The document discusses various representations of curves and surfaces for computer graphics. It introduces explicit, implicit, and parametric representations of curves and surfaces. Parametric representations are described in detail, including parametric polynomials used to approximate curves and surfaces. Cubic parametric polynomials are discussed as a balance between ease of evaluation and flexibility. Different types of parametric curves are also introduced, including interpolating, Hermite, Bezier, and B-spline curves.
1. The document introduces different types of curves and surfaces including explicit, implicit, and parametric representations. It discusses their strengths and weaknesses.
2. Parametric curves and surfaces are presented as flexible representations that can approximate or interpolate data using functions that are smooth, differentiable, and easy to evaluate.
3. The document provides examples of parametric representations for lines, planes, spheres, and polynomial curves and surfaces. It emphasizes the importance of continuity between connected curve segments.
GTU LAVC Line Integral,Green Theorem in the Plane, Surface And Volume Integra...Panchal Anand
1. The document summarizes key concepts from vector integral calculus, including line integrals, parametrization of curves, and Green's theorem.
2. Green's theorem relates a line integral around a simple closed curve C to a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C, assuming D contains all interior and boundary points of C.
3. Green's theorem was invented in the 19th century to solve problems involving fluid flow, forces, electricity, and magnetism.
Notes for Mechanical and Computer science Students,
In the Notes Including the Basic to algo and transformation in Computer grafics Pixels, it is a important topic
The document discusses several common algorithms for computer graphics rendering including Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, the midpoint circle algorithm, and scanline polygon filling. Bresenham's algorithm uses only integer calculations to efficiently draw lines. The midpoint circle algorithm incrementally chooses pixel coordinates to draw circles with eightfold symmetry and without floating point operations. Scanline polygon filling finds the edge intersections on each scanline and fills pixels between interior intersections.
The document discusses several common algorithms for computer graphics rendering including Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, the midpoint circle algorithm, and scanline polygon filling. Bresenham's algorithm uses only integer calculations to efficiently draw lines. The midpoint circle algorithm incrementally chooses pixel coordinates to draw circles with eightfold symmetry and without floating point operations. Scanline polygon filling determines the edge intersections on each scanline and fills pixels between interior intersections.
Computer graphics involves computations and manipulation of data to generate and render images. A key output device is the cathode ray tube, which uses an electron beam to illuminate pixels on a screen in a raster scan pattern to display an image stored in a frame buffer. There are two main scanning techniques - raster scan, which scans from top to bottom line by line, and random scan or vector scan, which draws individual lines without a fixed scanning pattern. Common computer graphics applications include GUIs, business presentations, maps, medical imaging, and entertainment like movies and games.
This document provides a brief overview of computer graphics. It discusses how computer graphics works by rendering images through programming computations and data manipulation. It describes the cathode ray tube as the primary output device for early graphical systems. It also summarizes two common scanning techniques - raster scan and random scan/vector scan. Additional topics covered include line generation algorithms like DDA, Bresenham's, and mid-point algorithms. It concludes with some common applications of computer graphics like GUIs, business presentations, mapping, and medical imaging.
UNIT III Geometric curves unit 3 geometric modelingGunjanKolhe5
This document provides an overview of curves in geometric modeling. It introduces analytical curves like lines, circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. It also covers synthetic curves like Hermite cubic splines, Bezier curves, and B-spline curves. The document discusses representation of curves through non-parametric and parametric forms. It provides examples of line representation using two endpoints or a point, length and direction. It also includes two problems solving for line properties and determining if two lines are parallel or intersecting.
1. The document introduces different types of curves and surfaces including explicit, implicit, and parametric representations. It discusses their strengths and weaknesses.
2. Parametric curves and surfaces are presented as flexible representations that can approximate or interpolate data using functions that are smooth, differentiable, and easy to evaluate.
3. The document provides examples of parametric representations for lines, planes, spheres, and polynomial curves and surfaces. It emphasizes the importance of continuity between connected curve segments.
GTU LAVC Line Integral,Green Theorem in the Plane, Surface And Volume Integra...Panchal Anand
1. The document summarizes key concepts from vector integral calculus, including line integrals, parametrization of curves, and Green's theorem.
2. Green's theorem relates a line integral around a simple closed curve C to a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C, assuming D contains all interior and boundary points of C.
3. Green's theorem was invented in the 19th century to solve problems involving fluid flow, forces, electricity, and magnetism.
Notes for Mechanical and Computer science Students,
In the Notes Including the Basic to algo and transformation in Computer grafics Pixels, it is a important topic
The document discusses several common algorithms for computer graphics rendering including Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, the midpoint circle algorithm, and scanline polygon filling. Bresenham's algorithm uses only integer calculations to efficiently draw lines. The midpoint circle algorithm incrementally chooses pixel coordinates to draw circles with eightfold symmetry and without floating point operations. Scanline polygon filling finds the edge intersections on each scanline and fills pixels between interior intersections.
The document discusses several common algorithms for computer graphics rendering including Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, the midpoint circle algorithm, and scanline polygon filling. Bresenham's algorithm uses only integer calculations to efficiently draw lines. The midpoint circle algorithm incrementally chooses pixel coordinates to draw circles with eightfold symmetry and without floating point operations. Scanline polygon filling determines the edge intersections on each scanline and fills pixels between interior intersections.
Computer graphics involves computations and manipulation of data to generate and render images. A key output device is the cathode ray tube, which uses an electron beam to illuminate pixels on a screen in a raster scan pattern to display an image stored in a frame buffer. There are two main scanning techniques - raster scan, which scans from top to bottom line by line, and random scan or vector scan, which draws individual lines without a fixed scanning pattern. Common computer graphics applications include GUIs, business presentations, maps, medical imaging, and entertainment like movies and games.
This document provides a brief overview of computer graphics. It discusses how computer graphics works by rendering images through programming computations and data manipulation. It describes the cathode ray tube as the primary output device for early graphical systems. It also summarizes two common scanning techniques - raster scan and random scan/vector scan. Additional topics covered include line generation algorithms like DDA, Bresenham's, and mid-point algorithms. It concludes with some common applications of computer graphics like GUIs, business presentations, mapping, and medical imaging.
UNIT III Geometric curves unit 3 geometric modelingGunjanKolhe5
This document provides an overview of curves in geometric modeling. It introduces analytical curves like lines, circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. It also covers synthetic curves like Hermite cubic splines, Bezier curves, and B-spline curves. The document discusses representation of curves through non-parametric and parametric forms. It provides examples of line representation using two endpoints or a point, length and direction. It also includes two problems solving for line properties and determining if two lines are parallel or intersecting.
This document discusses geometric modeling and curves. It provides information on:
- Geometric modeling is the process of creating mathematical models of physical objects and systems using computer software.
- There are different types of geometric models including wireframe, surface, and solid modeling.
- Curves can be represented mathematically in both implicit and parametric forms, with parametric being most common in modeling as it overcomes limitations of other forms.
- Parametric curves define a curve using a parameter, where varying the parameter provides points on the curve. Common parametric representations include lines, conics, and higher-order curves composed of simpler curve segments.
The document provides information about computer graphics output primitives like points and lines. It discusses how points and lines are displayed on different output devices like raster and vector systems. It also describes algorithms for drawing lines, including the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm and Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, which uses only incremental integer calculations to determine pixel positions along a line path.
The document discusses various raster algorithms including raster displays, monitor intensities, RGB colour, line drawing, and simple anti-aliasing. It provides details on how raster displays work by representing images as a grid of pixels stored in a frame buffer and scanned line by line on the screen. It also describes how monitor intensities are represented digitally and processed, the RGB color model, algorithms for line drawing including DDA and Bresenham's, and different methods for simple anti-aliasing like supersampling.
The document discusses computer graphics concepts like points, pixels, lines, and circles. It begins with definitions of pixels and how they relate to points in geometry. It then covers the basic structure for specifying points in OpenGL and how to draw points, lines, and triangles. Next, it discusses algorithms for drawing lines, including the digital differential analyzer (DDA) method and Bresenham's line algorithm. Finally, it covers circle drawing and introduces the mid-point circle algorithm. In summary:
1) It defines key computer graphics concepts like pixels, points, lines, and circles.
2) It explains the basic OpenGL functions for drawing points and lines and provides examples of drawing simple shapes.
3) It
Introduction of metric dimension of circular graphs is connected graph , The distance and diameter , Resolving sets and location number then Examples . Application in facility location problems . is has motivation (Applications in Chemistry and Networks systems). Definitions of Certain Regular Graphs. Main Results for three graphs (Prism , Antiprism and generalized Petersen graphs .
The document discusses algorithms for drawing lines and circles on a discrete pixel display. It begins by describing what characteristics an "ideal line" would have on such a display. It then introduces several algorithms for drawing lines, including the simple line algorithm, digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm, and Bresenham's line algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm is described in detail, as it uses only integer calculations. Next, a simple potential circle drawing algorithm is presented and its shortcomings discussed. Finally, the more accurate and efficient mid-point circle algorithm is introduced. This algorithm exploits the eight-way symmetry of circles and only calculates points in one octant.
The document discusses algorithms for drawing lines and circles on a discrete pixel display. It begins by describing what characteristics an "ideal line" would have on such a display. It then introduces several algorithms for drawing lines, including the simple line algorithm, digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm, and Bresenham's line algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm is described in detail, as it uses only integer calculations. Next, a simple potential circle drawing algorithm is presented and its shortcomings discussed. Finally, the more accurate and efficient mid-point circle algorithm is described. This algorithm exploits the eight-way symmetry of circles and uses incremental calculations to determine the next pixel point.
The document describes a method for collaborative subspace clustering using a deep neural network. The network contains an encoder, a self-expressive layer to learn the affinity matrix C, and a decoder. The network is trained end-to-end by minimizing a loss function containing terms for subspace clustering and collaborative learning between the affinity matrix C and a classifier's output affinity matrix. The loss encourages C to be more confident in identifying points from the same class compared to the classifier.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques. It discusses how increasing dimensionality can negatively impact classification accuracy due to the curse of dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction aims to select an optimal set of features of lower dimensionality to improve accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are two common approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) is described as a popular linear feature extraction method that projects data to a lower dimensional space while preserving as much variance as possible.
The document summarizes research on the parameterized complexity of the graph MOTIF problem. It begins by defining the problem and providing an example. It then discusses how graph MOTIF can be solved efficiently using different parameters, such as cluster editing, distance to clique, and vertex cover number. The document also analyzes parameters for which graph MOTIF remains NP-hard, such as the deletion set number parameter. In conclusion, it provides references for the algorithms and results discussed.
Here in this presentation we will be getting to know about Implicit Interpolation Analytical Curves related to Manufacturing and Designing, Design criteria, we'll be going through interpolating Curves and Equations, interpolating Matrices and Blending Functions
Developing visual material can help to recall memory and also be a quick way to show lots of information. Visualization helps us remember (like when we try to picture where we’ve parked our car, and what's in our cupboards when writing a shopping list). We can create diagrams and visual aids depicting module materials and put them up around the house so that we are constantly reminded of our learning
This document provides an overview of vector tools and operations that are commonly used in computer graphics. It defines basic vector concepts like points, vectors, vector addition and scalar multiplication. It also describes operations on vectors like the dot product and cross product. It explains how vectors are used to represent and perform operations on lines and planes in both 2D and 3D space, including finding intersections between lines, planes, and a line and plane.
Three key points about structure from motion:
1. Given multiple images of 3D points, structure from motion aims to estimate the 3D structure and camera motion from 2D point correspondences across images.
2. For affine cameras, factorization methods can be used to decompose the measurement matrix and obtain the motion and structure matrices up to an affine ambiguity.
3. For projective cameras, an iterative procedure alternates between factorization to estimate motion/structure and re-solving for depths to handle the projective ambiguity. At least 7 point correspondences are needed for a two-camera case.
This document contains the problem set for the 4th CusContest competition in computer engineering and systems at the Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco. It includes 5 problems related to counting triangles, designing reliable networks, maximizing integrals, minimizing the cost of breaking a chocolate bar into pieces, and identifying arithmetic or geometric sequences. For each problem, the input and output formats are clearly defined, and examples are provided.
This document discusses algorithms for drawing 2D graphics primitives like lines, triangles, and circles in computer graphics. It begins by introducing basic concepts like coordinate systems, pixels, and graphics APIs. It then covers algorithms for drawing lines, including the slope-intercept method, DDA algorithm, and Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, which uses only integer calculations for better performance. Finally, it briefly mentions extending these techniques to draw other shapes like circles and curves, as well as filling shapes.
This document defines key concepts about linear equations including slope, graphing lines, finding the slope between two points, and writing equations of lines in various forms (point-slope, slope-intercept). It provides examples of finding the slope and equation of a line given points, graphing lines, and identifying vertical and horizontal lines. The objectives are to define slope as a rate of change, graph a line given a point and slope, find the slope from two points, and write equations of vertical and horizontal lines in different forms. Practice problems are included to reinforce these concepts.
I am Arcady N. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, City University, London. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
Client-side scripting with JavaScript provides benefits like usability by allowing dynamic page modifications without postbacks to the server, efficiency by enabling small quick changes without waiting for the server, and interactivity by allowing event-driven responses to user actions. While server-side programming with PHP offers security since private data isn't exposed to clients and compatibility by not facing browser issues, JavaScript can make pages interactive by inserting dynamic content, responding to events, gathering computer information, and performing calculations in the browser. JavaScript is a lightweight scripting language used to make web pages interactive in the browser by modifying HTML, reacting to events, and accessing computer information, though it has some inconsistencies across browsers.
This document discusses geometric modeling and curves. It provides information on:
- Geometric modeling is the process of creating mathematical models of physical objects and systems using computer software.
- There are different types of geometric models including wireframe, surface, and solid modeling.
- Curves can be represented mathematically in both implicit and parametric forms, with parametric being most common in modeling as it overcomes limitations of other forms.
- Parametric curves define a curve using a parameter, where varying the parameter provides points on the curve. Common parametric representations include lines, conics, and higher-order curves composed of simpler curve segments.
The document provides information about computer graphics output primitives like points and lines. It discusses how points and lines are displayed on different output devices like raster and vector systems. It also describes algorithms for drawing lines, including the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm and Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, which uses only incremental integer calculations to determine pixel positions along a line path.
The document discusses various raster algorithms including raster displays, monitor intensities, RGB colour, line drawing, and simple anti-aliasing. It provides details on how raster displays work by representing images as a grid of pixels stored in a frame buffer and scanned line by line on the screen. It also describes how monitor intensities are represented digitally and processed, the RGB color model, algorithms for line drawing including DDA and Bresenham's, and different methods for simple anti-aliasing like supersampling.
The document discusses computer graphics concepts like points, pixels, lines, and circles. It begins with definitions of pixels and how they relate to points in geometry. It then covers the basic structure for specifying points in OpenGL and how to draw points, lines, and triangles. Next, it discusses algorithms for drawing lines, including the digital differential analyzer (DDA) method and Bresenham's line algorithm. Finally, it covers circle drawing and introduces the mid-point circle algorithm. In summary:
1) It defines key computer graphics concepts like pixels, points, lines, and circles.
2) It explains the basic OpenGL functions for drawing points and lines and provides examples of drawing simple shapes.
3) It
Introduction of metric dimension of circular graphs is connected graph , The distance and diameter , Resolving sets and location number then Examples . Application in facility location problems . is has motivation (Applications in Chemistry and Networks systems). Definitions of Certain Regular Graphs. Main Results for three graphs (Prism , Antiprism and generalized Petersen graphs .
The document discusses algorithms for drawing lines and circles on a discrete pixel display. It begins by describing what characteristics an "ideal line" would have on such a display. It then introduces several algorithms for drawing lines, including the simple line algorithm, digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm, and Bresenham's line algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm is described in detail, as it uses only integer calculations. Next, a simple potential circle drawing algorithm is presented and its shortcomings discussed. Finally, the more accurate and efficient mid-point circle algorithm is introduced. This algorithm exploits the eight-way symmetry of circles and only calculates points in one octant.
The document discusses algorithms for drawing lines and circles on a discrete pixel display. It begins by describing what characteristics an "ideal line" would have on such a display. It then introduces several algorithms for drawing lines, including the simple line algorithm, digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm, and Bresenham's line algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm is described in detail, as it uses only integer calculations. Next, a simple potential circle drawing algorithm is presented and its shortcomings discussed. Finally, the more accurate and efficient mid-point circle algorithm is described. This algorithm exploits the eight-way symmetry of circles and uses incremental calculations to determine the next pixel point.
The document describes a method for collaborative subspace clustering using a deep neural network. The network contains an encoder, a self-expressive layer to learn the affinity matrix C, and a decoder. The network is trained end-to-end by minimizing a loss function containing terms for subspace clustering and collaborative learning between the affinity matrix C and a classifier's output affinity matrix. The loss encourages C to be more confident in identifying points from the same class compared to the classifier.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques. It discusses how increasing dimensionality can negatively impact classification accuracy due to the curse of dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction aims to select an optimal set of features of lower dimensionality to improve accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are two common approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) is described as a popular linear feature extraction method that projects data to a lower dimensional space while preserving as much variance as possible.
The document summarizes research on the parameterized complexity of the graph MOTIF problem. It begins by defining the problem and providing an example. It then discusses how graph MOTIF can be solved efficiently using different parameters, such as cluster editing, distance to clique, and vertex cover number. The document also analyzes parameters for which graph MOTIF remains NP-hard, such as the deletion set number parameter. In conclusion, it provides references for the algorithms and results discussed.
Here in this presentation we will be getting to know about Implicit Interpolation Analytical Curves related to Manufacturing and Designing, Design criteria, we'll be going through interpolating Curves and Equations, interpolating Matrices and Blending Functions
Developing visual material can help to recall memory and also be a quick way to show lots of information. Visualization helps us remember (like when we try to picture where we’ve parked our car, and what's in our cupboards when writing a shopping list). We can create diagrams and visual aids depicting module materials and put them up around the house so that we are constantly reminded of our learning
This document provides an overview of vector tools and operations that are commonly used in computer graphics. It defines basic vector concepts like points, vectors, vector addition and scalar multiplication. It also describes operations on vectors like the dot product and cross product. It explains how vectors are used to represent and perform operations on lines and planes in both 2D and 3D space, including finding intersections between lines, planes, and a line and plane.
Three key points about structure from motion:
1. Given multiple images of 3D points, structure from motion aims to estimate the 3D structure and camera motion from 2D point correspondences across images.
2. For affine cameras, factorization methods can be used to decompose the measurement matrix and obtain the motion and structure matrices up to an affine ambiguity.
3. For projective cameras, an iterative procedure alternates between factorization to estimate motion/structure and re-solving for depths to handle the projective ambiguity. At least 7 point correspondences are needed for a two-camera case.
This document contains the problem set for the 4th CusContest competition in computer engineering and systems at the Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco. It includes 5 problems related to counting triangles, designing reliable networks, maximizing integrals, minimizing the cost of breaking a chocolate bar into pieces, and identifying arithmetic or geometric sequences. For each problem, the input and output formats are clearly defined, and examples are provided.
This document discusses algorithms for drawing 2D graphics primitives like lines, triangles, and circles in computer graphics. It begins by introducing basic concepts like coordinate systems, pixels, and graphics APIs. It then covers algorithms for drawing lines, including the slope-intercept method, DDA algorithm, and Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, which uses only integer calculations for better performance. Finally, it briefly mentions extending these techniques to draw other shapes like circles and curves, as well as filling shapes.
This document defines key concepts about linear equations including slope, graphing lines, finding the slope between two points, and writing equations of lines in various forms (point-slope, slope-intercept). It provides examples of finding the slope and equation of a line given points, graphing lines, and identifying vertical and horizontal lines. The objectives are to define slope as a rate of change, graph a line given a point and slope, find the slope from two points, and write equations of vertical and horizontal lines in different forms. Practice problems are included to reinforce these concepts.
I am Arcady N. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, City University, London. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
Client-side scripting with JavaScript provides benefits like usability by allowing dynamic page modifications without postbacks to the server, efficiency by enabling small quick changes without waiting for the server, and interactivity by allowing event-driven responses to user actions. While server-side programming with PHP offers security since private data isn't exposed to clients and compatibility by not facing browser issues, JavaScript can make pages interactive by inserting dynamic content, responding to events, gathering computer information, and performing calculations in the browser. JavaScript is a lightweight scripting language used to make web pages interactive in the browser by modifying HTML, reacting to events, and accessing computer information, though it has some inconsistencies across browsers.
This document outlines the key milestones and dates for a project, including assigning a project manager by May 15th, completing a data backup between July 21st and August 12th, reaching the first checkpoint by November 7th, achieving certification by December 20th, reaching the second checkpoint by January 30th, and final sign-off.
The document outlines various HTML tags for structuring and formatting web page content, including tags for headings, paragraphs, lists, links, and embedding images. It describes tags for structural elements like <HTML> and <BODY> as well as tags for text styling, formatting, and layout elements. Examples are provided for how to properly use the tags to achieve the desired effects of bolding, italics, line breaks, headings, and more.
Cryptography involves developing algorithms to conceal messages (privacy/secrecy) and verify messages (authentication/integrity). It transforms intelligible messages into unintelligible cipher text using ciphers and keys, and vice versa using decryption. Modern cryptography is the basis for computer and communications security and relies on encryption algorithms that use keys to encrypt plaintext into cipher text.
According to Claude Shannon, confusion and diffusion are two key properties for building strong encryption algorithms. Confusion obscures the relationship between the ciphertext and key by having each ciphertext bit depend on multiple key bits. Diffusion spreads the influence of each plaintext symbol over many ciphertext symbols. Modern block ciphers use repeated rounds of confusion and diffusion operations to build strong encryption.
Substitution ciphers involve replacing plaintext letters with other letters, numbers, or symbols. Common substitution ciphers include the Caesar cipher, which shifts letters by a fixed number of positions; the Vigenère cipher, which uses a keyword to shift letters by different amounts; and the Playfair cipher, which substitutes pairs of letters. Transposition ciphers rearrange the order of letters but do not replace them, such as by splitting text into blocks and encrypting the order of blocks. The one-time pad cipher combines a plaintext with a random key of the same length through modular addition to provide theoretically unbreakable encryption if used properly.
JavaScript is a scripting language used to add interactivity to web pages. It allows dynamic updating of HTML content using the Document Object Model. Some key features include first-class functions, prototype-based objects without classes, and the ability to modify objects by adding or removing methods at runtime. JavaScript has many security and correctness issues due to its flexibility and lack of type safety.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits. It begins with an introduction to logic gates and Boolean algebra. Common logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are explained along with their truth tables. Boolean algebra identities and theorems like De Morgan's theorem are discussed. Karnaugh maps are introduced as a method to simplify Boolean functions. The document explains how to implement logic functions using sum-of-products form based on the Karnaugh map analysis. Combinational and sequential circuits are also briefly covered.
Cyber crime involves using computers or networks to commit crimes like identity theft, hacking, or spreading viruses. The document discusses definitions of cyber crimes according to Nepali law and examples like hacking, child pornography, and phishing. It provides tips for internet security including using antivirus software, firewalls, and being cautious of emails or websites from unknown sources. Nepal has laws and organizations in place to address cyber crimes and improve cyber security in the country.
This document provides information about common cyber crimes and scams such as identity theft, phishing, and romance scams. It discusses how criminals carry out these scams using techniques like posing as legitimate companies to steal personal information in phishing schemes. Prevention tips are given such as being cautious of emails requesting details, not responding to messages about winning prizes, and using secure websites and antivirus software. The document stresses that legitimate organizations will not ask for sensitive information over email and that people should be suspicious of any situation where they are asked to send money or provide details to someone they do not know.
The document discusses hidden surface removal in computer graphics. It describes how hidden surface algorithms use geometric sorting to distinguish visible parts of objects from hidden parts, similar to alphabetical sorting of words. It outlines two main categories of algorithms: object space methods that operate on 3D object models and image space methods that determine visibility on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The document also covers considerations for hidden surface algorithms like sorting methods, exploiting different types of coherence, and adapting to different computer architectures.
Hidden surface removal algorithms aim to eliminate hidden parts of 3D objects when rendered on a 2D display. They use geometric sorting to distinguish visible from hidden parts, operating in either object or image space. Key considerations for these algorithms include the sorting method, exploiting various types of coherence in the scene, and being optimized for the target machine. Common algorithms are back face removal, Z-buffer, painter's, scan line, and subdivision.
The document discusses Bezier curves which are parametric curves used in computer graphics. Some key points:
- Bezier curves are defined by a set of control points, with the first and last points being the curve endpoints. Other points determine the shape.
- The curve is contained within the convex hull of the control points and generally follows the shape of the defining polygon.
- Cubic Bezier curves have 4 control points and degree 3. The curves are used for modeling smooth curves and animation path outlines.
This document discusses the differences between reliable and unreliable transport layer protocols. Reliable protocols implement flow and error control at the transport layer to provide reliability for applications that require it, though this results in slower and more complex service. Unreliable protocols do not provide these reliability features and can provide faster service for applications that do not need reliability or have their own error handling, such as real-time applications.
This document discusses various 2D transformations in computer graphics including translation, rotation, and scaling. Translation moves an object by adding offsets to the x and y coordinates. Rotation uses trigonometric functions and rotation matrices to reposition objects around a central point. Scaling enlarges or shrinks objects by multiplying their coordinates by scaling factors. Homogeneous coordinates generalize these transformations into matrix operations.
Computer graphics can be broadly divided into passive and interactive graphics. Passive graphics like movies do not allow user interaction, while interactive graphics like games do. The document then discusses raster scan and random scan display technologies. Raster scan is the most common and uses a sweeping electron beam to refresh the screen row by row from a frame buffer. Random scan only draws in areas needing updating for higher resolution but with limited color. The graphics pipeline takes 3D models through transformations and projections to render 2D images on a display.
Computer graphics refers to the creation and manipulation of images using computers. It involves modeling, rendering, animation, and visualization of 2D and 3D objects and environments. Some key applications of computer graphics include video games, visual effects in films, CAD/CAM for design and manufacturing, medical imaging, information visualization, and presentation graphics for data summarization.
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file management. It covers:
1) File systems organize computer files and data to make them easy to access. They involve maintaining the physical location of files.
2) Files have attributes like name, size, location, and protection settings. Information is stored in directory structures on disks.
3) There are different methods to access files, including sequential, direct, and indexed sequential access.
4) Directory structures organize large numbers of files in a hierarchy using concepts like single level, two level, and tree level directories. Operations on directories include searching, creating, deleting and renaming files.
The document discusses different types of software and challenges in software engineering. It describes 7 categories of software: system software, application software, engineering/scientific software, embedded software, product-line software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software. It also outlines 4 challenges: ubiquitous computing, netsourcing, open source, and the new economy. Additionally, it presents software engineering as a layered technology with 4 layers: quality focus, process, methods, and tools. Finally, it proposes a generic process framework for software development with 5 activities: communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
21. Designing Parametric Cubic
Curves
Ed Angel
Professor of Computer Science,
Electrical and Computer
Engineering, and Media Arts
University of New Mexico
41. Bezier and Spline Curves and
Surfaces
Ed Angel
Professor of Computer Science,
Electrical and Computer
Engineering, and Media Arts
University of New Mexico