Lesions and abrasions of the skin can range from superficial to deep. Abrasion injuries occur when skin rubs against a rough surface, removing the outer epidermal layers. They are classified by degree from first to third. Treatment includes cleaning, applying antibiotics to prevent infection, and optionally dressing the wound. Lesions refer broadly to any tissue abnormality or damage, and can be classified by features, location, and other characteristics. Common skin lesions include macules, papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers. Available treatments can temporarily remove lesions but do not provide a permanent cure.

1. LESIONS AND
ABRASIONS OF
SKIN
PRESENTED BY-: MANREET KAUR

2. ABRASION

3. ABRASION
An Abrasion is a wound caused by superficial damage to the
skin, no deeper than the epidermis. It is less severe than a
laceration, and bleeding, if present, is minimal. Mild abrasions,
also known as grazes or scrapes, do not scar or bleed, but deep
abrasions may lead to the formation of scar tissue. A more
traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin is called an
avulsion.

4. Abrasion injuries most commonly
occur when exposed skin comes into
moving contact with a rough surface,
causing a grinding or rubbing away
of the upper layers of the epidermis.

5. ABRASION BY DEGREE
1) A first-degree abrasion involves only epidermal injury.
2) A second-degree abrasion involves the epidermis as well as
the dermis and may bleed slightly.
3) A third-degree abrasion involves damage to the subcutaneous
layer and the skin and is often called an avulsion.

6. TREATMENT
1. The abrasion should be cleaned and any debris removed.
2. A topical antibiotic (such as Neosporin or bacitracin) should
be applied to prevent infection and to keep the wound moist.
3. Dressing the wound is optional but helps to keep the wound
from drying out which interferes with healing.
4. If the abrasion is painful, a topical analgesic (such as lidocaine
or benzocaine) can be applied, but for large abrasions. a
systemic analgesic may be necessary.
5. Avoid exposing abraded skin to the sun as permanent
hyperpigmentation can develop.

7. HEALING PROCESS OF PALM
1. 32 minutes after injury
2. 17 hours after injury

8. 3. 1 day 19 hours after injury
4. 3 days after injury

9. 5. 13 days after injury
6. 14 days after injury

10. 7. 17 days after injury
8. 18 days after injury

11. 9. 22 days after injury
10. 30 days after injury

12. LESION

13. LESION
A lesion is any abnormality in the tissue
of an organism (in layman's terms,
"damage"), usually caused by disease or
trauma. Lesion is derived from the Latin
word laesio meaning injury.

14. HISTORY
1. DuVerney was the first to use experimental ablation method on
animals in 1679. Flourens first published the method in 1824,
describing the method and behavioral effect of brain damage.
2. Lesions done by knife cuts and suction techniques, called mechanical
lesions, were tried by Veyssiere and Nothnagel in 1874.
3. In 1895, Golsinger was the first to make electrolytic lesions in
animals. In 1898, Sellier and Verger destroyed discrete areas in the
caudate and anterior segment of internal capsule.
4. In 1908, Horsley and Clark developed the stereotaxic method and
combined it with electrolytic lesions.
5. In the 1940s to 1950s, Lobotomy was a popular procedure for curing
various psychological conditions which relied on lesioning the frontal
lobes.

15. TYPES
• Lesions can occur anywhere in the body that consists of soft tissue
or osseous matter, though most frequently found in the mouth,
skin, and the brain, or anywhere where a tumour may occur. They
are subsequently classified by their features. If a lesion is caused
by a tumor it will be classified as malignant or benign. Lesions may
be classified by the shape they form, as is the case with many
ulcers, which can have a bullseye or 'target' appearance.
• Some lesions have specialized names, such as Ghon lesions in the
lungs of tuberculosis victims. The characteristic skin lesions of a
varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection are called chickenpox. Lesions
of the teeth are usually called dental caries.

16. TYPES
• Another type of lesion is excitotoxic lesions that can be caused
by excitatory amino acid like kainic acid that kills neuron by
stimulating to death.
• Sham lesions are the process of putting stereotaxic apparatus
and insert it inside the skull to produce a lesion to see if
behavior correlates with the brain lesion.
• Finally, lesions are often classified by their location. For
example, a 'skin lesion' or a 'brain lesion'.

17. RESERCH USING LESIONS
Research with humans
• Humans with brain lesions are often the subjects of research with
the goal of establishing the function of the area where their lesion
occurred.
• A drawback to the use of human subjects is the difficulty in
finding subjects who have a lesion to the area which the
researcher wishes to study.
Research with animals
• Using animal subjects gives researchers the ability to lesion
specific areas in the subjects, allowing them to quickly acquire a
large group of subjects. An example of such a study is the

18. PRIMARY LESIONS
1. Macule – A macule is a change in surface color, without elevation or
depression and, therefore, nonpalpable, well or ill-defined, variously
sized, but generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in
diameter at the widest point.
2. Patch – A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or
10 mm, across depending on one's definition of a macule.
3. Papule – A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no
visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to less than either 5 or 10
mm in diameter at the widest point.
4. Plaque – A plaque has been described as a broad papule, or
confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm, or alternatively as
an elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in

19. 5. Nodule – A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule, but
is greater than either 5 or 10 mm in both width and depth, and
most frequently centered in the dermis or subcutaneous fat. The
depth of involvement is what differentiates a nodule from a
papule.
6. Vesicle – A vesicle is a circumscribed, fluid-containing,
epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5 or 10
mm in diameter at the widest point.
7. Bulla – A bulla is a large vesicle described as a rounded or
irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid,
equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm, depending on one's
definition of a vesicle.

20. 8. Pustule – A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing
cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic
inflammatory cells. These can be either white or red.
9. Cyst – A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity containing liquid,
semi-solid, or solid material.
10. Erosion – An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting
incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist,
circumscribed, and usually depressed.

21. 11. Ulcer – An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting
complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis
and even subcutaneous fat.
12. Fissure – A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow
but deep.
13. Wheal – A wheal is a rounded or flat-topped, pale red papule
or plaque that is characteristically evanescent, disappearing
within 24 to 48 hours.
14. Telangiectasia – A telangiectasia represents an enlargement
of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible.
15. Burrow – A burrow appears as a slightly elevated, grayish,

22. SECONDARY LESIONS
1. Scale – Dry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that
represent thickened stratum corneum.
2. Crust – Dried serum, pus, or blood usually mixed with
epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris.
3. Lichenification – Epidermal thickening characterized by visible
and palpable thickening of the skin with accentuated skin
markings.
4. Excoriation – A punctate or linear abrasion produced by
mechanical means (often scratching), usually involving only the
epidermis, but commonly reaching the papillary dermis.

23. 5. Induration – dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel
thicker and firmer.
6. Atrophy – refers to a loss of tissue, and can be epidermal, dermal, or
subcutaneous. With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin,
translucent, and wrinkled. Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is
represented by depression of the skin.
7. Maceration – softening and turning white of the skin due to being
consistently wet.
8. Umbilication – formation of a depression at the top of a papule,
vesicle, or pustule.

24. TREATMENT
• Unfortunately, available treatments only remove the lesions
temporarily; there does not appear to be a treatment that
works permanently. If you only have a few skin lesions, you
may be able to have them removed successfully and repeatedly
without noticeable scarring. If you have a larger number of
lesions, this may be more difficult. You may want to start by
treating a small area to see what results you get.

25. TREATMENTS INCLUDE:-
1. Surgical
2. Cautery and cold cautery
3. Radiofrequency
4. Cryoablation
5. Laser
6. Hyfrecation – electrosurgery
7. Curettage and Hyfrecation

26. REFERENCES
1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion
2. 8. Kent, R.D. (1982). Prosodic Disturbance And Neurologic Lesion. Brain and
Language, 15(2), 259-291.
3. 9. Kertesz, A., Harlock, W., & Coates, R. (2004). Computer Tomographic
Localization, Lesion Size, And Prognosis In Aphasia And Nonverbal
Impairment. Brain and Language, 8(1), 34-50.
4. 10. Schallert, T., & Wilcox, R.E. (1986). Neurotransimitter-Selective Brain
Lesions. Biomedical and Life Sciences, 1, 343-387.
5. 11. Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M.P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J. & Dolan, R.J.
(2004). Distant Influences Of Amygdala Lesion On Visual Cortical Activation
During Emotional Face Processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1271-1278.
6. http://health.yahoo.net/galecontent/skin-lesions
7. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9695
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion
10.http://www.webmd.com/allergies/itch-relief-11/cuts-scrapes