Frostbite occurs when body tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, most commonly affecting the extremities. Superficial frostbite involves freezing of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, appearing waxy white and numb, while deep frostbite extends to muscles, tendons and bones. Risk factors include alcohol use, age, medical conditions, weather, injury and constrictive clothing. Symptoms may include pins and needles sensation, numbness, hard and pale skin, blisters and blackened skin. Treatment focuses on slowly rewarming the affected areas and preventing refreezing, along with pain medications, antibiotics and tetanus shots as needed. Surgery may be required for severe cases involving tissue death or

2. Frostbite occurs when there is freezing of the
affected area and it is the most serious of the cold
weather-related injuries.
Frostbite usually affects the hands, feet, nose, or
ears, though other parts of the body may also be
affected.
 This type of injury results from decreased blood
flow and heat delivary to body tissues resulting in
damaging ice crystal formation.

3. SUPERFICIAL FROST BITE :
It is involves the skin ,subcutaneous
tissues. skin is cold,waxy white, and
nonblanching frozen part anesthetic
but become painfuland flushed with
thawing. edema develops and clear
bullae filled with serous fluid appear
with in 24hr.

4. DEEP FROST BITE:
It is involves in the muscle,tendons,neurovascular strctures,
and bone, in addition to the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
frozen part is hard, wood like, and anesthetic.
it appear ashen gray, cynotic, or mottled and may remain
unchanged even rewarming. edema develops,are filled with
hemorrhagic fluid.

5. Intoxication with alcohol or other substance
Very young or very old age
Cardiovascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Windy or wet weather
Previous frostbite
Poor circulation
Taking beta-blockers
Diabetes
Exhaustion,malnutrition, dehydration,sever injury,
smoking,depression
Constricting clothing and footwear
Winter sports at high altitudes

6.  Pins and needles'' sensation followed by numbnees
 Early throbbing or aching
 Skin is hard, pale,cold,and has no feeling
 Burning sensation and swelling from collected fluid that
may last four weeks
 Blisters
 Black scab like crust, which may develop several weeks
after exposure .
 Damage to deep structures such as tendons,
muscles,nerves and bone .

7.  Analgesics
 NSAIDs
 Antibiotics
 Tetanus toxoids
 coldand move him or her to a warmer place.
 Remove constricting jewellery and wet clothing.
 If immediate care is not available,rewarming first aid may
be given.
 soak the affected areas in warm water or repeatedly apply
 warm clothes to affected ears, nose or cheeks for 20 to 30
minutes.
 keeps circulating the water to aid the warming process.

8.  Refreezing of thawed extremites can causes more severe
damage.
 Prevent refreezing by wrapping the thawed areas and
keeping the person warm.
 If frost bite has caused tissue death in any area,such as a
hand or foot, amputation may be necessary.
 If, however the person has serious infection, wet
gangrene, or pain that won't respond to treatment, surgery
may be required sooner.
 Apply dry sterile dressing to the frostbitten areas. Put
dressing between frostbitten fingers or toes to keep them
separated.