1) The document summarizes theories and typologies of migration, including definitions of migration types like internal, international, and labor migration. It discusses theories that have emerged over time to explain migration patterns.
2) The document then presents a model of preparedness for return migration, including levels of skills, social capital, and financial capital that influence job prospects for returnees. It also describes different reintegration assistance schemes for refugees and highly skilled migrants.
3) The remainder of the document analyzes case studies of return migration of graduates from Ghana and Cameroon, finding that returnees faced varying levels of success in obtaining employment depending on factors like skills, social networks, and access to financial support through reintegration programs
Presentation by Dr Corrado Giulietti (Director of Research of the Institute for the Study of Labour) on the occasion of the conference on Immigration – a source of wealth and duties for Europe organised by the EESC, the Council of Europe and the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council in Brussels on 15 March 2013.
In this paper, we assess the demographic and economic consequences of migrations in Europe and neighbourhood countries. In order to do so, we rely on a multi-region world overlapping generations model (INGENUE2). The rich modeling framework of this multi-regions model allows us to put into connection migration with the "triangular" relationship between population aging, pension reforms and international capital markets. With this model, we are also able to quantify the demographic and economic consequences of migration ows on both the regions receiving and losing migrants. Our analysis is based on a very detailed migration scenario between Western Europe and the Neighborhood regions constructed by taking into account both the current situation and some prospective empirical scenarios. Our quantitative results shed some light on the long term consequences of migration on regions that are not at the same stage in the ageing process. Concerning the regions receiving migrants, despite some improvement of their public pension system, it appears that our realistic migration scenario does not offset the effect of ageing in these regions, leaving room for pension reforms. Concerning the regions losing migrants, the adverse economic consequences of emigration appear to be all the more important than the region is advanced in the ageing process (and is already suffering from a declining population).
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy and Xavier Chojnicki
Published in 2008
Presentation by Dr Corrado Giulietti (Director of Research of the Institute for the Study of Labour) on the occasion of the conference on Immigration – a source of wealth and duties for Europe organised by the EESC, the Council of Europe and the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council in Brussels on 15 March 2013.
In this paper, we assess the demographic and economic consequences of migrations in Europe and neighbourhood countries. In order to do so, we rely on a multi-region world overlapping generations model (INGENUE2). The rich modeling framework of this multi-regions model allows us to put into connection migration with the "triangular" relationship between population aging, pension reforms and international capital markets. With this model, we are also able to quantify the demographic and economic consequences of migration ows on both the regions receiving and losing migrants. Our analysis is based on a very detailed migration scenario between Western Europe and the Neighborhood regions constructed by taking into account both the current situation and some prospective empirical scenarios. Our quantitative results shed some light on the long term consequences of migration on regions that are not at the same stage in the ageing process. Concerning the regions receiving migrants, despite some improvement of their public pension system, it appears that our realistic migration scenario does not offset the effect of ageing in these regions, leaving room for pension reforms. Concerning the regions losing migrants, the adverse economic consequences of emigration appear to be all the more important than the region is advanced in the ageing process (and is already suffering from a declining population).
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy and Xavier Chojnicki
Published in 2008
The topic that I have chosen is economic policies that enable imm.docxssusera34210
The topic that I have chosen is “economic policies that enable immigrants to thrive”. Immigrants play an important role in the history of the world. Many of the current nations were formed by the successive waves of immigrants moving in and out of the country. Immigration has helped to form the foundation of nations, win wars, and drive counties to great prosperity. Immigration is currently a hot button issue, wars and falling regimes have led many to leave their countries to seek a better life in western countries. The treatment of these immigrants has been lukewarm at best. Countries should change their attitudes regarding how they deal with immigrants. By instituting the right policies, countries can leverage the skills and hard work of immigrants to propel the country to great heights of prosperity and cultural integration. I feel this topic is a pertinent one in addressing the current immigration crisis.
A lot of ink is spewed everyday on the economic merits or demerits of immigration. For the purposes of this topic, I have chosen two scholarly articles to provide insight and guidance. The first source is immigration economics by authors George and Borjas. The book explores economic themes in relation to economics. It examines the effect that immigrants have on their host country from an economical perspective. The book hopes to shape the discourse on immigration by diluting it to its core economic underpinnings that will enable legislators to clearly understand the issue and make better decisions (Borjas, George, 2014). The second source I will use is economic growth & immigration: bridging the demographic divide, written by the immigration policy center. It explores themes of immigration and the economic growth of a nation. As such, it is very relevant to the topic I have chosen and will provide valuable insight.
Scholarly articles should be used because they present the opinion and finding of authors who are much educated on the topic at hand. They allow successive students and authors on the topic to build upon the findings and advance the topic further. They also enlighten one and provide guidance in writing about the topic.
References
Borjas, George (2014). “Immigration Economics.” Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
“Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide” (2005) Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation.
J Popul Econ (2004) 17:133–155
DOI 10.1007/s00148-003-0143-4
Settlement policies and the economic success
of immigrants
Per-Anders Edin1, Peter Fredriksson1, Olof Åslund2
1 Department of Economics, Uppsala University, and Institute for Labour Market Policy
Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (Fax: þ46-18-4711478;
e-mail: {per-anders.edin; peter.fredriksson}@nek.uu.se)
2 Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
(Fax: þ46-18-4717071; e-mail: [email protected])
Received: 18 January ...
Within the borders of the European Union the freedom of movement for both EU citizens as well as the transportation of capital, goods and services is more prevalent than ever before.
Outside of Europe, many individuals are enjoying the effects of globalization on mobility especially the highly qualified and educated. The paradox is that as some become more mobile, others are being shut out as security issues are prioritized and border control is strengthened. Within the European Union this tendency is also coupled with inconsistent migration policies that do not necessarily serve the best interests of the EU member states. Demographic changes, mainly the aging and decreasing population within Europe demonstrate the need for immigrant to fulfill the demands of the labor markets. Yet current policies make it difficult for many immigrants to gain access to European labor markets. The consequence is that many EU member states can not fill their labor markets.
Within the public debate the positive potential of immigration is often overlooked. Instead, it is treated as an "imminent threat". Due to insufficient policies and the neglect of humanitarian obligation, the European Union is becoming less and less of a safe harbor for refugees. There are policy problems around the topic of illegal migration, which is developing into a severe humanitarian and political crisis.
Reaching an agreement on common, coherent and comprehensive asylum and migration policy for the European Union unfortunately still requires great amounts of work. Labor migration is particularly an area upon which many European governments have not reached a consensus. The only areas in which a strong collaboration is apparent are the restriction of asylum policies, and in the coordinated protection of the European Union borders. The current state of European migration policy does not meet the humanitarian, economic and political needs of the population.
This dossier complements the international conference European Governance of Migration, which took place in September 2008 in Berlin.
Prof. Haci-Halil Uslucan: Religious diversity in Germany. The perception and ...misakonverents
International conference "Integration Challenges in Radicalizing World", 29-30 November 2016 in Tallinn, Estonia. More presentations: www.misakonverents.ee
The motivations of Romanian migrants from the qualitative research carried out by the Romanian project team under the Work Package 4 of the international research project “Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration & Markets” (GEMM), founded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 program.
Ponencia impartida por Josef Hochgerner, fundador y director científico del Zentrum für Soziale Innovation de Viena, el 3 de julio de 2013 en la II European Summer School of Social Innovation
Presentation by Elizabeth Collett (Director of Migration Policy Institute - Europe and Senior Advisor to MPI’s Transatlantic Council on Migration) on the occasion of the conference on Immigration – a source of wealth and duties for Europe organised by the EESC, the Council of Europe and the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council in Brussels on 15 March 2013.
[Re]-presenting knowledge: Critical reflections on the coverage of xenophobia...maHp_SA
This presentation was made at the 23rd Annual South African Sociological Association (SASA) Conference at Rhodes University on 28 June, 2016. Vanyoro argues that there is a tendency by South African newspapers to merely report ‘using’ findings, and not ‘on’ them. He cites this as problematic as it often reinforces existing viewpoints, paradigms and discourses that portray foreign migrants negatively. Consequently there is a clear tension between discourses and knowledges of ‘empirics’ and ‘popular perceptions’ evident in a majority of the analysed texts.
The topic that I have chosen is economic policies that enable imm.docxssusera34210
The topic that I have chosen is “economic policies that enable immigrants to thrive”. Immigrants play an important role in the history of the world. Many of the current nations were formed by the successive waves of immigrants moving in and out of the country. Immigration has helped to form the foundation of nations, win wars, and drive counties to great prosperity. Immigration is currently a hot button issue, wars and falling regimes have led many to leave their countries to seek a better life in western countries. The treatment of these immigrants has been lukewarm at best. Countries should change their attitudes regarding how they deal with immigrants. By instituting the right policies, countries can leverage the skills and hard work of immigrants to propel the country to great heights of prosperity and cultural integration. I feel this topic is a pertinent one in addressing the current immigration crisis.
A lot of ink is spewed everyday on the economic merits or demerits of immigration. For the purposes of this topic, I have chosen two scholarly articles to provide insight and guidance. The first source is immigration economics by authors George and Borjas. The book explores economic themes in relation to economics. It examines the effect that immigrants have on their host country from an economical perspective. The book hopes to shape the discourse on immigration by diluting it to its core economic underpinnings that will enable legislators to clearly understand the issue and make better decisions (Borjas, George, 2014). The second source I will use is economic growth & immigration: bridging the demographic divide, written by the immigration policy center. It explores themes of immigration and the economic growth of a nation. As such, it is very relevant to the topic I have chosen and will provide valuable insight.
Scholarly articles should be used because they present the opinion and finding of authors who are much educated on the topic at hand. They allow successive students and authors on the topic to build upon the findings and advance the topic further. They also enlighten one and provide guidance in writing about the topic.
References
Borjas, George (2014). “Immigration Economics.” Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
“Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide” (2005) Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation.
J Popul Econ (2004) 17:133–155
DOI 10.1007/s00148-003-0143-4
Settlement policies and the economic success
of immigrants
Per-Anders Edin1, Peter Fredriksson1, Olof Åslund2
1 Department of Economics, Uppsala University, and Institute for Labour Market Policy
Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (Fax: þ46-18-4711478;
e-mail: {per-anders.edin; peter.fredriksson}@nek.uu.se)
2 Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
(Fax: þ46-18-4717071; e-mail: [email protected])
Received: 18 January ...
Within the borders of the European Union the freedom of movement for both EU citizens as well as the transportation of capital, goods and services is more prevalent than ever before.
Outside of Europe, many individuals are enjoying the effects of globalization on mobility especially the highly qualified and educated. The paradox is that as some become more mobile, others are being shut out as security issues are prioritized and border control is strengthened. Within the European Union this tendency is also coupled with inconsistent migration policies that do not necessarily serve the best interests of the EU member states. Demographic changes, mainly the aging and decreasing population within Europe demonstrate the need for immigrant to fulfill the demands of the labor markets. Yet current policies make it difficult for many immigrants to gain access to European labor markets. The consequence is that many EU member states can not fill their labor markets.
Within the public debate the positive potential of immigration is often overlooked. Instead, it is treated as an "imminent threat". Due to insufficient policies and the neglect of humanitarian obligation, the European Union is becoming less and less of a safe harbor for refugees. There are policy problems around the topic of illegal migration, which is developing into a severe humanitarian and political crisis.
Reaching an agreement on common, coherent and comprehensive asylum and migration policy for the European Union unfortunately still requires great amounts of work. Labor migration is particularly an area upon which many European governments have not reached a consensus. The only areas in which a strong collaboration is apparent are the restriction of asylum policies, and in the coordinated protection of the European Union borders. The current state of European migration policy does not meet the humanitarian, economic and political needs of the population.
This dossier complements the international conference European Governance of Migration, which took place in September 2008 in Berlin.
Prof. Haci-Halil Uslucan: Religious diversity in Germany. The perception and ...misakonverents
International conference "Integration Challenges in Radicalizing World", 29-30 November 2016 in Tallinn, Estonia. More presentations: www.misakonverents.ee
The motivations of Romanian migrants from the qualitative research carried out by the Romanian project team under the Work Package 4 of the international research project “Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration & Markets” (GEMM), founded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 program.
Ponencia impartida por Josef Hochgerner, fundador y director científico del Zentrum für Soziale Innovation de Viena, el 3 de julio de 2013 en la II European Summer School of Social Innovation
Presentation by Elizabeth Collett (Director of Migration Policy Institute - Europe and Senior Advisor to MPI’s Transatlantic Council on Migration) on the occasion of the conference on Immigration – a source of wealth and duties for Europe organised by the EESC, the Council of Europe and the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council in Brussels on 15 March 2013.
[Re]-presenting knowledge: Critical reflections on the coverage of xenophobia...maHp_SA
This presentation was made at the 23rd Annual South African Sociological Association (SASA) Conference at Rhodes University on 28 June, 2016. Vanyoro argues that there is a tendency by South African newspapers to merely report ‘using’ findings, and not ‘on’ them. He cites this as problematic as it often reinforces existing viewpoints, paradigms and discourses that portray foreign migrants negatively. Consequently there is a clear tension between discourses and knowledges of ‘empirics’ and ‘popular perceptions’ evident in a majority of the analysed texts.
1. 1
I A S
Institut für
Afrika-Studien
In Cooperation with
“Reintegration into domestic
job markets –
easier said than done!
How to successfully manage still”
AGEP/ ALUMNIPORTAL
Monday, July 06th 2015
Dr. Julia Boger (julia.boger@yahoo.de)
2. Content
1. Introduction
2. Theories and Typologies of
Migration
3. Model of Preparedness
4. Reintegration Assistance Schemes
5. Theories of job search
6. The case studies: Ghana/Cameroon
2
3. Reality Check I
“Where do you see
yourselves in 3 years
from now?”
o Working in home country
o Working in Germany
o Working elsewhere in the
world
o Being self-employed
o Don’t know yet
4. • 5 SLIDES:
• - Map - with animated arrows
• Definitin Migration = XXXX
Theories and Typologies
of Migration
5. Migration
Definition:
“to move from one country, place, or locality to
another” (Merriam-Webster)
“The stock of international migrants is estimated
at 247 million in 2013, significantly larger than
the previous estimate of 232 million, and is
expected to surpass 250 million in 2015”
(The World Bank 2015, Migration and Development Brief, 24)
9. 9
Agents
of Change
(de Haas 2008)
Financial:
Remittances
Know-how:
Diaspora
-Collaboration
Know-how:
Returning/
circulating
experts
Migration & Development
10. Highly skilled migration
Educational migration from South-North =
Braindrain, Braingain, Brainwaste,
Braincirculation?
105,000 Students from Global South in
Germany (HIS-HF 2013)
Tracer Studies:
Few quantitative large scale studies on scholarship
holders
Occupational Status Quo/ positions
Lacking insights about job search process
13. Assisted Voluntary Reintegration
Humanitarian Schemes: for refugees
Cheaper
EU-Migration policies
Transportation and pocket money
REAG*/ GARP**
financed by BAMF, Ministry for Refugees and Migration
*Reintegration and Emigration Program for Asylum-Seekers in Germany;
**Government Assisted Repatriation Program
14. Assisted Voluntary Reintegration
Development schemes: for highly skilled
Know-how transfer = Braingain
Transportation, salary top-up and
workplace equipment
Migration for Development (CIM)/ RE24
(Bread for the world);
financed by BMZ, Ministry for economic cooperation and
Development
15. Your opinion:
How will you get
a job?
Did you start
searching?
Where will you
look for jobs?
17. Case studies
Empirical research Ghana/Cameroon
Returned graduates from STEM-fields
in the years 2000-2010
Research 2008-2010
Qualitative design
50 interviewed returnees (22 Cameroon, 28
Ghana)
18.
19. Results
Ghana Cameroon
Overall
population in G.
26,751 18,301
Graduates from
G. 2000-2010
789 4,335
Returned 2000-
2010
323 288
Approx. return
rate
Min. 40.9% Min. 6.6%
Source: Boger 2014
20. Getting a job:
which type are you?
20
„Tell my fellow brothers
and sisters that home
[Ghana] is better in terms
of good jobs. Greet all for
me (Mr. X, e-mail 2009)“
Type Ghana Cameroon
Achieving
(skills)
high low
Arranging
(re-instruments)
high low
Getting
sponsored
(referrals)
low high
Source: Boger 2014
22. Starts working at Higher
Educational Institute;
Has a stable position at
about 500 EUR local
wages and receives 300
EUR salary subsidy
Mrs. Y, 32: Graduate of Natural
Resource management;
Returns with no financial
capital;
23. Ms. L, age 40: PhD graduate
linguistics in Germany;
Returns with no financial
capital;
Starts working in local NGO as
communication officer at the local wage
level of 70 EUR per month and receives
salary subsidy from CIM at 500 600
EUR
Insecure position, has to find another
job after 2 years minimum!
NO EQUIPMENT!!!!
24. Mr. X, age 35: graduate of
Electrical Engineering in
Germany;
Returns with medium financial
capital;
Workplace equipment: Solar panel
Starts working in NGO of a friend at the
local wage level of 200 EUR per month
and receives salary subsidy from CIM at
500 700 EUR
Insecure position, has to start
building own business
25. Reality Check II
“Where do you see
yourselves in 3 years
from now?”
o Working in home country
o Working in Germany
o Working elsewhere in the
world
o Being self-employed
o Don’t know yet
26. Checklist
Certificates, CV, application documents
List of friends/ mates/ fellows/ relatives
List of companies/ institutions
Information about reintegration subsidies
Getting in touch with local counsellors
Applying for reintegration schemes
Online registration at CIM, Bread for the
World, WUS
27. Contacts/ links
Centrum für internationale Migration und
Entwicklung (CIM)
Programm Migration für Entwicklung
Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5
65760 Eschborn
Deutschland
Tel.: +49 6196 79 - 3366
Fax: +49 6196 79 – 3650
E-Mail: return@cimonline.de
Internet: www.returning-experts.de |
www.cimonline.de
28. Contacts/ links
Brot für die Welt – Evangelischer
Entwicklungsdienst
Evangelisches Werk für Diakonie und
Entwicklung e.V.
Internationale Personaldienste
Caroline-Michaelis-Str.1
10115 Berlin
bewerbung@brot-fuer-die-welt.de
Telefon +49 (0)30 65211 1335
29. Contacts/ links
World University Service (WUS),
Deutsches Komitee e.V.
Programm Migration für Entwicklung -
APA-Förderung
Goebenstr. 35 - 65195 Wiesbaden
Tel.: +49 (0) 611 9446051 - Fax: +49 (0)
611 446489
E-Mail: apa@wusgermany.de
www.wusgermany.de
30. References
• Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. The Journal of
Political Economy, 72(2/2), 9–49.
• Boger, Julia (2014): The Job hunt. Return migration and labour market entries of
Cameroonian and Ghanaian graduates from German universities.
• Cassarino, J.-P. (2004). Theorising return migration: The conceptual approach to return
migrants revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), 6(2), 253–279.
• Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a job: a study of contacts and careers (2nd ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
• Haas, de H. (2008). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective (IMI Working
Papers). University of Oxford: International Migration Institute.
• King, R. (2012). Theories and Typologies of Migration: An Overview and a Primer:
International Migration and Ethnic Relations (Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers No. 3).
Malmö: Diversity and Welfare.
• Lin, N., M. Ensel, W., & Vaughn, J. C. (1981). Social resources and strength of ties:
Structural factors in occupational status attainment. American Sociological Review, 46(4),
393–405.
• Mincer, J. (1970). The distribution of labor incomes: A survey. Journal of Economic
Literature, 8(1), 1–26.
• Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (2000). Social Capital: Promise and pitfalls of its role in
development. Journal of Latin American Studies, (32), 529–547.
• Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review,
51(1), 1–17.
• World Bank (2015): Migration and Development Brief, 24.