This chapter introduces programming and programming languages. It defines programs, programmers, and programming languages. Programs are step-by-step instructions for computers, programmers create these instructions, and programming languages allow communication between programmers and computers. Early languages included machine code using 1s and 0s and assembly languages using mnemonics. Modern languages are high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write. All programs use control structures like sequence, selection, and repetition to determine program logic and flow.

1. An Introduction to Programming with C++
Eighth Edition
Chapter 1:
An Introduction to Programming

2. Chapter Objectives
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 2
• Define the terminology used inprogramming
• Explain the tasks performed by aprogrammer
• Understand the employment opportunities for
programmers and software engineers
• Explain the history of programminglanguages
• Explain the sequence, selection, andrepetition
structures
• Write simple algorithms using the sequence,selection,
and repetition structures

3. Programming a Computer
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It is important to understand the relationship between the
terms programs, programmers, and programming
languages.
Programs- Thedirections that humans give to computers
Programmers - Thepeople who create these directions
Programming Languages- Special languages used by
programmers to communicate directions toacomputer

4. The Programmer’s Job
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• Programmers help solve computer problems
• Employee or freelance
• Typical steps involved
– Meet with user todetermine problem
– Convert the problem into aprogram
– Testthe program
– Provide user manual

5. What Traits Should a Software Developer
Possess?
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• Analytical skills
• Communication skills
• Creativity
• Customer-service skills
• Detail oriented
• Problem-solving skills
• Teamwork
• Technical skills

6. Employment Opportunities
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• Computer software engineer: designs an appropriate
solution to auser’sproblem
• Computer programmer: codes acomputer solution
• Codingis the processof translating acomputer solution
into alanguage acomputer canunderstand
• Somepositions call for both engineeringand
programming

7. A Brief History of Programming Languages
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There are many different types ofprogramming
languages. Thischapter will discuss:
• Machine languages
• Assemblylanguages
• High-level procedure-oriented languages
• High-level object-oriented languages

8. Machine Languages
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• Thefirst programmers had to write the program
instructions using only combinations of 0sand1s
– Example: 0000 010111000000
• Instructions written in 0sand 1sare called machine
language or machinecode
• Eachtype of machine hasits ownlanguage
• Machine languages are the only way tocommunicate
directly with thecomputer
• Programming in machine language: tedious anderror-
prone; requires highly trained programmers

9. Assembly Languages
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• Assembly languages made writing code simplerthan
using only 0sand 1s
• Mnemonics – symbols used to represent theactual
machine language instructions
Example: 00000101 vs. BALR
• Assembly programs require an assembler to convert
instructions into machinecode
• Easier to write programs inassemblylanguage
– But still tedious and requires highly trainedprogrammers

10. High-Level Languages
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• High-level languages allow programmers to useEnglish-
like instructions
Example: taxAmount = total * taxRate
• Eachhigh-level language instruction is equivalent to
more than one machine languageinstruction
• Compilers translate high-level instructions into 0sand
1s(machine language)
• Interpreters translate the program line by lineasthe
program isrunning

11. High-Level Languages (cont.)
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• When writing aprocedure-oriented program, the
programmer concentrates on the major tasks thatthe
program needs to perform
– Examples:COBOL,BASIC,C
• An object-oriented program requires the programmer
to focus on the objects that the program can useto
accomplish its goal
– Examples:C++,Visual Basic,Java, C#
• Object-oriented programs allow for an object to be
created that can be reused in more thanone program

12. Control Structures
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All computer programs are written using one or more of
three basiccontrol structures: sequence,repetition, and
selection. Another term used for control structures are
logic structures, because they control the logic flow of the
program.
While in every program that is written the sequence
structure will be used, in most all programs all three
control structures will beused.

13. The Sequence Structure
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• Thesequence structure directs the computer to
process the program instructions, one after another,in
the order in which they are listed in the program
• An algorithm is afinite number of step-by-step
instructions that accomplish atask
• Example: steps to pump gasat aself-service pump

14. The Sequence Structure (cont.)
Figure 1-1 An example of the sequence structure
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15. The Selection Structure
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• Theselectionstructure directs the computer to makea
decision (evaluate acondition), and then take an
appropriate action based upon that decision
• Theselection structure allows the programmer to
evaluate data, therefore properly controlling thelogic
flow of theprogram
• Another name for the selection structure is thedecision
structure
• Example: stopping or going at asignallight

16. The Selection Structure (cont.)
Figure 1-2 An example of the selection structure
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17. An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition 17
The Selection Structure (cont.)
Figure 1-3 Another example of the selection structure

18. The Repetition Structure
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• Therepetition structure, commonly called iteration or
looping,directs the computer to repeat one or more
program instructions until some condition ismet
• Thiscondition may be checked at the beginning orend
of the set of instructions to be processed dependent
upon the language being used
• The repetition structure allows the programmer to
repeatedly process a set of instructions, while only
typing them inonce

19. The Repetition Structure (cont.)
Original algorithm and modified algorithm
showing the repetition structure
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20. Summary
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• Programs are step-by-step instructions that tella
computer how to performatask
• Programmersuse programming languages to
communicate with thecomputer
• First programming languages were machine language
using 0sand 1s
• Assembly languages followed, using mnemonics
• High-level languages can be used to created procedure-
oriented or object-orientedprograms

21. Summary (cont.)
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• An algorithm is afinite number of step-by-step
instructions that accomplish atask
• Algorithms utilize three basic controlstructures:
sequence, selection, and repetition
• Thesequence structure directs the computer to process
the program instructions, one after another, in the
order in which they arelisted
• Theselection structure directs the computer tomake a
decision (evaluate acondition), and then take an
appropriate action based upon that decision

22. Summary (cont.)
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• Therepetition structure, commonly called iteration or
looping, directs the computer to repeat one or more
program instructions until some condition ismet
• Thesequence structure is used in all programs
• Most programs also contain both the selectionand
repetition structures