The next international climate negotiations (COP21) will be held from 30 November to 11 December 2015 in Paris, France. The Paris summit will be decisive as it has to come up with an international climate agreement that keeps alive the hopes of limiting global warming to less than 2°C by 2100. The Climate & Development Network considers that this summit needs to address the dual challenge of combating both climate change and poverty in the worst affected countries. The RC&D is calling for an agreement which:
- Protects and enhances human rights and gender equality
- Finances the fight against climate change in the poorest and most vulnerable countries
- Invests massively in access to sustainable energy services for all
- Enables the most vulnerable people to cope with the impacts of climate change
- Preserves food security and the climate by investing massively in family and agro-ecological farming.
RC&D analytical report on human rights and climate chagerac_marion
Climate change is a threat to people's rights, especially those who are already among the most vulnerable in society. Moreover, various projects and investments, including some presented as solutions agaients climate change, generate social, health and food problems for the population. The analytical report presents the links between human rhights and climate change as well as the recommmendations of the French-speaking african civil society network Réseau Climat & Développement.
Declaración para Rio+20: 63 laureados de medio ambiente de 37 paises piden a los gobiernos en Rio+20 ser pioneros del cambio y la inovación social.
Declaration on Rio+20: 63 Environmental Laureates from 37 countries ask governments in Rio+20 to be pioneers and and social innovators.
These are the slides to the second webinar by the MGCY capacity building team: Introducing Rio+20, with a history of what the Summit is about in a basic and friendly manner.
Road to Rio+20, UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012ISCIENCES, L.L.C.
Road to Rio+20 is a summary of preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) called “Rio+20” to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil June 20-22, 2012.
RC&D analytical report on human rights and climate chagerac_marion
Climate change is a threat to people's rights, especially those who are already among the most vulnerable in society. Moreover, various projects and investments, including some presented as solutions agaients climate change, generate social, health and food problems for the population. The analytical report presents the links between human rhights and climate change as well as the recommmendations of the French-speaking african civil society network Réseau Climat & Développement.
Declaración para Rio+20: 63 laureados de medio ambiente de 37 paises piden a los gobiernos en Rio+20 ser pioneros del cambio y la inovación social.
Declaration on Rio+20: 63 Environmental Laureates from 37 countries ask governments in Rio+20 to be pioneers and and social innovators.
These are the slides to the second webinar by the MGCY capacity building team: Introducing Rio+20, with a history of what the Summit is about in a basic and friendly manner.
Road to Rio+20, UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012ISCIENCES, L.L.C.
Road to Rio+20 is a summary of preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) called “Rio+20” to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil June 20-22, 2012.
Rio+20 — the short name for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012 - is a historic opportunity to define pathways to a safer, more equitable, cleaner, greener and more prosperous world for all. Twenty years after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, where countries adopted Agenda 21 — a blueprint to rethink economic growth, advance social equity and ensure environmental protection — the UN is again bringing together governments, international institutions and major groups1 to agree on a range of smart measures that can reduce poverty while promoting decent jobs, clean energy and a more sustainable and fair use of resources. Rio+20 is a chance to move away from business-as-usual and to act to end poverty, address environmental destruction and build a bridge to the future.
The "Joint Messages of Local and Sub-national Governmentsuncsd2012
The 8 recommendations stress the importance of acknowledging the positive role that urbanization plays in development. They advocate for a new multi-level governance that promotes effective partnerships in building sustainable cities and call on members-states to take into account the specific perspective of local and sub-national governments for addressing global challenges.
the slide tells about precautionary principle . it's meaning , origin , definition , international agreement and declaration . also explains the relation of environment and health , and criticism .
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is also known as Stockholm Conference and marked as a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.
It was the UN’s first major conference on international environmental issues.
The meeting agreed upon a Declaration
Containing 26 Principles
An Action plan containing 109 Recommendations
A Resolution on institutional and financial arrangements
This was the first step toward “ Sustainability Revolution
Rio+20 — the short name for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012 - is a historic opportunity to define pathways to a safer, more equitable, cleaner, greener and more prosperous world for all. Twenty years after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, where countries adopted Agenda 21 — a blueprint to rethink economic growth, advance social equity and ensure environmental protection — the UN is again bringing together governments, international institutions and major groups1 to agree on a range of smart measures that can reduce poverty while promoting decent jobs, clean energy and a more sustainable and fair use of resources. Rio+20 is a chance to move away from business-as-usual and to act to end poverty, address environmental destruction and build a bridge to the future.
The "Joint Messages of Local and Sub-national Governmentsuncsd2012
The 8 recommendations stress the importance of acknowledging the positive role that urbanization plays in development. They advocate for a new multi-level governance that promotes effective partnerships in building sustainable cities and call on members-states to take into account the specific perspective of local and sub-national governments for addressing global challenges.
the slide tells about precautionary principle . it's meaning , origin , definition , international agreement and declaration . also explains the relation of environment and health , and criticism .
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is also known as Stockholm Conference and marked as a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.
It was the UN’s first major conference on international environmental issues.
The meeting agreed upon a Declaration
Containing 26 Principles
An Action plan containing 109 Recommendations
A Resolution on institutional and financial arrangements
This was the first step toward “ Sustainability Revolution
16-18 April 2019. Marrakech, Morocco The Fifth (2019) session of the Africa Regional Forum on Sustainable Development (ARFSD 5).
Presentation by Linus Mofor - Senior Environmental Affairs Officer (Energy, Infrastructure and Climate Change), ECA
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for African audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
Climate Change Adaptation in the Arab StatesUNDP Climate
The purpose of this publication is to detail lessons learned from UNDP’s Climate Change Adaptation work and achievements in the Arab region on achieving sustainable and lasting results. Some lessons include building local capacity at all levels to ensure a project’s long-term viability, decentralizing infrastructure management, implicating community-based organizations, and promoting resilience of vulnerable populations through livelihood diversification. Providing populations with access to adapted financial services such as Weather Index Insurances (WII) linked with microfinance services was found to support rural populations to become more resilient to climate induced damages. The immediate objective of this publication is not only to share experiences with a wider audience, but also to inform future CCA programming. The publication furthermore acts as a call to action to facilitate a long-term coordinated approach to increasing the resilience of countries most vulnerable to climate change in the region.
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for South Asian audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
“Global efforts to address drought risk: Perspectives from the UNCCD” by Daniel Tsegai at the 2023 Water for Food Global Conference. A recording of the presentation can be found on the conference playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSBeKOIXsg3JNyPowwJj6NDSpx4vlnCYj.
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for Latin American audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
Promoting Sustainability Agenda at Micro Level: Translating Ideas into RealityFarhan Helmy
The advancement of science and technology and subsequent industrial processes such as Industry 4.0 should be perceived as an opportunity to transform society from unsustainable living to more sustainable future. One of the challenging issues is how to engage non-state actors, particularly community at grassroot level. The presentation will share some concerns of the issues based on the lesson learnt in promoting sustaibility agenda in some initiatives in Indonesia.
WWF: ADAPTATION EXPECTATIONS FOR COP 19, WARSAW WWF ITALIA
Il tifone nelle Filippine ha reso ancora più drammatico il vertice del clima. Restano meno di 50 giorni di negoziati ai leader mondiali per arrivare a un nuovo accordo globale sul clima nel 2015 e devono usare bene ogni singolo giorno, per contribuire a fermare il cambiamento climatico galoppante.
Il negoziato sul clima delle Nazioni Unite che si tiene in Polonia dall’11 al 22 novembre è importante per preparare il terreno per quello che ci sarà a Lima il prossimo anno e poi per Parigi nel 2015, quando sarà siglato il nuovo accordo globale. http://www.wwf.it/cop19.cfm
The report, Keeping Track of our Changing Environment: From Rio to Rio+20, compiles relevant statistical data on population, climate change, energy and food security among other key issues, to draw a picture of the current environmental landscape, spotlighting challenges ahead.
Plan Climat-Energie Territorial, l'engagement des territoires dans la lutte...rac_marion
Cette courte plaquette du Réseau Action Climat - France vise à présenter aux collectivités territoriales ce qu'est un Plan Climat Énergie Territorial, les principales étapes de sa réalisation, ainsi que les possibilités de financement et d'accompagnement dans la mise en œuvre d'un tel projet.
Quelle gouvernance territoriale pour la transition energetiquerac_marion
A l'aune du débat sur la transition énergétique (2013), Cette publication du Réseau Action Climat-France fait l'état des lieux de la gouvernance actuelle de l'énergie en France - des compétences, pouvoirs et marge de manœuvre entre les différents niveaux de l'action publique. Elle propose ensuite plusieurs recommandations pour la mise en œuvre des politiques de transition énergétique.
La mise en œuvre des politiques de maîtrise de l'énergie et de développement des énergies renouvelables dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs locaux : climat, urbanisme, densité de population, tissu économique, ressources naturelles, etc. C’est bien au niveau local qu’émergent les gisements de sobriété, d’efficacité et d’énergies renouvelables et qu’il est nécessaire de les analyser pour mettre en œuvre des politiques dont les grands objectifs sont fixés aux niveaux européen et national. Si l’on veut véritablement s’engager sur la voie de la transition énergétique, il est donc essentiel d’assurer une gouvernance territoriale de l’énergie et du climat qui permette aux collectivités de réellement prendre en compte ces enjeux dans leurs projets et politiques.
Présentation du RC&D sur le bilan de la COP21rac_marion
Depuis plusieurs années, le Réseau Climat & Développement travaille à la préparation des négociations internationales sur le climat. En 2015, il s'est particulièrement investi dans la préparation de la COP21 qui s'est tenue à Paris du 30 novembre au 11 décembre 2015. Deux mois après cet évènement majeur, quel bilan peut-on tirer de la COP21 ? Quelles perspectives pour la suite ?
D’ici quelques jours s’ouvrira la COP21, qui se tiendra du 30 novembre au 11 décembre prochain à Paris. Cette conférence sera déterminante car elle doit aboutir à un accord international juridiquement contraignant sur le climat, applicable à tous les pays à partir de 2020, qui préservera des chances de contenir le réchauffement global bien en deçà de 2°C – voire 1,5°C. L’accord de Paris ne sera certainement pas un accord idéal, mais il doit poser les bases pour permettre de lutter contre les changements climatiques tout en répondant aux besoins de développement et de justice sociale des populations les plus démunies et les plus exposées aux impacts de ce phénomène.
L’Afrique est le continent qui a le moins contribué aux changements climatiques. C’est pourtant le plus touché par ses conséquences dévastatrices.
Pour porter haut et fort la voix et les préoccupations des communautés les plus affectées, la société civile africaine francophone rassemblée au sein du Réseau Climat & Développement sera présente en force à la COP21 et dans les espaces de la société civile.
Quels défis l'accord de Paris doit-il relever pour répondre aux besoins des p...rac_marion
Les prochaines négociations internationales sur le climat (COP21) se tiendront du 30 novembre au 11 décembre 2015 à Paris en France. Le sommet de Paris sera déterminant car il doit aboutir à un accord international sur le climat qui préservera des chances de contenir le réchauffement global en deçà de 2°C d’ici 2100. Pour le Réseau Climat & Développement, ce sommet doit répondre au double défi de la lutte contre les changements climatiques et contre la pauvreté dans les pays les plus affectés par ces derniers. Le RC&D appelle à un accord qui :
- Protège et renforce les droits humains et l’égalité des genres
- Finance la lutte contre les changements climatiques dans les pays les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables
- Investit massivement dans l’accès aux services énergétiques durables pour tous
- Permet aux populations les plus vulnérables de faire face aux impacts des changements climatiques
- Préserve la sécurité alimentaire et le climat en investissant massivement dans l’agriculture familiale et agro-écologique.
Découvrez dans la dernière publication du RC&D "Quels défis l'accord de paris doit-il relever pour répondre aux besoins des populations africaines ?" les enjeux majeurs liés au climat pour la société civile africaine et les recommandations politique qu'elle propose.
Note de décryptage droits humains et climatrac_marion
Les changements climatiques constituent une menace pour les droits humains et en particulier ceux des populations les plus vulnérables. De plus, plusieurs projets et investissements, y compris certains présentés comme des solutions, engendrent des situations de violation des droits humains. Cette note de décryptage présente un état des lieux des liens entre droits humains et climat ainsi que les recommandations de la société civile africaine francophone, regroupée au sein du Réseau Climat & Développement, en la matière.
Note de décryptage du RC&D sur l'adaptationrac_marion
Quels sont les impacts des changements climatiques observés et attendus en Afrique ? Comment sont pris en compte l'adaptation et les pertes et dommages dans les négociations climatiques ? Quels sont les enjeux financiers liés à l'adaptation et aux pertes et dommages ? Quelles sont les recommandations de la société civile francophone en vue de la COP21 ? Pour en savoir plus, consulter en ligne ou télécharge la Note de décryptage sur l'adaptation de la société civile francophone réunie au sein du Réseau Climat & Développement.
Note de décryptage du RC&D sur genre et climatrac_marion
Pourquoi les femmes sont-elles plus affectées par les impacts des changements climatiques et comment ceci se traduit-il dans l'agriculture, la sécurité alimentaire ou l'accès à l'énergie ? Dans quelle mesure cons.tituent-elles une partie essentielle des solutions ? Comment le genre est-il pris en compte à l'agenda climatique dans les négociations internationales ? Quels sont les recommandations de la société civile ? Voici les questions abordées dans cette note de décryptage sur genre et climat publiée par la société civile francophone regroupée au sein du Réseau Climat & Développement.
Note de decryptage du RC&D sur les financements climatrac_marion
Comment se dessine le paysage des financements climat ? Quels sont les enjeux et défis pour l'Afrique ? Quels sont les enjeux pour la COP21 et l'Accord de Paris, et les recommandations de la société civile ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, le RC&D livre une note de décryptage sur les financements climat.
Programme de la conférence internationale des sociétés civiles sur Faim et Climat qui se tiendra le 26 mai au musée Dapper à Paris.
Conférence organisée par ACF, Acting for Life, CARE, CCFD Terre Solidaire, Réseau Climat & Développement, Secours Catholique CARITAS France et UNICEF
Dossier de presse du Réseau Climat & Développement à l'occasion du dialogue organisé à l'Assemblée Nationale française le 17 avril 2015, sous le haut patronage de Claude Bartolone, Président de l'Assemblée Nationale.
Les associations africaines francophones, réunies au sein du Réseau Climat & Développement, en partenariat avec plusieurs associations françaises de solidarité internationale, ont proposé de partager des témoignages sur les impacts du changement climatique sur les modes de vie au Bénin, Tchad, Niger, Burkina et Mali et expliquer en quoi l’accord qui sera adopté à Paris fin 2015 peut aider ces pays à y faire face.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
What are the challenges for the Paris agreement in meeting the needs of African communities?
1. Recommendations of the Climate & Development Network,
October 2015
What are the challenges for
the Paris agreement in meeting
the needs of African communities?
2. PARIS CLIMAT 2015
This work has been published thanks to the financial support of the French
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development, of the MAVA
Foundation, of the French Agency for the Environment and Energy Efficiency
(ADEME), of the Heinrich Böll Foundation Nigeria, of the OIF – IFDD, of
Germanwatch, of HELIO International, of the Île-de-France Region and of Claude
Bartolone, President of the French National Assembly.
Copyright: Climate Action Network-France, ENDA Tiers Monde.
Resources: Reproduction of this publication for non-commercial purposes,
in particular educational purposes, is permitted without the priori written
authorization of the copyright holders on condition that the source is duly cited.
Coordination: Joseph Yaovi Kogbe (Climate & Development Network),
Marion Richard (Climate Action Network-France).
Authors (in alphabetical order): Is Deen Omolere Akambi (EcoBénin), Ali Abdou
Bonguere (EDER-Niger), Joseph Yaovi Kogbe (RC&D), Mouhamadou Farka Maiga
(AMADE PELCODE), Abdoul Madjid Moutari (DEMI-E), Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim
(AFPAT), Marion Richard (CAN-F), Zenabou Segda (WEP Burkina).
Ackowledgements: Sandrine Mathy (CAN-F), Alix Mazounie (CAN-F),
Jean-Philippe Thomas (ENDA Energie).
Translation from French to English: Jean Lubbock
Graphic design: solennmarrel.fr
Available from the Réseau Action Climat-France
47 avenue Pasteur – 93100 Montreuil – France
Infos@rac-f.org
The document can also be found online via the following websites:
www.climatdeveloppement.org
www.rac-f.org
www.endatiersmonde.org
Copyright cover photo: DEMI-E Niger
Member NGOs of RC&D
West Africa: REPAO. Algeria: Amis de la Saoura Béchar. Benin: CREDEL,
Eco-Bénin, OFEDI, JVE Bénin, IDID. Burkina Faso: AFEP Burkina, WEP
Burkina. Burundi: AVOCHACLISD. Cameroon: ADD, ADEID, ACAMEE, Carré
Géo Environnement, CENAHC, Horizon Vert. Central African Republic: JVE
Centrafrique. Chad: AFPAT, LEAD Tchad. Congo: ACDA, APEDD. Djibouti: EVA.
DRC: ACDI, Horizon Vert RCD, JVE RCD, OCEAN, Planète Verte. France: ACF,
Energies 2050, HELIO International, RAC-F, Rain Drop. Guinea: Carbone Guinée,
Germanwatch, Guinée Écologie. Ivory Coast: AFHON Côte d’Ivoire, JVE Côte
d’Ivoire, Enviscience. Mauritius: DION, Maudesco. Mali: AFAD, Amade Pelcode,
ASIC, CTESA, GRAT, Mali FolkeCenter, Réseau MUSONET. Mauritanie: ANPEC.
Morocco: AH&E, AESVT. Niger: ATPF, Demi-E, LEAD Niger, EDER Niger, RJNCC, JVE
Niger. Senegal: ADARS, CONGAD, ENDA Energie. Togo: AFHON Togo, ASEDI, JVE
Togo, MVD, OPED Togo, RJE. Tunisia: 2C2D.
5. Africa is the continent making the smallest contribu-
tion to greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, it is
already the one bearing the brunt of climate change.
Economies, ecosystems and communities, especially
those already weakened by poverty and the degrada-
tion of their environment, will be very directly and very
adversely affected. The impacts already seen on agri-
culturaland livestockproduction, on the stabilityofthe
ecosystems on which many communities depend, the
availability of water and, finally, food security, human
health, lifestylesand culturescan onlygetworse.Some
population groups or countries will suffer irreversible
damage, including in terms of human lives, forcing
people to migrate.Withoutimmediate action sustained
over the long term to reduce the impacts of climate
change, efforts to combat poverty and to promote
human rights, access to health and dignity will be
wiped out and the African continent’s development
capacity will be under threat.
The InternationalEnergyAgencyhassaid that, to keep
global warming below 2°C, we need to leave at least
two thirds of our known reserves of fossil fuels, such
as the coal, gas and oil that are directly responsible
for global warming, in the ground1
. Given the lifetime
of infrastructure, this means in particular that it is vital
for anynew energyproduction infrastructure to operate
on the basis of renewable rather than fossil energy. It
implies that whole continents, including Africa, must
not only adapt to the impacts of climate change but
also choose an energy model based on renewable
energyand energyefficiencyrather than on fossilfuels.
This crisis is, however, also an opportunity to rethink
development policies to make them fairer and more
accessible to everyone. For instance, 70% of people
in sub-Saharan Africa have no access to electricity,
particularly in rural areas. Fossil fuels cannot meet the
need for universal access to electricity and energy: oil,
coal and gas are too expensive and difficult to import
and transport to isolated rural areas. Coal in particular
can be seriously damaging to health. Fortunately, the
situation is beginning to change: renewable energy
and energy efficiency will help African countries to
meet the target of access to energy for all – including
the most vulnerable and isolated. The solutions are
there, they can clean up the air and create local jobs,
theycan contribute to improved communitywell-being
and the fight against climate change.
Adapting the developmentmodelto cope with climate
change also providesan opportunityto rethinkpolicies
and investment choices with regard to agriculture,
infrastructure, housing or water management to make
them more relevant to the needs of people, especially
the most vulnerable groups – such as women who
suffer most from the impact of climate change but
are also part of the solution. Finally, it is an opportu-
nity to encourage respect for human rights, too often
threatened both by the impacts of climate change
and by policies and projects carried out in the name
of development or the climate.
The next international climate negotiations (COP21)
will be held from 30 November to 11 December 2015
in Paris, France. The Paris summit will be decisive as it
hastocomeupwithaninternationalclimateagreement
that keeps alive the hopes of limiting global warming
to less than 2°C by 2100. The Climate Development
Network considers that this summit needs to address
the dual challenge of combating both climate change
and poverty in the worst affected countries.The RCD
is calling for an agreement which:
• Protects and enhances human rights and gender
equality
• Finances the fight against climate change in the
poorest and most vulnerable countries
• Invests massively in access to sustainable energy
services for all
• Enables the mostvulnerable people to cope with the
impacts of climate change
• Preserves food securityand the climate byinvesting
massively in family and agro-ecological farming.
1.AIE, World Energy
Outlook 2012
In
brief
5
7. Tanger
RABAT
Casablanca
El Jadida
Safi
Agadir
Ouarzazate
Marrakesh
Mohammedia
Meknes
Kenitra
Tétouan
Oujda
Bouarfa
Ouarzazate
Marrakesh
Oujda
Bouarfa
MOROCCO
Fes
Tarfaya
ALGERIA
SAHARA
BENIN
TOGO
BURKINA FASO
GHANA
NIGERIA
Natitingou
Banikoara
Kandi
Malanville
Djougou
Ndali
Parakou
Tchaourou
Savalou
Abomey
Bohicon
OuidahLOMÉ
Cotonou
Sakété
PORTO-NOVO
DJIBOUTI
SOMALIA
ETHIOPIA
Obock
Tadjoura
Dorra
Balho
Randa
Gâlâfi
Yokobi
Holhol
Ali Sabîh
Dikhil
As Ela
DJIBOUTI CITY
‘Arta
Loyada
Despite its minimal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (3.3% of global energy-related emissions
in 2012)2
, Africa is presently the region most affected by climate change and likely to remain so in future.
An analysis of climate data since 1950 shows an increase in intensity and frequency of extreme climate
events – droughts, heavy rainfall causing flooding, etc. The food security, health and livelihoods of
Africans are already feeling the effects of climate change. As we move towards global warming of more
than 2°C, the fifth IPCC report notes that the temperature is likely to rise faster in Africa, especially in
the arid regions. This will have an even more serious impact on agricultural production, food security,
human health and water availability.
In response to this situation, the Climate Development Network is encouraging the development of
documentation on climate change issues and impacts at national and local level. In 2015, the RCD
supported the production of case studies examining the real situation in the field in Djibouti, Benin and
Morocco, to illustrate the impacts of climate change in Africa and step up its advocacy in international
forums, especially with a view to COP21 in Paris.
2.Chiffres clés du climat.
France et Monde. Editions
2015, Repères. Service
de l’observation et des
statistiques.
l’accès à l’énergie pour tous et durablement
Africa, the continent most affected
by the climate crisis
To find out what
scientists have
to say about
climate change,
go to the website
leclimatchange.fr
+1.5°C average increase in the extreme minimum
temperature over the decade 1991-2000 in relation
to the period 1960-1990.
+1.3°C between 1960 and 2010
+1°C between 1960 and 2000
Climate disruption
Rising temperatures
The latest IPCC report shows that Africa has already
warmed by at least 0.5°C over the last 50 to 100
years.
Asregardsprojections,accordingtothemostoptimistic
scenario in the latest IPCC report, the increase in tem-
perature will exceed 2°C as of 2080 and, in the event
of intense warming, as of 2050, reaching between 3°
and 6°C by the end of the century3
.
Rising sea levels
Insub-SaharanAfrica,theeffectsofrisingsealevelscan
already be seen in the form of salinization of ground
water and coastal erosion.
In a world at+4°, the IPCCestimatesthatsea levelswill
rise faster than the global average in Africa, reaching
80 cm or more above current levels along the coasts
of the Indian and Atlantic oceans by 2100. The conti-
nent is likely to hold a particularly large number of
people threatened by flood risk in the coastal towns
of Mozambique, Tanzania, Cameroon, Egypt, Senegal
and Morocco.
3. Africa’s Adaptation Gap 2.
Technical Report. Bridging
the gap – Mobilising
sources, AMCEN, UNEP, Cli-
mat Analytics, African Climat
Finance Hub, 2015.
Sources :
Djibouti : Rapport
Météo 2006.
Bénin : deuxième com-
munication nationale
du Bénin.
Maroc : http://www.
minenv.gov.ma/PDFs/
CLIMAT/changements_
climatiques.pdf
+1°C
+1,3°C
+1,5°C
7
15. Energy sources that damage health and the
environment
600,000 Africans, mainly women and children, die
every year due to indoor air pollution resulting from
the use of biomass as fuel for cooking. Coal is also a
cause of respiratory diseases. Fossil fuels and traditio-
nal biomass have adverse effects on the environment
— via their use and/or exploitation (oil) — and finally
on health: deforestation and degradation of the soils
(biomass) but also local pollution of the water, soil
and so on.
Greater disparities in health and education
The majority of African children do not have access to
electricity at school15
. The argument that developing
fossilenergycould help to combatpovertyand develop
universal access to energy, although very commonly
expressed, is therefore false. On the contrary, it would
mean locking African countriesinto costlydependency
damagingtohealthandtheenvironmentandincapable
of meeting the needs of local people, setting them on
course for very high-carbon development.
In its latest report, the scientific community (IPCC)
establishesthat, ifclimate warming isto be keptbelow
the 2°C threshold, the planet’s carbon budget — i.e.
the greenhouse gases we can still collectively emit
— is extremely limited. According to the International
Environment Agency (IEA), this means that countries
willonlybe able to exploitand burn a maximum ofone
third of known fossil fuel reserves. In fact, coal, gas
and oil, which make up more than 80% of the global
energy mix, are mainly responsible for climate change
with emissionsfrom energycombustion accounting for
two thirdsofglobalGHG emissions16
. A genuine energy
transition istherefore necessary, beneficialand urgent.
Fortunately, solutions do exist
Africa has vast and largely unexploited potential in
terms of renewable energies and energy efficiency.
By way of example, less than 1% of the geothermal
potential of the Rift17
eis exploited. Africa is one of the
sunniest regions in the world and yet the share of solar
power in the energy mix is less than 1% in the ECOWAS
15. Ibid.
16. Energy and climate
change, World energy
outlook special report,
International Energy
Agency, 2015.
17. The Rift (or East African
rift) is a divergent zone
between two tectonic
plates, the African plate
and the Ethiopian plate. It
extends over several thou-
sand km from Ethiopia to
Mozambique.
area18
, Wind power potential does exist but remains
largely unknown in several regions. With regard to
energy efficiency, improved stoves are being widely
developed in West Africa. Significant improvements
are still possible in building, urban transport and the
electricity grid — in ECOWAS countries, more than
10% of the electricity generated is wasted due to the
rundown state of the grid19
. Technology is available
and investment in these solutions could provide a
simultaneous response to the challenges of equi-
table development and climate change mitigation
and adaptation.
Developing renewable energies facilitates everyone’s
access to energy, including in the most remote rural
areas, and at lower cost. The centralized grid is at
an embryonic stage and the creation of stable grid
infrastructure is expensive and not suited to rural
areas. Conversely, decentralized mini-grid or off-grid
initiatives using renewable energies are better able to
meet these specific needs. According to the Interna-
tional Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), renewable
energiesare lessexpensive than oil-fired generatorsor
connections to an unstable central grid, but subsidies
for fossil fuels skew prices and prevent investment in
these alternatives. A gradualmove towardsrenewable
energies is therefore necessary.
Access to basic social services such as health and
education is seriously hampered by lack of access to
energy.The developmentofsustainable solutionsthat
everyone can afford would make itpossible to electrify
health centres, preserve vaccines, develop evening
lighting for study purposes and so on. It would also
help to reduce the impacts on both health and the
environment of burning biomass and fossil fuels.
18. Economic Community
of West African States.
19. ECOWAS Energy Effi-
ciency Policy, September
2012.
CARBON BUDGET
i.e. a maximum 1/3 of known oil,
gas and coal reserves
1050 GtCO2
15
The Paris climate agreement: what are the stakes for Africa?
25. finance the region’sadaptation needsalone through to
2020. Considering that 45% of the African population
livesin countrieswith the weakestadaptation capacity
in the world, it is crucial to invest in systems to provide
basicsocialservicesandinstitutionalcapacity-building.
As Africa does not emit much GHG, it does not take
prioritywhenfinancingisallocatedformitigationeither.
By way of example, only 2% of investments under the
Clean DevelopmentMechanism wentto Africa despite
the vital need for the continent to roll out access to
energyfor alland avoid committing to fossilfuel-based
development.
According to the 2013 findings of the World Bank, less
than one third of the climate financing approved for
Africa has been disbursed. Countries’ limited absorp-
tion capacity continues to be a barrier to access to cli-
mate financing in Africa.Thismeansthata large partof
the financing intended for African countriesistaken up
by intermediaries. In the last few years, several African
countries have been endeavouring to strengthen their
national entities so that they can benefit directly from
international financing without costly intermediaries.
So far, however, only the national entities of Rwanda
andSenegalhave succeeded in obtaining programme
financing from the Adaptation Fund.
WHAT ROLE CAN COP21 PLAY?
The financial component of COP21 in Paris has several
keydimensions. On the one hand, developed countries
need to fulfil their commitment to raise $100 billion
per year through to 2020 to finance low-carbon, cli-
mate change resilient development in the developing
countries. On the other, new financialcommitmentsfor
the post-2020 period need to be written into the Paris
agreementto finance both adaptation and future GHG
emissionreductions.Amajorityofdevelopingcountries
have put forward plans to reduce their emissions that
will require international financing if they are to be
implemented in full. While there will be a return on
investmentsin energyefficiencyand renewable energy
in the long term, the initial cost is often too high to be
borne by heavily indebted poor countries which have
few financial resources and an undeveloped private
sector. COP21 is an opportunity for financial players
and donors to commit to massive investment in these
fields without delay.The financial instruments need to
be adapted to the specific features and difficulties of
the target countries, particularly in Africa, and should
notexpectshort-term returns. Finally, publicresources
are needed to finance adaptation, mainly because it
is not generally considered profitable and does not
attract private investors.
COP21 should therefore make it easier to raise appro-
priate financing — i.e. public financing — for deve-
lopment and access to sustainable energy for all and
adaptation in developing countries, as well as facilita-
ting technology transfers.This requires the creation of
financialmechanismscapable ofgeneratingautomatic,
predictable, public revenue to ensure fulfilment of the
commitments made. Fortunately, solutions do exist,
such astaxing sea and air transportand taxing financial
transactionsin Europe.Whatispresentlymissing isthe
political will to put them into practice.
How financing is allocated is also key: it is vital for the
bulkof financing to go to the poorest countries and be
split in a more balanced way between adaptation and
mitigation. Finally, redirecting investmentisessentialto
ensure that it is always compatible with the objectives
of combating climate change and respecting human
rights.
To find out more, see the Climate
Development Network’s Briefing Note on
Climate financing:
Note de décryptage sur les financements climat
du Réseau Climat Développement, 2015
25
The Paris climate agreement: what are the stakes for Africa?
32. 2/ An agreement that finances the fight against climate change in the
poorest and most vulnerable countries
Climate financing for the poorest and most vulnerable countries is often neglected in negotiations and in the
fight against climate change. The COP21 must demonstrate that commitments will be respected and that new
commitments will be made to respond to the climate emergency in the countries suffering the most.
Donors can and must:
☛☛Guarantee and implement direct accessibility to
financing,bygivingprioritytothemostvulnerable
populations,inparticularindigenouspopulations
and women.
☛☛Encourageanddevelopgovernanceandfinancing
for and byAfrica, through supportfor the creation
or reinforcementofnationalbodies, directaccess
to financing, and active participation by African
civil society.
☛☛Draw up a list of undertakings that should be
excludedfromclimateanddevelopmentfinancing:
fossilfuels, “false solutions” like nuclear energy,
GMOs,carboncaptureandstorage(CCS),climate-
smart agriculture (CSA), and projects harmful to
social and environmental rights.
African governments can and must:
☛☛Consolidate their institutionalframeworkaswell
asnationalbodiesandpolicies;engageincapacity
building,soastodevelopprojectseligibleforand
able to receive international financing.
☛☛Incorporate climate budgets into national and
local development and planning programs.
☛☛Establish and reinforce a mechanism for moni-
toring and evaluating financial flows and needs
at the country level.
The COP21 can and must:
☛☛Devoteatleast50%ofpublicfinancingtoadapta-
tion, in the form ofdonationsand fundsthatmust
come on top of Official Development Assistance.
☛☛Increasethevolumeofclimatefinancingthatgoes
through UNFCCC funds, in particular the Green
Climate Fund and the Adaptation Fund.
☛☛Guarantee the additionalityofthe commitments
and the prioritization of public financing and
donations; thispublicfinancing and itslinkswith
private financing must be entered into accounts
clearly and precisely.
☛☛Create innovative financing such as the tax on
financial transactions and that on maritime and
aviation emissions.
☛☛Put an end to all financing by public financial
institutions that is harmful to the climate, and
redirectittolow-carbonandresilientdevelopment
thatgeneratessocialand environmentalimpacts
that are proven to be positive.
☛☛Between now and the COP21, adopt a roadmap
thatwillclarifyhow the commitmentof100 billion
dollarsperyearby2020willbemet,andaccording
to what intermediary steps. This roadmap must
provide for financing that is mostly public and
that will give priority to adaptation.
☛☛For the developed countries, guarantee thattheir
post-2020 financial commitments will be public
and will give priority to adaptation. These com-
mitments must be separate from those devoted
to the financialmechanism for lossand damage.
☛☛Setupamonitoringandevaluationmechanismon
financialflowsand needsin the Parisagreement
aswellasatthe nationallevel— especiallyin the
NAPAs,theNAPs,andthe“nationalcontributions”
(iNDCs) — and guarantee that they are periodi-
callyrevised according to mitigation patternsand
climate change scenarios.
32
recommendations
33. 3/ An agreement that massively invests in access to sustainable energy
services for all
The last IPCC report was very clear: we must start now to speed up our efforts to reduce emissions, especially
by giving up fossil fuels definitively and by investing massively in renewable energy and energy efficiency.
This transition is not only possible but desirable, including in the countries that are the poorest and that emit
the least amount of GHGs, because it makes it possible to reach the objectives of universal access to energy.
Donors can and must:
☛☛Decreaseandgraduallygiveupdirectandindirect
subsidies for fossil fuels. Instead, renewable and
energy-efficientenergyshouldbesubsidized,with
theprioritytargetbeingsustainableenergysystems
thathavethegreatestimpactondevelopmentand
the climate.
☛☛Guaranteethattheprojectsfinancedaretranspa-
rentandenteredintoaccounts;thattheyaresubject
to impactanalysis; and thattheyhave grassroots
stakeholders participate in them, upstream and
downstream.
☛☛Workalongwithstatesandregionsindeveloping
energystrategiesandprogramstoprovideaccessto
sustainabletoenergyservicesattheregionallevel;
help incorporate those strategies and programs
into sectoral policies.
African governments can and must:
☛☛Mobilizetheirownadditionalfinancingtoprovide
fortheimplementationofrenewableenergiesand
energy efficiency.
☛☛Setuplegislative,technical,andfinancialmecha-
nisms to encourage the production and sales of
sustainable energyservicesadapted to people’s
needsand ensure the developmentoflocalvalue
chains.
☛☛Ensure thattechnologicalprojectsand solutions
meet local needs; see to their ownership by the
localpopulation;makesuretheytakeintoaccount
human rights and gender inequalities.
☛☛Provide localauthoritieswith legaland financial
resourcessothattheyareabletoprovideenergyto
theircommunity,andsetupafundingmechanism
for local communities for their energy policy.
☛☛Promote exchanges of good practice and tech-
nology transfer.
☛☛Develop roadmaps that are transparent and
explicitwith regard to developmentofrenewable
energy and energy efficiency. They should state
intermediary objectives and the corresponding
financialneeds.Theseroadmapsshouldappearin
the“nationalcontributions”(iNDC)forpost-2020.
The COP21 can and must:
☛☛Strengthen, starting now, the existing commit-
ments by the developing countries to reduce
their GHG emissions before 2020.
☛☛Increasepost-2020countryclimatecommitments
(INDCs) well before the Paris agreement comes
into force.
☛☛Strengthen access to renewable energy in the
poorest countries, especially by providing finan-
cial and technological support.
33
recommendations
34. 4/ An agreement that enables the most vulnerable populations to deal
with the impacts of climate change
Adaptation isthe no
1 priorityofthe leastdeveloped countriesand their populations, especiallyin Africa. Itshould
be given the same importance as mitigation in the agreement to be adopted in Paris and in financing strategies.
Donors and African governments can and must:
☛☛Increaseadaptationfinancinginthemostaffected
countries.
☛☛Guaranteeaccesstoresilientmeansofsubsistence
aswellastherespectofhumanrightsandofgender
equality through adaptation practices.
☛☛Giveprioritytoadaptationbylocalandindigenous
communities and by the most vulnerable groups,
including women, aswellasto community-based
adaptation.
☛☛Enhance the status of traditional and indigenous
knowledge, capitalize on good practices, and
promote the spread of climate information and
innovations.
☛☛Incorporate— forgreatercoherence— adaptation
inalldevelopment,anti-poverty,andsectoralplans.
☛☛Allocate national and local budgets for adapta-
tion, and make national climate-change windows
operational.
☛☛Strengthen the capacities and participation of
civil society for the implementation of adaptation
policies and projects.
The COP21 can and must:
☛☛Create a Global Adaptation Goal within the Paris
agreementthatcanevolveaccordingtomitigation
and warming patterns.This means that the adap-
tation needs of the mostvulnerable countries will
increaseordecreaseaccordingtotheinternational
community’s efforts to reduce emissions.
5/ An agreement that preserves food security and the climate
by investing massively in family farming and agro-ecology
Agriculture, and hence food security, are directly threatened by climate change. At the same time, industrial
agriculture is responsible for a growing proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. With this as a background, the
COP21musttakeactiononagriculturalsectoremissionsandatthesametimepreserveandsupportlow-emission
and resilient agricultural models that guarantee food security.
Donors and African governments can and must:
☛☛Give priority to family farming and their agro-
ecological practices, given their crucial role in
food security.
☛☛Refuse that climate change becomes an alibi for
developing an agricultural model based on the
promotion of agribusiness and GMOs.
☛☛Subject all agricultural and food security projects
to prior impact studies, especially with regard to
human, environmental, and social rights.
The COP21 can and must:
☛☛Incorporate food security — and hence the pro-
motion of family farming and agro-ecology — so
that it becomes operational in the Paris agree-
ment: it must be included in the preamble, the
overall objectives, and the chapter on adaptation.
☛☛Acknowledge the fact that it is mainly industrial
agriculture that is responsible for agricultural
emissions, and do not allow the agricultural sec-
tor to compensate for industrial-sector emissions.
☛☛Require that the mitigation actions linked to land
use, including carbon storage, do not negatively
impact food security.
☛☛Refuse the inclusion of the climate-smart
agriculture concept and the Global Alliance for
Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) in the Paris
agreement and in the agenda of solutions.
34
recommendations