This document introduces a legal cadastral domain model that classifies real property rights. It aims to standardize the legal aspects of cadastres globally. The model centers on ownership rights and how they are benefited or limited by other classes like appurtenances or encumbrances. The author argues that while cadastre standardization efforts exist, they focus more on technical storage than legal classifications. The proposed model abstractly categorizes property rights in a way that could apply regardless of different legal traditions. It aims to improve understanding of property rights and help advance cadastral standardization. The model and approach are submitted for review and analysis against other property legislation systems.
Errors and biases in GPS measurements arise from a variety of sources including satellite positions, weather, multipath, timing errors, and signal propagation through the atmosphere. These errors are broadly classified as those originating from satellites (ephemeris, clock errors), receivers (clock errors, multipath, noise), and signal propagation (ionospheric and tropospheric delays). Selective availability intentionally added error for non-authorized users until being discontinued in 2000. Differential GPS and other techniques can help reduce or eliminate some biases to achieve sub-meter accuracy.
Definition of map: diagrammatic representation of reality on a paper.
elements of a map: scale, direction, title, subtitle, ownership, key map, legend
contents of base map: boundaries
network, topography, landuse, contours, utilities
appropriate scales for various types of plan like regional plan, perspective plan, development plan, local area plan
measurement of sclaes: scale conversion from larger unit to smaller units and vice-versa
Landuse classification, Landuse Landcover (LULC) classification
GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, the satellite's location, timing details, and navigation data. Signals are modulated using phase-shift keying onto two carrier frequencies, L1 and L2. The C/A code and encrypted P-code are modulated onto L1, while only the P-code is modulated onto L2. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering, frequency translation, correlation and cross-correlation are used in GPS receivers to acquire and track satellite signals. Anti-spoofing of the P-code led to techniques like squaring, code-aided squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking to still allow civilian use of the encrypted signal.
Network analysis for shortest optimum pathSourabh Jain
This document discusses network analysis and finding optimal paths. It presents two case studies - one analyzing optimum tourism paths in New Delhi using time and distance as impedances, and one finding optimal paths in Tehran's dynamic road network using real-time traffic data. Both used GIS software and network analysis tools. The document also proposes using crowd-sourced data on locations' beauty, quietness and happiness to recommend routes that balance shortest distance with pleasantness.
GIS can help improve the urban planning process in 3 key ways:
1) GIS creates a centralized database to store and organize all spatial and attribute data for a city, making it easier to access, analyze, and use for decision making.
2) Satellite images and GIS tools allow planners to rapidly map land use changes, identify areas for future development, and update infrastructure like roads over time.
3) GIS provides analysis capabilities like overlaying maps and proximity analysis that help planners experiment with development alternatives and make more rational, data-driven decisions.
CPD Presentation given by Jonathan Braddick Chartered Architects Devon as part of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) South West City Club CPD curriculum 2013.
The presentation explores the impact the National Planning Policy Framework has had on the planning process (if any) since its introduction.
Jonathan Braddick is a RIBA Chartered Architect based near Exeter in Devon, specialising in one off bespoke residential design and construction.Jonathan is the immediate past Chairman of the Plymouth Branch of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the current Chairman elect of the South West Region of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ).
Jonathan is a member of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Design Review Panel and the founder and chair of the Devon and Somerset Design Review Panels.
For more information on the author please visit th following links:
http://www.jonathanbraddick.co.uk
&
http://www.designreviewpanel.co.uk
disclaimer: the information contained within the presentation is Copyright Jonathan Braddick 2013, for discussion purposes only and should not be relied upon or used for any other purpose whatsoever.
This document summarizes geospatial applications in civil engineering. It discusses how remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used for site investigations, terrain mapping and analysis, water resources engineering, town planning and urban development, transportation network analysis, and landslide studies. Specific applications are described, including using drones for site investigations, terrain analysis tools like slope and aspect maps, watershed and hydrologic modeling, and urban planning. Data sources, tools, and workflows are also outlined.
This document discusses photogrammetry and its applications. It describes the different types of aerial photographs based on lens systems and film properties. It then lists several applications of aerial photogrammetry including forestry, geology, agriculture, urban planning, and military intelligence. Finally, it explains some key principles of photogrammetry including central projection, orthogonal projection, stereo pairs, principal points, and fiducial marks.
Errors and biases in GPS measurements arise from a variety of sources including satellite positions, weather, multipath, timing errors, and signal propagation through the atmosphere. These errors are broadly classified as those originating from satellites (ephemeris, clock errors), receivers (clock errors, multipath, noise), and signal propagation (ionospheric and tropospheric delays). Selective availability intentionally added error for non-authorized users until being discontinued in 2000. Differential GPS and other techniques can help reduce or eliminate some biases to achieve sub-meter accuracy.
Definition of map: diagrammatic representation of reality on a paper.
elements of a map: scale, direction, title, subtitle, ownership, key map, legend
contents of base map: boundaries
network, topography, landuse, contours, utilities
appropriate scales for various types of plan like regional plan, perspective plan, development plan, local area plan
measurement of sclaes: scale conversion from larger unit to smaller units and vice-versa
Landuse classification, Landuse Landcover (LULC) classification
GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, the satellite's location, timing details, and navigation data. Signals are modulated using phase-shift keying onto two carrier frequencies, L1 and L2. The C/A code and encrypted P-code are modulated onto L1, while only the P-code is modulated onto L2. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering, frequency translation, correlation and cross-correlation are used in GPS receivers to acquire and track satellite signals. Anti-spoofing of the P-code led to techniques like squaring, code-aided squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking to still allow civilian use of the encrypted signal.
Network analysis for shortest optimum pathSourabh Jain
This document discusses network analysis and finding optimal paths. It presents two case studies - one analyzing optimum tourism paths in New Delhi using time and distance as impedances, and one finding optimal paths in Tehran's dynamic road network using real-time traffic data. Both used GIS software and network analysis tools. The document also proposes using crowd-sourced data on locations' beauty, quietness and happiness to recommend routes that balance shortest distance with pleasantness.
GIS can help improve the urban planning process in 3 key ways:
1) GIS creates a centralized database to store and organize all spatial and attribute data for a city, making it easier to access, analyze, and use for decision making.
2) Satellite images and GIS tools allow planners to rapidly map land use changes, identify areas for future development, and update infrastructure like roads over time.
3) GIS provides analysis capabilities like overlaying maps and proximity analysis that help planners experiment with development alternatives and make more rational, data-driven decisions.
CPD Presentation given by Jonathan Braddick Chartered Architects Devon as part of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) South West City Club CPD curriculum 2013.
The presentation explores the impact the National Planning Policy Framework has had on the planning process (if any) since its introduction.
Jonathan Braddick is a RIBA Chartered Architect based near Exeter in Devon, specialising in one off bespoke residential design and construction.Jonathan is the immediate past Chairman of the Plymouth Branch of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the current Chairman elect of the South West Region of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ).
Jonathan is a member of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Design Review Panel and the founder and chair of the Devon and Somerset Design Review Panels.
For more information on the author please visit th following links:
http://www.jonathanbraddick.co.uk
&
http://www.designreviewpanel.co.uk
disclaimer: the information contained within the presentation is Copyright Jonathan Braddick 2013, for discussion purposes only and should not be relied upon or used for any other purpose whatsoever.
This document summarizes geospatial applications in civil engineering. It discusses how remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used for site investigations, terrain mapping and analysis, water resources engineering, town planning and urban development, transportation network analysis, and landslide studies. Specific applications are described, including using drones for site investigations, terrain analysis tools like slope and aspect maps, watershed and hydrologic modeling, and urban planning. Data sources, tools, and workflows are also outlined.
This document discusses photogrammetry and its applications. It describes the different types of aerial photographs based on lens systems and film properties. It then lists several applications of aerial photogrammetry including forestry, geology, agriculture, urban planning, and military intelligence. Finally, it explains some key principles of photogrammetry including central projection, orthogonal projection, stereo pairs, principal points, and fiducial marks.
Aerial surveying technology is utilized in a wide range of fields throughout the world. These range from the creation of maps, to terrain analysis and research (rivers, soil erosion, coasts, etc.), urban planning, road planning (roads, rails, etc.), and vegetation research (forests, agriculture, lakes and marshland, etc.).
This document outlines the planning process for a GIS analysis project to identify suitable sites for a new wastewater treatment plant. It discusses why many GIS projects fail, the types and phases of GIS projects. It then details the steps involved in a GIS analysis project including: defining the objective, creating the project database by identifying and preparing data, analyzing the data using spatial modeling functions, and presenting the results. For the wastewater treatment plant project, the analysis will identify parcels that meet criteria like being in a low-lying area near water and not residential, and the results will be shown on a presentation map.
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
Global Positioning System (GPS) uses signals from satellites to determine location on Earth's surface within 10 meters. GPS is used in surveying by establishing a base station over a known point and using a rover receiver to determine positions of other points through real-time kinematic observations or static baseline measurements with 5mm accuracy. Surveyors can also use continuously operating reference stations that provide accurate positioning within centimeters through online processing systems. Geographic information systems are used to manage surveying project data, conduct analysis, and understand a project's impacts.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
This presentation provides an overview of Land Information Systems (LIS). It discusses that a LIS is a digital system that contains both spatial and non-spatial land data. It then reviews the background of LIS in Western countries and how they differ from Nepal's system. The presentation outlines the key concepts of LIS including its methodology, current problems, and future planning. It aims to introduce LIS and provide context around its use and development in Nepal.
GIS involves capturing, storing, managing, and analyzing spatial and attribute data related to locations on Earth. It allows users to visualize patterns and relationships in the data. A GIS links locational/spatial data to descriptive attribute data, enabling analysis of how features are related across space. It consists of hardware, software, data, people, methods, and various subsystems for inputting, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic data and information. Common data formats in GIS include raster (grid cells) and vector (points, lines, polygons) representations. Maps are a key form of visualization and interface within GIS.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting Earth to enable GPS receivers to determine their precise location. The system works by using triangulation based on distance measurements from at least three satellites. The GPS segments include the space segment (satellites), control segment (ground stations that monitor satellites), and user segment (GPS receivers). GPS has both military and civilian applications including navigation, mapping, vehicle tracking, and monitoring fishing fleets.
Urban growth and systems of cities, lecture 1.pptxNeha Bansal
This document discusses various topics related to urban growth and systems of cities. It covers how urbanization refers to the proportion of people living in cities and the process by which rural populations move to urban areas. It also discusses urban systems as networks of individual cities within a region. Additionally, it examines trends in urban and rural populations globally, with estimates that 75% of the world's population will live in urban areas by 2050. The document also reviews theories and models of urban planning and city evolution over time, including central place theory, garden cities theory, and concentric zone and multiple nuclei models.
This document provides an overview of land information systems (LIS) with a focus on India. It discusses the components and purpose of LIS, provides historical background on land administration systems in Western countries and India, and reviews examples of LIS implementation internationally and within states in India. Key components of LIS discussed include spatial and non-spatial data, cadastral mapping, and land records. The benefits of LIS for land management are also summarized.
Presentació realitzada a l'ICC (27/09/2013) en el marc de la conferència magistral, a càrrec del Prof. Georg Gartner, president de l'Associació Cartogràfica Internacional (ICA/ACI)
This document discusses plane table surveying. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then describes the common instruments used in plane table surveying like the drawing board, alidade, spirit level, trough compass, U-frame, paper, and tripod. The next sections cover the advantages and disadvantages of the plane table method, and the main methods used: radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Principles of plane table surveying are also outlined. Bibliographic references are provided at the end.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. GIS integrates common database operations with tools for visualizing and analyzing geographic data. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, people and methods. GIS draws upon techniques from fields such as cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, surveying and statistics. Spatial data in GIS can be represented using vector or raster data models. Vector models represent geographic features as points, lines and polygons while raster models divide space into a grid of cells. GIS performs functions such as inputting data, map making, data manipulation, file management, querying
The document summarizes a project to create an accurate slope model for Jefferson County, West Virginia using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Field measurements of slope were taken at 34 locations and compared to slope models derived from 10-meter, 3-meter, and 1-meter digital elevation models. The 1-meter LiDAR data was found to most accurately represent the terrain with a higher R2 value and finer detail. The created slope model using this data could potentially be used for planning purposes when combined with other data layers.
Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining information about physical objects through images. It involves mapping terrain from aerial photographs. Key points:
- Aerial photography is the most common and effective method for large-scale topographic mapping. Photogrammetry is used by the U.S. Geological Survey and for various applications like engineering projects.
- Precise 3D measurements can be made from stereo pairs of photographs using a stereoplotter. Control points are also needed from field surveys.
- Factors like terrain, camera focal length, flying height, overlap, and scale must be considered to plan a photogrammetry project. Proper planning is required to efficiently capture needed imagery and produce accurate maps.
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
This document summarizes the key principles and components of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It explains that GPS uses satellites to provide location and time information to users anywhere in the world. The system has three main segments: the space segment consists of GPS satellites in orbit that broadcast signals; the control segment monitors and maintains the satellites; and the user segment includes GPS receivers that triangulate the satellite signals to determine location. It then describes the basic geometric principle of how GPS is able to locate a receiver using distance measurements to multiple satellites.
Application of gis & rs in urban planning sathish1446
Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or aircraft to acquire spatial, spectral and temporal data about objects without physical contact. This data is digitized and processed into images. GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatial or geographic information. Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for urban planning applications such as land use/cover mapping, environmental monitoring, updating basemaps, studying urban growth, transportation systems, and site suitability analysis. GIS allows for overlaying of maps, buffering, and route analysis to support zoning, land management, emergency response and other planning needs. Together, remote sensing and GIS provide timely, reliable spatial data and analysis functions for addressing challenges
This document provides an introduction to photogrammetry and remote sensing. It discusses the basics of aerial photography, photogrammetry techniques including vertical aerial photographs, scale measurement, and stereoscopy. It describes how stereoscopic parallax can be used to measure heights from overlapping aerial photograph stereo pairs. The key applications of remote sensing and GIS are also listed.
Orthoimage or map visualization in use in geoportals - Case Study on the Fre...Charlotte Hoarau
This paper sets out the results of a statistical analysis of a survey on a panel of 45
cartographic websites using the API of the French Géoportail. Existing design choices, such as
favored base maps, transparency levels of the displayed layers, scale visualization, have been
studied from mixed representations in use. They have also been faced to the aim of the related
applications, the user’s tasks (data visualization and interaction) and their resulting uses in order
to define general trends about mixed representations.
http://www.citeulike.org/user/Charlotte_Hoarau/article/11333035
The document compares the cadastre and land administration systems between Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines. It discusses the history and development of cadastre in both countries, highlighting that Malaysia introduced the Torrens system in 1879-1890 while the Philippines began cadastral surveys in 1909 under American administration. The roles of key government departments, private sector surveyors, and professional organizations in land administration are also examined. Both countries' land registration systems recognize indefeasible private land ownership rights protected constitutionally. Cadastral records are increasingly computerized and accessible in digital databases. Property transactions differ somewhat, with Malaysia requiring state approval and the Philippines having an 8-step transfer process.
Aerial surveying technology is utilized in a wide range of fields throughout the world. These range from the creation of maps, to terrain analysis and research (rivers, soil erosion, coasts, etc.), urban planning, road planning (roads, rails, etc.), and vegetation research (forests, agriculture, lakes and marshland, etc.).
This document outlines the planning process for a GIS analysis project to identify suitable sites for a new wastewater treatment plant. It discusses why many GIS projects fail, the types and phases of GIS projects. It then details the steps involved in a GIS analysis project including: defining the objective, creating the project database by identifying and preparing data, analyzing the data using spatial modeling functions, and presenting the results. For the wastewater treatment plant project, the analysis will identify parcels that meet criteria like being in a low-lying area near water and not residential, and the results will be shown on a presentation map.
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
Global Positioning System (GPS) uses signals from satellites to determine location on Earth's surface within 10 meters. GPS is used in surveying by establishing a base station over a known point and using a rover receiver to determine positions of other points through real-time kinematic observations or static baseline measurements with 5mm accuracy. Surveyors can also use continuously operating reference stations that provide accurate positioning within centimeters through online processing systems. Geographic information systems are used to manage surveying project data, conduct analysis, and understand a project's impacts.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
This presentation provides an overview of Land Information Systems (LIS). It discusses that a LIS is a digital system that contains both spatial and non-spatial land data. It then reviews the background of LIS in Western countries and how they differ from Nepal's system. The presentation outlines the key concepts of LIS including its methodology, current problems, and future planning. It aims to introduce LIS and provide context around its use and development in Nepal.
GIS involves capturing, storing, managing, and analyzing spatial and attribute data related to locations on Earth. It allows users to visualize patterns and relationships in the data. A GIS links locational/spatial data to descriptive attribute data, enabling analysis of how features are related across space. It consists of hardware, software, data, people, methods, and various subsystems for inputting, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic data and information. Common data formats in GIS include raster (grid cells) and vector (points, lines, polygons) representations. Maps are a key form of visualization and interface within GIS.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting Earth to enable GPS receivers to determine their precise location. The system works by using triangulation based on distance measurements from at least three satellites. The GPS segments include the space segment (satellites), control segment (ground stations that monitor satellites), and user segment (GPS receivers). GPS has both military and civilian applications including navigation, mapping, vehicle tracking, and monitoring fishing fleets.
Urban growth and systems of cities, lecture 1.pptxNeha Bansal
This document discusses various topics related to urban growth and systems of cities. It covers how urbanization refers to the proportion of people living in cities and the process by which rural populations move to urban areas. It also discusses urban systems as networks of individual cities within a region. Additionally, it examines trends in urban and rural populations globally, with estimates that 75% of the world's population will live in urban areas by 2050. The document also reviews theories and models of urban planning and city evolution over time, including central place theory, garden cities theory, and concentric zone and multiple nuclei models.
This document provides an overview of land information systems (LIS) with a focus on India. It discusses the components and purpose of LIS, provides historical background on land administration systems in Western countries and India, and reviews examples of LIS implementation internationally and within states in India. Key components of LIS discussed include spatial and non-spatial data, cadastral mapping, and land records. The benefits of LIS for land management are also summarized.
Presentació realitzada a l'ICC (27/09/2013) en el marc de la conferència magistral, a càrrec del Prof. Georg Gartner, president de l'Associació Cartogràfica Internacional (ICA/ACI)
This document discusses plane table surveying. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then describes the common instruments used in plane table surveying like the drawing board, alidade, spirit level, trough compass, U-frame, paper, and tripod. The next sections cover the advantages and disadvantages of the plane table method, and the main methods used: radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Principles of plane table surveying are also outlined. Bibliographic references are provided at the end.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. GIS integrates common database operations with tools for visualizing and analyzing geographic data. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, people and methods. GIS draws upon techniques from fields such as cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, surveying and statistics. Spatial data in GIS can be represented using vector or raster data models. Vector models represent geographic features as points, lines and polygons while raster models divide space into a grid of cells. GIS performs functions such as inputting data, map making, data manipulation, file management, querying
The document summarizes a project to create an accurate slope model for Jefferson County, West Virginia using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Field measurements of slope were taken at 34 locations and compared to slope models derived from 10-meter, 3-meter, and 1-meter digital elevation models. The 1-meter LiDAR data was found to most accurately represent the terrain with a higher R2 value and finer detail. The created slope model using this data could potentially be used for planning purposes when combined with other data layers.
Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining information about physical objects through images. It involves mapping terrain from aerial photographs. Key points:
- Aerial photography is the most common and effective method for large-scale topographic mapping. Photogrammetry is used by the U.S. Geological Survey and for various applications like engineering projects.
- Precise 3D measurements can be made from stereo pairs of photographs using a stereoplotter. Control points are also needed from field surveys.
- Factors like terrain, camera focal length, flying height, overlap, and scale must be considered to plan a photogrammetry project. Proper planning is required to efficiently capture needed imagery and produce accurate maps.
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
This document summarizes the key principles and components of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It explains that GPS uses satellites to provide location and time information to users anywhere in the world. The system has three main segments: the space segment consists of GPS satellites in orbit that broadcast signals; the control segment monitors and maintains the satellites; and the user segment includes GPS receivers that triangulate the satellite signals to determine location. It then describes the basic geometric principle of how GPS is able to locate a receiver using distance measurements to multiple satellites.
Application of gis & rs in urban planning sathish1446
Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or aircraft to acquire spatial, spectral and temporal data about objects without physical contact. This data is digitized and processed into images. GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatial or geographic information. Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for urban planning applications such as land use/cover mapping, environmental monitoring, updating basemaps, studying urban growth, transportation systems, and site suitability analysis. GIS allows for overlaying of maps, buffering, and route analysis to support zoning, land management, emergency response and other planning needs. Together, remote sensing and GIS provide timely, reliable spatial data and analysis functions for addressing challenges
This document provides an introduction to photogrammetry and remote sensing. It discusses the basics of aerial photography, photogrammetry techniques including vertical aerial photographs, scale measurement, and stereoscopy. It describes how stereoscopic parallax can be used to measure heights from overlapping aerial photograph stereo pairs. The key applications of remote sensing and GIS are also listed.
Orthoimage or map visualization in use in geoportals - Case Study on the Fre...Charlotte Hoarau
This paper sets out the results of a statistical analysis of a survey on a panel of 45
cartographic websites using the API of the French Géoportail. Existing design choices, such as
favored base maps, transparency levels of the displayed layers, scale visualization, have been
studied from mixed representations in use. They have also been faced to the aim of the related
applications, the user’s tasks (data visualization and interaction) and their resulting uses in order
to define general trends about mixed representations.
http://www.citeulike.org/user/Charlotte_Hoarau/article/11333035
The document compares the cadastre and land administration systems between Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines. It discusses the history and development of cadastre in both countries, highlighting that Malaysia introduced the Torrens system in 1879-1890 while the Philippines began cadastral surveys in 1909 under American administration. The roles of key government departments, private sector surveyors, and professional organizations in land administration are also examined. Both countries' land registration systems recognize indefeasible private land ownership rights protected constitutionally. Cadastral records are increasingly computerized and accessible in digital databases. Property transactions differ somewhat, with Malaysia requiring state approval and the Philippines having an 8-step transfer process.
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This document discusses the Residential Free Patent Act (RA 10023) and the cadastral survey process in the Philippines. It provides statistics showing that the number of residential free patents issued has increased significantly since the implementation of RA 10023. The summary also outlines the criteria, requirements, and process for applying for and obtaining a residential free patent, which grants ownership of residential land to qualified Filipino citizens. This includes requirements such as 10 years of occupancy, limits on land area, and approval from local offices like the CENRO and PENRO within set timeframes.
The photograph shows an oblique aerial view of an area with various human and physical features. Farmland can be seen divided into irregular fields separated by hedgerows. Settlements include a nucleated village near a river valley and dispersed farmsteads, along with roads and woodland areas.
1. The Kerala Survey and Boundaries Act of 1961 consolidates, amends, and unifies the laws relating to land surveys and settlement of boundary disputes in Kerala.
2. The Act allows the government or authorized officers to order surveys of any land or boundary. It provides procedures for notifying interested parties, conducting surveys, resolving disputes, and maintaining survey marks.
3. The Act establishes the roles and powers of survey officers. It allows for appeals of survey decisions, resolution of disputes through courts or arbitration, and recovery of expenses from landowners.
INVESTIGATING THE ADOPTION RATE OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY IN CA...Sean-clair Chihana
This document discusses a dissertation investigating the adoption rate of GPS technology in cadastral surveying in Malawi. It provides background on conventional surveying methods used historically in Malawi and the cadastral survey system. It describes the development of GPS technology and its capabilities. The study aims to determine the rate at which cadastral surveyors in Malawi are adopting GPS compared to rates in other countries. A literature review covers conventional methods, the cadastral survey system, GPS history and applications. The methodology section outlines the study area, sampling, data collection through questionnaires, and analysis methods. Results from the questionnaires are presented and discussed. Conclusions discuss the adoption rate found and recommendations are provided.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
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1 - Theories Of Intellectual Property William FischerJoe Osborn
The document discusses four main theories of intellectual property:
1) Utilitarian theory which argues that intellectual property laws should maximize social welfare by balancing incentives for creation with public access.
2) Natural rights theory based on John Locke's labor theory of property which sees intellectual creations as naturally owned by their creators.
3) Personhood theory based on Kant and Hegel which sees intellectual property as important for human fulfillment and expression of one's will.
4) Other theories analyze how specific intellectual property doctrines like copyright and trademark laws can be shaped to achieve the goals of the different theories.
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code The Debate on Int.docxwhitneyleman54422
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code: The Debate on Intellectual Property Protection for Software Programs
Neelakantan, Murali; Armstrong, Alex
Computer and Internet Lawyer
10-01-2006
Jump to best part of documentYour Summary Note
For many years, the courts in England and the United States have tried to balance the protection of an author's skill and labor with the competing notion of a free market in which ideas are adapted in the search for newer and better products. It is sometimes argued that "what is worth copying is worth protecting." This statement is only a crude approximation of the central theme in a debate that remains as controversial now as it was 25 years ago-the suitability of a copyright or a patent-based regime for software programs.
For purposes of this article, we have restricted our analysis to the two markets that are likely to be of most interest to the reader-the United States and the United Kingdom. The debate has, however, taken on truly global proportions, with new and exciting markets (and competitive pressures) emanating from the Far East, India, and China most notably. The questions asked in this article are designed therefore to apply globally.
Copyright in Software Programs
The ease with which copyright is granted sometimes betrays its limitations. Is copyright still "fit for purpose" as the global market for software continues its inexorable expansion?
In order to answer this question, this section will seek to:
* Examine the existing state of copyright law as it applies to software programs; and
* Determine whether current copyright law remains flexible enough to capture the dramatic changes to the methods used by developers to create software programs.
The English Law of Copyright
The English law of copyright is often described as drawing clear dividing lines between the idea (which is not protectable per se) and the expression of an idea (which would be). This is a misleading simplification of the relevant provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988,1 which requires that a work be recorded "in writing or otherwise"2 before it can be afforded the protection of copyright. The law says that copyright is infringed if (a) there has been actual copying, and (b) a "substantial part" of the work has been taken. What amounts to a "substantial part" is a question of fact and degree and is the question that has exercised the courts most in the field of computer software.
In Cantor Fitzgerald v. Tradition (UK),3 the court considered whether the developers of a rival bond-broking application had infringed the copyright in the claimant's program. The defendants were ex-employees of the claimant and had used an earlier version of the claimant's program as a reference for their own application. The court also found that the defendants had copied a small portion (3.3 percent) of the claimant's code into the defendants' own program. The judge held on the facts that there had been specific inst.
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code The Debate on Int.docxrafbolet0
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code: The Debate on Intellectual Property Protection for Software Programs
Neelakantan, Murali; Armstrong, Alex
Computer and Internet Lawyer
10-01-2006
Jump to best part of documentYour Summary Note
For many years, the courts in England and the United States have tried to balance the protection of an author's skill and labor with the competing notion of a free market in which ideas are adapted in the search for newer and better products. It is sometimes argued that "what is worth copying is worth protecting." This statement is only a crude approximation of the central theme in a debate that remains as controversial now as it was 25 years ago-the suitability of a copyright or a patent-based regime for software programs.
For purposes of this article, we have restricted our analysis to the two markets that are likely to be of most interest to the reader-the United States and the United Kingdom. The debate has, however, taken on truly global proportions, with new and exciting markets (and competitive pressures) emanating from the Far East, India, and China most notably. The questions asked in this article are designed therefore to apply globally.
Copyright in Software Programs
The ease with which copyright is granted sometimes betrays its limitations. Is copyright still "fit for purpose" as the global market for software continues its inexorable expansion?
In order to answer this question, this section will seek to:
* Examine the existing state of copyright law as it applies to software programs; and
* Determine whether current copyright law remains flexible enough to capture the dramatic changes to the methods used by developers to create software programs.
The English Law of Copyright
The English law of copyright is often described as drawing clear dividing lines between the idea (which is not protectable per se) and the expression of an idea (which would be). This is a misleading simplification of the relevant provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988,1 which requires that a work be recorded "in writing or otherwise"2 before it can be afforded the protection of copyright. The law says that copyright is infringed if (a) there has been actual copying, and (b) a "substantial part" of the work has been taken. What amounts to a "substantial part" is a question of fact and degree and is the question that has exercised the courts most in the field of computer software.
In Cantor Fitzgerald v. Tradition (UK),3 the court considered whether the developers of a rival bond-broking application had infringed the copyright in the claimant's program. The defendants were ex-employees of the claimant and had used an earlier version of the claimant's program as a reference for their own application. The court also found that the defendants had copied a small portion (3.3 percent) of the claimant's code into the defendants' own program. The judge held on the facts that there had been specific inst.
Cadastral surveying involves determining land boundaries and defining ownership through surveys. It provides legally defined boundaries and documents ownership. There are several types of cadastres including fiscal for taxation, legal for ownership rights, and multi-purpose for combined legal, fiscal and other land information. Cadastres have significance for facilitating land transactions, providing security of ownership, and supporting planning, taxation and dispute resolution. Ethiopia has undertaken several cadastral projects since the early 1900s to modernize its land administration system.
This document discusses jurisdiction in international law as it relates to regulating the internet and the EU's "right to be forgotten" ruling. It makes the following key points:
1) Jurisdiction in international law is traditionally based on a state's territory and sovereignty, but modern economic law has challenged this through the "effects doctrine."
2) The EU's "right to be forgotten" ruling in Google Spain concerned private litigation between individuals and corporations, falling under private international law.
3) Orders to extend compliance with the ruling to Google's global domains raise questions about the territorial reach of the ruling under public and private international law.
4) The document aims to clarify concepts of jurisdiction in public and private
BBA 3210, Business Law 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxmadlynplamondon
This document provides information about Unit III of a business law course, including learning outcomes, required resources, and an overview of real, personal, and intellectual property. The key points are:
1) Unit III focuses on defining limitations of business ownership, classifying intellectual property, and recognizing the relationship between real, personal, and intellectual property.
2) The required resources include a chapter on real, personal, and intellectual property that covers topics like ownership interests in land and the different types of intellectual property.
3) The unit lesson introduces these three types of property, explaining real property as land and fixtures, personal property as tangible movable objects, and intellectual property as intangible creations of the mind like music
BBA 3210, Business Law 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxgertrudebellgrove
BBA 3210, Business Law 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Define the limitations of all forms of business ownership.
5.1 Define the limitations of business ownership and protecting property.
6. Classify the different types of intellectual property.
6.1 Recognize how the topics of real, personal, and intellectual property are related.
6.2 Identify the similarities and differences among the methods for protecting intellectual
property.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8, pp. 158–175
Unit III Assignment
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8, pp. 158–175
Unit III Assessment
6.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8, pp. 158–175
Unit III Assessment
Unit III Assignment
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 8: Real, Personal, and Intellectual Property, pp. 158–175
Unit Lesson
Introduction to Property
Most people can easily identify certain types of property. The car you drive, the home you live in, the clothes
you own—these are all varieties of property. Real property, or “realty,” is land and everything permanently
attached to it. Personal property consists of tangible, movable objects. Intellectual property consists of those
intangible things that result from mental creativity, such as composing music, writing a book, and making a
scientific invention, rather than making a physical effort.
Real Property
Owning realty includes more than the surface of the land. There are three types of realty: airspace rights (at
the top), surface rights (under airspace rights but just under Earth’s surface), and mineral rights (under
surface rights).
The significance of these three types is well illustrated in “Special Report: U.S. Builders Hoard Mineral Rights
Under New Homes” (Conlin & Grow, 2013). This describes how some homebuilders in the United States keep
the subsurface mineral rights for themselves, which is definitely a situation where caveat emptor (Let the
buyer beware!) applies. This situation illustrates an important aspect of property ownership—the bundle of
rights, which proposes that owning land is like owning a bundle of sticks, and each stick represents an
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Real, Personal, and Intellectual Property
BBA 3210, Business Law 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
individual right. The report describes how some property developers kept a stick for themselves and sold the
bundles without the mineral or subsurface rights to the unwitting homebuyers (Conlin & Grow, 2013).
The textbook describes each of the various interests in land, including fee simple absolute, conditional estate,
life estate, future interest, and leasehold estate (Kubasek, Browne, Herron, Dhooge, & Barkacs, 2016). These
are possessory estates because they involve possessing the land but not having an ownership interest in the
land. Nonpossessory estates are interests in land that do not involve posses.
BBA 3210, Business Law 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docx
Legal cadastre
1. A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
Jesper Mayntz PAASCH, Sweden
Keywords: Cadastre, legal cadastre, standardization, land register, modelling, object
orientation, real property information,
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper is an introduction to an article submitted for review to the Nordic Journal of
Surveying and Real Estate Research, expected to be published during 2005. The purpose of
this presentation is therefore not to give a detailed approach and analysis of a legal cadastral
domain as this will be done in the forthcoming article, but to give a general overview of the
model.
2. LEGAL CADASTRAL DOMAIN MODEL
During the last decade numerous attempts have been made to describe and discuss the
cadastral domain on both national and international level. In this paper the term “legal
cadastral domain” is used as a common term for laws and regulations regulating the content
of traditional cadastre, multipurpose cadastre and land register storing legal real property
information, regardless of any national differentiation between these registers. A problem
towards description of the domain is that real property and cadastre are not homogeneous and
standardised terms and different definitions are presented by several authors, see e.g. (FIG,
1995); (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998); (Silva and Stubkjær, 2002). Such standardisation
efforts are in addition primarily orientated towards technical storage environment of cadastre
and other (software) solutions, but have, in my opinion, minor focus on legal aspects, even if
the importance of the legal cadastral domain has been addressed by several authors, e.g.
(Lemmen et al, 2003) and (Kaufman and Steudler, 1998). So, surprisingly little has been
done to describe the legal issues of standardisation of real property information and cadastre.
Real property rights are special rights that differ from other rights in human society. Many
rights in land are not found in goods or differ from those that are; and naturally they often last
longer. These rights regulate the access to land. The access can be regulated by means of
privately agreed rights or officially imposed regulations.
The access to land can be divided into 3 categories with different theoretical connections
between man (subject) and land (object). 1. The direct connection between object and subject,
2. connection through right or obligation and 3 connection through ownership.
Jesper M. Paasch 1/1
A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
Joint ‘FIG Commission 7’ and ‘COST Action G9’ Workshop on Standardization in the Cadastral Domain
Bamberg, Germany, 9 and 10 December 2004
2. Subject
Right/ Ownership
Right obligation right
Land
Land
Object Land
area
area
area
Figure 1. Theoretical connections between man (subject) and land (object) through rights. 1.
Direct connection, 2. Connection through Right/obligation and 3. Connection through
Ownership right (Mattsson, 2004).
Rights and restrictions are a result of cultural, social and political activities in each country
and it might seem difficult to describe the variety of existing rights and restrictions in a
common model describing the cadastral domain. The result seems to be that detailed
modelling of rights and restrictions has been avoided when producing cadastral models.
Rights might even be bundled together with restrictions in a common group, e.g. (Lemmen et
al, 2003). However, the legal aspects of rights and restrictions are too complex to be handled
as a common group in a legal model. An example is a recent Swedish attempt to model the
cadastral domain from a legal perspective, which indicates that a nation’s legal cadastral
domain is extremely complex and that the legal context of the cadastre is of major importance
with regard to standardisation of the cadastral domain (Paasch, 2004).
In conclusion, there is a need for a legal cadastre model which focuses on the right of
ownership (to a property) in relation to appurtenances (benefits) and encumbrances (burdens)
reducing the extent of the ownership. This presentation will focus on the modelling of real
property rights, or to be more exact rights of ownership and granted rights, and including
official and private regulations imposed on real property. A better understanding of the legal
and logical aspects of property rights might increase the possibilities of producing standards
towards the cadastral domain. One of the basic reasons for the employment of logic in law is
that it makes it possible to determine criteria for the validity of arguments by means of
investigating the form of these arguments.
The legal cadastral domain model outlined here is an abstract model based on the hypothesis
that it is possible to classify property rights regardless of their emergence in different legal
traditions. The model focuses on the legal classification of the benefits and burdens
regulating the right of ownership and not on a detailed classification of the holder of such
rights (Person) or the spatial component describing the expansion or geometrical
representation and topology of a property (Land). Related objects like “boundary” and
“source document” are not described in this first stage of the model. However, a legal
description of these and similar objects are important to address all legal perspectives of the
cadastral domain.
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A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
Joint ‘FIG Commission 7’ and ‘COST Action G9’ Workshop on Standardization in the Cadastral Domain
Bamberg, Germany, 9 and 10 December 2004
3. The legal cadastral domain model is a theoretical approach to the classification of real
property ownership. The model is submitted to the Swedish real property legislation in the
forthcoming article to see if it covers all legal issues relating to the ownership of real
property. However, the model needs to be analysed in relation to other national real property
legislation to ensure that it is a general model.
The legal cadastral model illustrated in figure 2 is based on the theoretical model illustrating
the connection between subject and land through the ownership right in figure 1. The model
is centred round the Ownership right and attached with classes that benefit or limit the right
of ownership.
Appurtenance Public advantage
Executes4 3 Executes
0..* 0..* 0..* 0..*
Person 1..* Executes4 1..* Ownership right Regulates4 Land
1..* 1..*
Regulates4 3 Regulates
0..* 0..* 0..* 0..*
Encumbrance Public regulation
Figure 2. A basic legal cadastre model focussing on ownership right, describing the relation
to the Appurtenance, Encumbrance, Public advantage and Public regulation classes (Paasch,
2005).
In order to achieve an increased standardisation of the cadastral domain it is necessary to
classify of the legal content of a cadastre, focussing on the right of ownership and restrictions
connected with ownership. Effort must be taken to focus on the legal aspects and not the
technical environment in which the information is stored or processed. Classification of the
legal context and discussing the legal ontology and semantics might further the process of
establishing a general classification and description of property rights.
Applying object-orientated analysis and design on legislation focuses on the adequate
description of the problem domain, e.g. the description of property legislation and cadastre.
An adequate description must be based on communication. Any successful communication
requires a language that is based on common concepts. However, the description,
classification, hierarchy and description of objects and the difficulties of standardisation of a
cadastre must not be underestimated. Focussing on the legal aspects and constructing a legal
cadastre model is a way of applying ontology to the cadastral domain and can be a step
towards a future standardisation process. A better understanding of the legal aspects of
Jesper M. Paasch 3/3
A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
Joint ‘FIG Commission 7’ and ‘COST Action G9’ Workshop on Standardization in the Cadastral Domain
Bamberg, Germany, 9 and 10 December 2004
4. property rights might increase the possibilities of producing standards towards the cadastral
domain.
If a standardisation of the legal aspects of the cadastral domain has to be achieved, it is
necessary to develop a legal core model which can be applied to any real property legislation,
regardless of its cultural or historical legacy. The model briefly illustrated in this paper is an
attempt to establish a general classification and description of property rights and make a
scientific approach towards the construction of a legal cadastral system.
REFERENCES
FIG (1995). FIG Statement on the Cadastre. FIG publication No. 11, ISSN 1018-6530, ISBN 0-644-
4533-1.
Kaufman, J. & Steudler, D. (1998). Cadastre 2014. FIG-Commisson 7 working group.
Lemmen, C. et. al. (2003). A modular standard for the Cadastral Domain. In Digital Earth 2003 -
Information Resources for Global Sustainability. The 3rd International Symposium on Digital Earth,
21-15 September 2003, Brno, Czech Republic.
Mattsson, H. (2004). Property rights and registration in a perspective of change. Moscow 2004.
Paasch, J. M. (2004). Modelling the cadastral domain. In The proceedings of 10th EC- GI Workshop,
Warsaw, Poland 23-25 June 2004.
Paasch, J. M. (2005). A Legal Cadastral Domain Model. Forthcoming article in the Nordic Journal of
Surveying and Real Estate Research, submitted for review.
Silva. M., & Stubkjær, E. (2002) A review of methodologies used in research on cadastral
development. In Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, No 26 pp. 402-423.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
Mr. Jesper M. Paasch is a Danish chartered surveyor. He has a M.Sc. degree (Surveying, Planning and
Land Management) and a Master of Technology Management degree (Geoinformatics) from Aalborg
University in Denmark. Since 1990 he has been employed by the National Land Survey of Sweden
and is currently undertaking Ph.D. research at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm,
Sweden regarding the standardisation of the cadastral domain. The research is sponsored by the
National Land Survey.
CONTACTS
Jesper Mayntz Paasch
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Department of Real Estate Planning and Land Law
and
National Land Survey of Sweden
801 82 Gävle
SWEDEN
Tel. +46 26 63 30 01
Fax +46 26 63 31 86
Email: jesper.paasch@lm.se
Web site: www.lantmateriet.se
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A Legal Cadastral Domain Model
Joint ‘FIG Commission 7’ and ‘COST Action G9’ Workshop on Standardization in the Cadastral Domain
Bamberg, Germany, 9 and 10 December 2004