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The document discusses how definitions of crime vary over time and across cultures by examining historical examples of vagrancy and drug use. It argues that responses to vagrancy/homelessness and drugs in the US have complex social and political causes. The criminalization of vagrancy and drugs increased due to factors like rising homelessness, changes to urban economies, and the popularity of "broken windows" policing. This reflects underlying cultural and political influences on what behaviors are deemed criminal.
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Deviance and crime social construction, labeling, power and function
This document discusses deviance and crime from a social constructionist perspective. It defines deviance as any action that violates widely accepted social norms and notes that what is considered deviant can vary between cultures, time periods, and social groups. Deviance is created through social definitions and labeling rather than inherent to behaviors themselves. Power dynamics influence which groups are more likely to label and define behaviors of other groups as deviant. Social control mechanisms aim to regulate behavior and enforce norms.
Sociology labelling theory 1
Labelling Theory questions traditional assumptions about crime and criminals. It considers why some behaviors are defined as criminal or deviant in some contexts but not others, why some individuals or groups are more likely to be labelled as deviant, and how responses from social control agencies can affect future actions. Key aspects of Labelling Theory include that deviance is a social construction rather than inherent in acts themselves, and that official labeling and treatment of individuals as deviant can increase further deviant behavior through restricting opportunities and reinforcing deviant identities.
Right Realism
Right realism views crime from a politically conservative perspective, focusing on inadequate social control as the cause of crime rather than social factors. It believes individuals commit crimes when social constraints are weakened. Theorists like Murray and Wilson link crime to the breakdown of social bonds and order in communities, especially the decline of the nuclear family and male role models. While right realism recognizes the real problems of crime, its theories have been criticized for oversimplifying causes and neglecting other types of crime like white-collar offenses.
Labelling theories of Crime
Labelling theories argue that deviance is not inherent in acts themselves, but rather defined by societal rules and the labelling of those who break them. Certain groups, like the police, benefit from expanding definitions of deviance and enforcing laws in a way that discriminates against the working class. Once labelled as deviant, people are more likely to take on that identity and continue deviant acts due to limited opportunities. While labelling can increase deviance, reintegrative shaming that distinguishes acts from persons may discourage continued deviance and encourage reacceptance.
Realist perspectives of crime
Realist theories of crime challenge the idea that human behavior is determined by external forces alone. There are two main realist perspectives: right realism and left realism. Right realists argue that crime stems from poor socialization and lack of self-control. They advocate for stronger law enforcement measures. Left realists acknowledge crime victims but argue relative deprivation and lack of opportunities also contribute to crime. They call for improving social and economic conditions to reduce crime.
Crime and Deviance - Left and Right Realism
1) Lea and Young refuted the UK government's claim that public concern about crime was irrational, finding that working class people, blacks, and the elderly had a realistic fear of street crime as they were often victims.
2) They performed a victim survey in Islington that showed working class residents' fears of crime were rational.
3) Right realists like Charles Murray and David Marsland argued crime resulted from a lack of social controls and norms due to factors like single motherhood or the welfare state.
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This document appears to be a course outline for an international relations course on US foreign policy. It includes topics that will be covered such as the history and domestic roots of USFP, national security doctrine, and US policy toward regions like Africa and countries like South Africa, China, and Iraq. It discusses theories and priorities that influence USFP as well as readings and essay topics that students will examine regarding how the US has pursued goals like promoting freedom through its use of tools like the military and in dealing with key countries like China.
Iraq 3
1. A new study estimates the true cost of the Iraq War is over $1 trillion, twenty times higher than the $50 billion estimated by the US government in 2003.
2. In addition to the over 2,300 American deaths, thousands of soldiers have been wounded both physically and mentally. Treating soldiers with severe injuries such as brain damage or multiple amputations costs hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars per soldier annually.
3. The long-term costs of providing disability benefits and lifetime medical care for injured veterans will total hundreds of billions of dollars that were not accounted for in initial war cost estimates.
Human Rights Vi Form
The document provides an overview of human rights topics including:
1. An introduction to human rights and identifying rights in news stories and key documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. The nature of human rights and their origins in documents from ancient civilizations through philosophers like Locke and declarations like the U.S. Bill of Rights.
3. Specific rights like the rights of children established in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and how groups like indigenous peoples and refugees relate to human rights.
Groups In Society
This document discusses various topics related to groups and group behavior. It defines what a group is and explores how groups have changed over time as societies transitioned from hunting/gathering to agricultural to industrial. It also examines different types of groups within societies like primary groups based on close relationships and secondary groups based on roles. Additional topics covered include in-groups and out-groups, reference groups, social networks, electronic communities, group size and dynamics, leadership styles, and phenomena like conformity, authority, and groupthink.
Globalizationvic
Globalization has led to reductions in global poverty and improvements in quality of life. While the wealth gap between the richest and poorest has narrowed, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has fallen as national incomes have risen. Australia has embraced globalization through open trade policies, foreign investment, and immigration. It has competitive advantages in its openness, IT readiness, and culture that have supported the growth of globalized industries like mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Looking ahead, Australia is well-positioned to continue thriving in an increasingly globalized world driven by information technology.
Globalization, Interdependence And Education
Globalization is narrowing the wealth gap between the richest and poorest populations around the world. Quality of life indicators like literacy rates, infant survival rates, and life expectancy have all improved globally since the 1970s. The incidence of global poverty has also fallen over this period. The drivers of globalization include scarcity of resources, trade liberalization, exploitation of third world labor, information technology, and expanding global markets. Countries that open themselves up to international trade tend to experience faster economic growth. Globalization is intensifying social connections between distant places such that local events are increasingly shaped by global happenings.
Freud Jeop
The document discusses several key concepts in Freudian psychology including the mind of infants being extremely impressionable, the three levels of consciousness, and the three levels of personality and their driving forces. It also mentions Freud's development of psychoanalysis which involved word association tests. Other topics include the Oedipus complex and feral children.
Globalization
An archaeologist in the year 2997 is trying to understand the origins of major world holidays like Coke Day and Saint Ronald McDonald Day. Due to the lack of history and data from the period when these holidays began, around the 20th-21st century, their roots are unclear. This era was a time of global peace and expansion for corporations like McDonald's. While some accept the corporate-driven origins of these holidays, others reject them and refuse to engage in associated consumption, concerning the archaeologist.
Fool Me Twice
The document criticizes the modern war on drugs by examining the rhetoric used by Harry Anslinger in the 1930s to advocate for marijuana prohibition. Anslinger linked marijuana use to increased promiscuity, addiction, deviance and even murder. He claimed that marijuana caused African Americans, Hispanics and Filipinos to pursue white women and engage in violent criminal behavior. The document suggests this type of racially charged rhetoric criticizing sexual, racial and social deviance was used to promote the war on drugs and prohibition of marijuana in the early 20th century.
Feral Children Presentation
The document discusses feral children and language acquisition. It defines feral children as humans who have lived in isolation from a young age and are unaware of human behavior and language. It describes three cases of feral children, including Victor of Aveyron and Genie, and notes their varying abilities to learn language after being rescued from isolation. The document also discusses debates around nature vs nurture influences on language and questions regarding the origins and development of human language abilities.
Evolve 8
The Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) holds that:
1. The human mind is a blank slate.
2. Biological constraints on human behavior are minimal.
3. Human behavior is shaped by general-purpose learning mechanisms.
The SSSM is critiqued for:
1. Failing to explain how a blank slate could respond to experience.
2. Falsely separating nature and nurture in development.
3. Inability of general learning mechanisms to fully explain behavior.
The EP view is that the human mind contains domain-specific cognitive modules adapted for challenges faced in human evolution, and that culture arises from an interaction of human nature and environment rather than being wholly
Extremismpresentation
This document summarizes a study on religious extremism and the conditions under which extremist groups emerge and thrive. It presents a theoretical model and agent-based simulation showing that extremist groups are more sustainable when the substitutability between religious and secular activities is high. The model also shows that population income matters but is less influential than substitutability. Regression analysis of empirical data supports the theory, showing extremism is higher where religious and secular activities are more substitutable. Potential policy interventions discussed include reducing the appeal of extremism by providing public goods that compete with religious groups.
Evolve 7
The document discusses several key ideas from evolutionary psychology and human sociobiology, including:
1) E.O. Wilson's 1975 book introduced sociobiology and sparked controversy over the influence of biology vs culture on human behavior.
2) Evolutionary psychology views the mind as composed of specialized modules adapted for survival in our ancestral environment.
3) Studies provide evidence that human mate preferences, jealousy, and other behaviors may reflect evolutionary adaptations related to reproductive success.
4) Parental investment varies based on the certainty of biological parenthood.
Evolve 4
The document summarizes research that uses analysis of DNA polymorphisms on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to trace the dispersal of human populations. Key findings include:
- Analysis of Y chromosome polymorphisms in over 1,000 men from 52 populations identified 131 haplotypes and 10 haplogroups.
- Maximum parsimony analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor of human Y chromosomes to be around 60,000 years ago.
- The geographic distribution of haplogroups provides insights into early human migration routes out of Africa and the colonization of the world.
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