4 + 4 = 8
N = C 8x1 = 8 H 2x4 = 8 8 + 8 = 16
S = (N-A)16 – 8 = 8 ÷2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = A-S = 8 – 8 = 0
DRAW
30

28. Let’s Practice
NH3
A = N 5x1 = 5 H 1x3 = 3 = 8
N = N 8x1 = 8 H 2x3 = 6 = 14
S = 14-8 = 6 ÷2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 8 – 6 = 2
DRAW
31

29. Let’s Practice
CO2
A = C 4x1 = 4 O 6x2 = 12 = 16
N = C 8x1 = 8 O 8x2 = 16 = 24
S = 24-16 = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 16 – 8 = 8 not bonding
DRAW – carbon is the central atom
32

30. Let’s Practice
BCl3 boron only needs 6 valence electrons, it is an exception.
A = B 3 x 1 = 3 Cl 7 x 3 = 21 = 24
N = B(6) x 1 = 6 Cl 8 x 3 = 24 = 30
S = 30-24 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = 24 – 6 = 18 e- not bonding
DRAW
33

31. NOꝫ
34

32. •1. HBr
•2. CCl4
•3. NaCl
35
Draw the Lewis Dot
Structure of the Following:

33. •Naming Molecular
Compounds (Covalent)
•Nonmetal + nonmetal

34. The Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons

35. Properties of Molecular or Covalent Compounds
• Made from 2 or more nonmetals
• Consist of molecules not ions

36. Molecular Formulas
Show the kinds and numbers of
atoms present in a molecule of a
compound.
Molecular Formula = H2O

37. H N H
H
NH3
Structural formula
Molecular formula

38. Molecular Formulas
• Examples
• CO2
• SO3
• N2O5

39. Rules for Naming
Molecular compounds
• The most “metallic” nonmetal
element is written first (the one that
is furthest left)
• The most nonmetallic of the two
nonmetals is written last in the
formula
• NO2 not O2N
• All binary molecular compounds end
in -ide

40. • Ionic compounds use charges to determine the
chemical formula
• The molecular compound‘s name tells you the
number of each element in the chemical
formula.
• Uses prefixes to tell you the quantity of each
element.
• You need to memorize the prefixes !
Molecular compounds

41. Prefixes
• 1 mono
• 2 di
• 3 tri
• 4 tetra
• 5 penta
• 6 hexa
• 7 hepta
• 8 octa
• 9 nona
• 10 deca
Memorize!

42. • If there is only one of the first element do
not put (prefix) mono
• Example: carbon monoxide (not monocarbon monoxide)
• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop
the vowel ending from all prefixes except
di and tri
• monoxide not monooxide
• tetroxide not tetraoxide
More Molecular Compound Rules

43. N2O5
Molecular compounds

44. N2O5
Molecular compounds
di

45. N2O5
dinitrogen
Molecular compounds

46. N2O5
dinitrogen
Molecular compounds
penta

47. N2O5
dinitrogen
Molecular compounds
pentaoxide

48. N2O5
dinitrogen
Molecular compound Naming Practice
pentaoxide

49. N2O5
dinitrogen pentoxide
Molecular compounds
dinitrogen pentoxide

50. Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide

51. Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide
S

52. Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide
S

53. Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide
S O3

54. Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide
S O3
SO3

55. Molecular compounds
CCl4

56. Molecular compounds
CCl4
monocarbon

57. Molecular compounds
CCl4
monocarbon

58. Molecular compounds
CCl4
carbon

59. Molecular compounds
CCl4
tetra
carbon

60. Molecular compounds
CCl4
tetrachloride
carbon

61. Molecular compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
tetrachloride
carbon

62. Write molecular formulas
for these
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• P2O5
• trisulfur hexaflouride
• S3F6
• nitrogen triiodide
• NI3

63. H2O
NH3
Common Names

64. H2O
NH3
Water
Ammonia
Common Names

65. 68

66. Bond Types
3 Possible Bond Types:
• Ionic
• Non-Polar Covalent
• Polar Covalent
69

67. Ionic Character
“Ionic Character” refers to a bond’s
polarity
–In a polar covalent bond,
•the closer the EN difference is to 2.0,
the more POLAR its character
•The closer the EN difference is to .20,
the more NON-POLAR its character
71

68. Place these molecules in order of increasing
bond polarity using the electronegativity
values on your periodic table
• HCl
• CH4
• CO2
• NH3
• N2
• HF
a.k.a.
“ionic character”
72
1 EN difference = 0
2 EN difference = 0.4
3 EN difference = 0.9
4 EN difference = 1.0
3 EN difference = 0.9
5 EN difference = 1.9

69. Polar vs. Nonpolar
MOLECULES
• Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule itself is non-polar
73

70. Nonpolar Molecules
• Molecule is Equal on all sides
–Symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
the same on all sides)
H
H
H
H C
Draw Lewis dot first and
see if equal on all sides
74

71. Polar Molecules
• Molecule is Not Equal on all sides
–Not a symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
not the same on all sides)
Cl
H
H
H C
75

72. H Cl -
+
Polar Molecule
Unequal Sharing of Electrons
76

73. Cl
Non-Polar Molecule
Cl
Equal Sharing of Electrons
77

74. H Cl
Polar Molecule
Not symmetrical
H
B
78

75. H H
Non-Polar Molecule
Symmetrical
H
B
79

76. H
H
O
Water is a POLAR molecule
ANY time there are unshared pairs
of electrons on the central atom, the
molecule is POLAR
80

77. Making sense of the polar
non-polar thing
BONDS
Non-polar Polar
EN difference EN difference
0 - .2 .21 – 1.99
MOLECULES
Non-polar Polar
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
OR
Unshared e-s on
Central Atom
81

78. 5 Shapes of Molecules
you must know!
(memorize)
82

79. Copy this slide
• VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion Theory
– Covalent molecules assume geometry
that minimizes repulsion among electrons
in valence shell of atom
– Shape of a molecule can be predicted
from its Lewis Structure
83

80. 1. Linear (straight line)
Ball and stick
model
Molecule geometry X A X
OR
A X
Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 0
OR
84

81. 2. Trigonal Planar
Ball and stick
model
Molecule geometry X
A
X X
Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 0 85

82. 3.Tetrahedral
Ball and stick
model
Molecule geometry
Shared Pairs = 4 Unshared Pairs = 0
86

83. 4. Bent
Ball and stick
model
Lewis Diagram A
X X
..
Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 1 or 2
87

84. 5.Trigonal Pyramidal
Ball and stick
model
Molecule geometry
Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 1
88

85. • I can describe the 3 intermolecular
forces of covalent compounds and
explain the effects of each force.
89

86. • Attractions
within or inside
molecules, also
known as bonds.
– Ionic
– Covalent
– metallic
Intramolecular attractions
90
Roads within a state

87. • Attractions between
molecules
– Hydrogen “bonding”
• Strong attraction
between special polar
molecules (F, O, N, P)
– Dipole-Dipole
• Result of polar covalent
Bonds
– Induced Dipole
(Dispersion Forces)
• Result of non-polar
covalent bonds
Intermolecular attractions
91

88. More on intermolecular forces
Hydrogen “Bonding”
• STRONG
intermolecular force
– Like magnets
• Occurs ONLY
between H of one
molecule and N, O,
F of another
molecule
Hydrogen
“bond”
-
+
+
-
+ +
+
+
-
92
Hydrogen bonding
1 min

89. Why does Hydrogen
“bonding” occur?
• Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
– are small atoms with strong nuclear
charges
• powerful atoms
– Have very high electronegativities,
these atoms hog the electrons in a bond
– Create very POLAR molecules
93

90. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
– WEAK intermolecular force
– Bonds have high EN differences
forming polar covalent molecules,
but not as high as those that result
in hydrogen bonding.
.21<EN<1.99
– Partial negative and partial
positive charges slightly attracted
to each other.
– Only occur between polar
covalent molecules
94

91. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
95

92. Induced Dipole Attractions
– VERY WEAK intermolecular force
– Bonds have low EN differences EN < .20
– Temporary partial negative or positive charge
results from a nearby polar covalent molecule.
– Only occur between NON-POLAR & POLAR
molecules
96
Induced dipole video
30 sec

93. BOND STRENGTH
IONIC
COVALENT
Hydrogen
Dipole-Dipole
Induced Dipole


intramolecular
intermolecular
Strongest
Weakest
97

94. Intermolecular Forces
affect chemical properties
• For example, strong intermolecular
forces cause high Boiling Point
– Water has a high boiling point compared
to many other liquids
98

95. Which substance has the
highest boiling point?
• HF
• NH3
• CO2
• WHY?
99

96. Which substance has the
highest boiling point?
• HF
• NH3
• CO2
• WHY?
The H-F bond has the highest
electronegativity difference
SO
HF has the most polar bond
resulting in the strongest H
bonding (and therefore needs the
most energy to overcome the
intermolecular forces and boil)
100

97. The End
101