City Gas Distribution

City Gas
Distribution
Submitted to :-
Dr.Rasananda Panda
Joydeep Mukherjee 20081020
Rejo Mathew 20081042
Tushar Deshmukh 20081056
Vinay Panwar 20081058

City Gas Distribution
2
Acknowledgement
We would like to give our sincere thanks to Dr. Rasananda Panda for giving us all the
encouragement to prepare the report, for guiding us and correcting us time to time. We would
also like to offer our gratitude to Dr. Pramod Paliwal, who had helped us with comprehensive
data on the CGD scenario in China. Our sincere thanks to the librarian, who had helped us to find
to find relevant data and taking out precious time to help us to go through the Infraline website.
At last we would like to give thanks to IPMG for providing us with the required infrastructure
and the facilities to complete this report.

3
Objective
The City Gas Distribution is one of the most happening and challenging business in the present
scenario of Oil and Gas sector. This business though not new, but wasn’t given much importance
due to the various difficulties, i.e. technology, availability of gas, laying down of pipelines, and
absence of safety measures. With these challenges mostly being overcome and companies
realizing the growth potential of this business, we as petro-managers have tried to study and
bring forth the various issues related to this business.

4
Executive Summary
City Gas Distribution is expected to one of the most growth oriented business in the upcoming
years, with the realization of natural gas as a much cleaner and greener fuel. We have identified
the basics of the gas distribution system, the network that is required, business elements involved
and the safety parameters implemented. The salient features of the distribution system in foreign
nations like US, Australia and China has been looked into. The main focus of this project though,
has concentrated upon the Indian market, its evolution, demand and supply scenario, its
challenges, the players involved and the role of regulatory bodies. We as a group have also
identified the inherent benefits and the future outlook of City Gas Distribution. To sum up, we
have tried to accomplish an in-depth study of City Gas Distribution.

5
Contents
1. Natural Gas Scenario.................................................................................................................................7
1.1 World...................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 India...................................................................................................................................................14
2. City Gas Distribution................................................................................................................................16
2.1 Basics.................................................................................................................................................16
2.2 Technical............................................................................................................................................17
2.2.1 CGD Layout.................................................................................................................................18
2.3 Pressure Regime................................................................................................................................19
2.4 Business Partners ..............................................................................................................................20
2.5 CGD Network Safety..........................................................................................................................21
3. City Gas Distribution in the World...........................................................................................................24
3.1 US ......................................................................................................................................................24
3.1.1 Various Natural Gas Distributors in US ......................................................................................24
3.2 Australia.............................................................................................................................................26
3.3 China..................................................................................................................................................27
4. City Gas Distribution in India...................................................................................................................28
4.1 Evolution............................................................................................................................................28
4.2 Demand Scenario ..............................................................................................................................29
4.2.1 Demand for natural gas..............................................................................................................29
4.2.2 Demand for CGD ........................................................................................................................31
4.3 Supply Scenario .................................................................................................................................33
4.3.1 Domestic Production..................................................................................................................33
4.3.2 APM and Non-APM Supply ........................................................................................................35
4.3.3 Current Supply ...........................................................................................................................36
4.3.4 Constraints .................................................................................................................................36
4.4 Regulatory Body Framework.............................................................................................................37
4.4.1 PNGRB ACT................................................................................................................................38
4.4.2 Regulations for Access Code ......................................................................................................38
4.4.3 Regulations for Exclusivity .........................................................................................................39

6
4.5 Current CGD scenario........................................................................................................................40
4.6 Players Description............................................................................................................................42
4.7 Challenges .........................................................................................................................................43
5. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................45
5.1 Benefits..............................................................................................................................................45
5.2 Future Outlook ..................................................................................................................................45
5.2.1 Future Demand ..........................................................................................................................45
5.2.2 Future Supply .............................................................................................................................46
6. Exhibits ....................................................................................................................................................47
6.1 Natural Gas Properties......................................................................................................................47
6.2 Natural Gas Value Chain....................................................................................................................48
6.3 The cities where RGCL has expressed EOI.........................................................................................49
7. Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................50

7
1. Natural Gas Scenario
1.1 World
Use of natural gas as fuel has been increasing at a constant pace all over the world. There have
been several gas reserve discoveries over the last few years and it has proved to be good
alternative to petrol and coal at many places. The other reasons for the growth of natural gas
usage has been its high efficiency and also because it is a cleaner and greener fuel in comparison
to diesel and coal. Natural gas is widely used in transportation now & also as domestic fuel,
commercial fuel and in power, fertilizer and other industries. Total natural gas production around
the world was 2940 billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2007. This was 2.36 percent more than 2006
when it was 2872.2 bcm. Russia was the largest natural gas producer with a figure of 607.4 bcm
followed by US with a total production of 545.9 bcm.
(Data Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2008)
The consumption in 2007 stood at 2921.9 against 2834.4 bcm in 2006 which was a growth of
3.1%. US still remain largest natural gas consumer in the world at 652.9 (bcm) and a 22.7%
market share of the total world energy consumption. Russia was the second largest consumer
World Natural Gas Production (2007)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
US Russia Iran China India Canada Other
countries
Productioninbcm

8
with 438.8 bcm and a share of 15% of total gas consumption. The main reason for high demand
in these regions is intense cold and huge requirement in power sector.
The graph shows that US, Russia, Iran and Canada alone produce approximately 50% of the
world’s natural Gas (1449 bcm per annum against world total of 2940 bcm). India and China are
still far behind these countries.

9
World Natural Gas Production during Last 8 Years
The natural gas production has not witnessed any sharp growth over the last eight years. The
average annual growth has been around 2.9 percent per annum. In 2000 the total world production
stood at 2427 bcm and in 2007 it was 2940 bcm.
The growth was maximum during 2002 at 3.2 percent but other years have shown a random pattern.
Year 2001 witnessed a sharp drop in growth percentage (0.50 percent) due to attack on WTC in
US.
Growth of Natural Gas Production during last 8 years
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Productioninbcf

10
Canada saw a fall in production by 2.5% in 2007 as compared to 2006. In US the production has
been up and down and 2007 had a growth of 4.3% over 2006. Russia’s production has also been
increasing at 1.5% over the last eight years but fell slightly by 0.8% in 2007. China has grown at
a good rate and in 2007 alone its production increased by 18%.
Percentage wise growth of World Gas Production during
last 8 years
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Percentage

11
Natural Gas Consumption
Consumption wise also US, Russia, Canada and Iran contribute approximately 45 percent of the
total world consumption.
In 2007 the total world consumption was 2921.9 bcm. Out of this the four major countries
consumed 1297.8 bcm. Consumption of US was 652.9 and that of Russia Federation was 438.8
bcm. In Europe UK and Germany were the largest consumers with 91.4 and 82.7 bcm gas
consumption. In Asia Iran and Japan were the largest consumers. Iran’s consumption was 111.8
bcm whereas Japan’s consumption was 90.2 bcm in 2007.
Natural gas consumption (2007)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
US Russia China India Iran Canada Other
countries
TotalGasConsumption

12
Natural Gas Consumption during last Eight Years.
The natural gas consumption has followed more or less the same pattern as production over the
last eight years. The average growth rate in world consumption is 2.9 percent. In 2000 total
Natural Gas Consumption (in bcf) During Last Eight Years
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Consumption
Percentage wise growth in world consumption of gas during
last 8 years
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Percentage

13
world consumption was 2437.3 bcm and in 2007 it grew to 2921.9 bcm. China’s consumption
has been increasing at a very high rate with an average annual growth rate of 14.5% in the last
eight years. In 2007 alone China’s consumption grew by 19.9 percent. Europe’s annual growth
rate has been around 2 percent during these years but in 2007 it was just 0.4 percent. The
consumption in US has been fluctuating and in 2007 it had a growth of 6.5 percent. Canada’s
consumtion fell by 3.1 percent in 2001.

14
1.2 India
Natural gas accounted for about 9 percent of total energy consumption in India which stood at
404.4 million tons in 2007 as per BP Statistical Review of World Energy. The primary energy
consumption grew by about 6.8 percent as compared to previous year. The demand for natural
gas in India is more than the supply. The major consumers of natural gas are fertilizers and
power. But other segments like city gas distribution, industrial and commercial are developing
rapidly. Total proven reserves of natural gas in India were estimated at about 1,060 billion cubic
meters (billion cubic meters) in 2007. In the last five years supply of gas has increased by
approximately 35 percent.
(Source: Heritage.org)

15
After the introduction of NELP, Indian gas industry has opened its door to private sector. Earlier
it was controlled by Public Sector companies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted in
upstream, downstream and middle stream activities upto 100 percent.
The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Bill was introduced in May 2002, and was
enacted into PNGRB act in March 2006. PNGRB was created to regulate refining, processing,
storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sales of petroleum products and natural gas.
Table: Primary Energy Consumption in India (mtoe)
Year Primary Energy Consumption Growth
2001 296.5 -
2002 307.8 3.8
2003 316.2 2.7
2004 343.9 8.8
2006 378.5 4.5
2007 404.4 6.8

16
2. City Gas Distribution
2.1 Basics
Natural Gas is the one of the basic energy source in the oil and gas sector which is being
explored with fervor with many concerns arising with respect to oil. The availability of huge
reserves of natural gas, its environmental friendliness and its easy transportability has caught the
attention of people in the energy sector. This colorless, odorless gas is treated systematically and
converted to the usable Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Piped Natural Gas (PNG) which is
distributed to the end users across towns and cities through the City Gas Distribution network.
The network consists of pipelines crisscrossing across the length and breadth of the city/town,
reaching out occasionally to small industrial but mostly to commercial and residential
consumers. The basic demarcation between the industry distribution and the industries which
come under the purview of CGD is that, the requirement served by CGD is lesser than 50,000
standard cubic metre (scm) per day. The somewhat treated Natural Gas from the treatment plants
in the exploration areas are received generally at the outskirts of the city, the point being named
as the “tap-off point”. The tap-off point acts as the city gate for the distribution of gas in the city
and here the gas is further treated with respect to the pressure. A low and medium pressure is
maintained according to the requirement of either the residential or commercial consumers
respectively. Safety and Disaster management is one of the key issues in City Gas Distribution,
as because the pipelines pass through populated areas. At the city gate a few precautions are
taken, for example Mercaptor is added for easy detectability in case of any leakage. The CNG for
automobile usage is distributed through CNG stations situated in strategic locations in the city.
The PNG is distributed through pipelines directly at the place of requirement of the end users.

17
2.2 Technical
The natural gas that is received at the City Gate Stations is mostly passed through a cleaner to
remove liquids and dust. The primary function of the city gate station is to measure the amount
(volume) of incoming gas. It is generally measured through orifice meters. Another function is
to reduce the pressure of the gas to be sent for distribution, as the distribution system requires
much lesser pressure than that in long distance transmission. Mechanical devices called pressure
regulators lower the gas pressure and helps to control the flow rate to maintain desired pressure
level throughout the distribution system. With the reduction in pressure, the natural gas also
becomes cooler, so sometimes it has to be heated up in regions where the temperature is below
zero degree. Last but not the least, at the City Gate station, the odorization of the natural gas tales
place. Different types of odorants are used, so that the “smell” makes the presence of the
escaping, unburnt gas recognizable at very low concentrations. This serves as a warning well
before the gas accumulates to hazardous levels; a mixture of air and natural gas are explosive
over the range of 5% to 15% natural gas. To ensure safety, odorized natural gas is detectable at
concentration of just 1%.
The piping system also forms a major part in City Gas Distribution. Mainly there are 4 types of
piping systems other than supply mains:-
a) Feeder mains transport gas from the pressure regulator or supply main to the distribution
mains. Feeder mains might also have some lines connected to large industrial users.
b) Distribution mains supply gas primarily to residential, commercial, and smaller industrial
consumers.
c) Service lines deliver gas from the distribution main in the street to the consumer’s meter.
Service lines are usually the property and responsibility of the utility. However, some
utilities own only the portion of the service lines in the public domain.
d) Fuel lines are customer piping beyond the meter to various appliances. These lines are the
property and responsibility of the building owner.

18
2.2.1 CGD Layout
As seen in the above figure CGD network consist of steel pipeline and PE (polyethylene) pipes.
City Gas Station are the tap-off’s at the main pipeline. These are the termination station for a city
where the various processes like pressure reduction, filtration, and odorisation is done. The gas
from the main pipeline is brought down to a pressure of 19-22 bars and then transferred through
steel pipeline to DRS.
District Regulation Station are installed where the distribution is to be done like in the industrial
area and domestic/commercial segment. Gas to the various consumers is transferred after being
maintained at a pressure of about 4-5 bar. Then the gas is transmitted to Single Stream Regulator
(SR) through 4 bar medium pressure PE pipelines. SR further reduces the pressure from 4bar to
100 mbar. From SR the gas is supplied through a 100 mbar low pressure PE pipeline to a G.I.
Riser Isolation wall. From this valve the gas is carried through a G.I. (Galvanized Iron) 100 mbar
pipelines to end user. The control valve is placed at the height of 5 ft which controls the flow and

19
then a regulator are installed which brings down the pressure to 21 mbar for basic home users. A
meter is installed which tells the amount of gas being used depending on which they are charged.
2.3 Pressure Regime
Fig. Depicting the Pressure Regime in CGD
Through this diagram, we have tried to consolidate the learnings about the pressure regime
described in the CGD layout.
Polyethylene Pipe Distribution Mains
Small Industrial, Commercial
Residential Burner (21 millibars)
Meter Regulator (100 millibars)
Polyethylene Pipe Distribution Mains
Small Industrial, Commercial (4 bars)
Steel Distribution Mains
Industrial, CNG Distribution (26 bars)
Steel Transmission Mains
City Gate Station (90-100 bars)
Steel Distribution Mains
Industrial, CNG Distribution (19 bars)
Steel Transmission Mains
City Gate Station (90-100 bars)

20
2.4 Business Partners
Other than these regulators, we have a whole gamut of players who are interested in this business
of City Gas Distribution. These organizations are an integrated part of this business and the
following diagram lists them all. It includes, financial operators and feasibility experts examining
the viability of projects both financially and operationally, gas distribution consultants and
project designers/engineers suggesting the best possible design, regulators and authorities
regulating the business standards and finally the gas suppliers who provide the gas for city wide
distribution.
Fig. Depicting the business players involved in CGD

21
2.5 CGD Network Safety
One of the primary concerns with respect to gas distribution is the safety and security of the
pipeline network. The mesh of pipelines being used to distribute the gas needs to be maintained
at the highest operating level, because any leak can lead to catastrophic accidents. The safety
regulations are given the highest priority while issuing new licenses. The safety guidelines are
coined by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), a technical body under the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG). The functions of the OISD are elaborated below:-
a. To oversee the implementation of all the decisions of the Safety Council,
b. To keep abreast of the latest design and operating practices in the area of safety and fire
fighting in the hydrocarbon processing industry in the developed countries, so as to develop
standards and codes that would be suitable for the conditions in India;
c. To liaise with the statutory organizations on current views and developments and help evolve
a concerted effort for the industry;
d. To carry out periodic safety audits, review, suggest procedures for improvements and report
on the implementation of the suggestions to Safety Council;
e. To collect the relevant information and exchange it with the members of the Oil Industry
including information regarding accidents and disasters occurring in the oil industry, and also
organize industry meetings for exchange of experience;
f. To carry out enquiries into accidents, whenever required, and provide support to Enquiry
Committees set up by the Government;
g. To ensure implementation of all approved codes of practices for industrial hygiene;
h. To review practices in the storage and handling of dangerous chemicals and ensure
compliance with latest standards;
i. To review disaster control procedures and company preparedness;
j. To review in plant training programmes with regard to safety;
k. To Specify critical drawings / layouts that need to be vetted by Safety Specialists at the design
stage and carryout spot checks of design standards based on site audit findings to serve as

22
feed-back for establishing new standards at the design stage, and
l. To review zoning regulations around installations.
Thus we see that this body is entrusted by the government of India to look after the technical
standards and specifications that the companies must comply with, to do business in the city gas
distribution industry. The network and specific systems are implemented with the assent of the
Urban Local Body (ULB) present in the city. The company interested in developing the
infrastructure for the distribution of gas, needs to formulate the plan and involve the ULB in the
loop. The ULB ensures that the company has an effective master plan and implements adequate
safety measures. Few of the measures are:-
a) Leak Detection Equipment (LDE), and also follows industry regulations like adding the
right amount of Mercaptor in the gas for easy detection in case of leakage.
b) Safety Education Programmes (SEP) are also initiated through different channels public
broadcasting channels and locations for example awareness campaigns in schools,
colleges.
c) Lastly but not the least, Emergency Preparedness (EP) and disaster management plans are
reviewed by the ULB as in this high risk business, the probability of occurrence of
accidents cannot be ruled out.
The companies which are in the process of establishing CGD have to collate with all these
organizations and get appropriate clearances from them. The companies also do follow certain
procedures as explained in the diagram follow to ensure the Health, Safety & Environment factor
is maintained at the highest levels.

23
Fig. Depicting the Model used for Safety Purposes (Source: Gujarat Adani Energy Limited)
This is one of the models in place and followed by the company, which shows the
implementation of policies and procedures with respect to the industry standards. The prevalence
of mock drills obviously confirms the concerns that organizations have regarding the safe use of
network. Effective feedback collection, analyzing and modifying procedures and certification of
the procedures helps the company to maintain operational performance as well as ensure Health,
Safety and Environment factors.
Policies &
Procedures
Implementation
Training &
Certificates
MockDrill
Reporting Audit
Feedback
Collection
Modify
Procedures
& Policies

24
3. City Gas Distribution in the World
3.1 US
Due to intense cold and power requirements US consumes maximum gas in the world. It has best
and largest infrastructure in the world for the distribution of natural gas. Total consumption is
around 20 tcf per annum which accounts for approximately 22 percent of total energy consumed
in US. Each day around 70 million consumers depend on national natural gas distribution
network for their gas requirements. Out of these 70 million customers, 92 percent are residential
units, 7 percent commercial and 1 percent large scale industries and power companies. These 1
percent companies consume more than 60 percent of total gas alone in US.
There are more than 1500 distribution companies which include natural gas Local Distribution
companies (LDCs) which serve millions of consumers and other small companies which have
consumer base of as low as 100. It also includes mainline natural gas pipeline companies that
provide direct service mostly to large volume end users, although the bulk of the natural gas
transported by pipelines usually reaches end users via LDCs. The LDCs account for more than
60 percent of total gas distributed. The remaining 40 percent gas is distributed via mainline
pipeline systems.
3.1.1 Various Natural Gas Distributors in US
Investor-Owned: These are the LDCs whose stock is publicly traded, and is generally granted
exclusive territorial contracts covering large areas within a State. These are subject to Public
Utility Commission’s regulations.
Privately-Owned: These are the LDCs that are owned by private investors and whose stock is
not publicly traded. Like an investor-owned LDC and it is also subject to the State PUC
regulations and rate-setting guidelines.
Municipal: These LDCs are owned and operated by a municipal government. Most municipal
LDCs were organized in areas located along the long-distance routes of the large interstate
natural gas pipelines that were built during the first half of the 20th century but where the
potential rates of returns on investment were not attractive enough for investor-owned or
privately-owned utilities to build a distribution network. Many municipalities that operate their
own natural gas distribution system contract with investor- or privately-owned utilities.

25
Cooperative: An LDC that operates on a cooperative nonprofit basis for the mutual benefit of its
members. No interest or dividends are paid out of earnings although the company is obligated to
pay, by credits to a capital account for each member, any excess revenues received beyond
annual operating costs and expenses.
Intrastate Natural Gas Pipeline: A large-diameter mainline system that operates totally within
one state. These natural gas pipelines may provide open-access transportation services or engage
in purchasing natural gas from producers and suppliers for reselling to large-volume customers
such as local natural gas distribution companies, electric utility companies, and industrial
customers. They are subject to the jurisdiction of a State PUC or State Energy Office.
Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline: A long-distance, large-diameter, open-access pipeline system
that transports natural gas supplies from supply sources located in one State to local markets
usually located in another State. Generally, they deliver natural gas to LDCs who, in turn, sell or
distribute the natural gas to end users. They also deliver supplies directly to large-volume end
users such as industrial and electric power generation facilities, bypassing LDCs. Interstate
natural gas pipelines are subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC).
Natural Gas delivery volumes by end user category (1996-2006)
Source: Energy Information Administration, USA

26
3.2 Australia
Australia produced 40 tcf of gas in 2007 and its consumption was 25.1 tcf. The average growth
rate has been around 2.5 percent over the last five years. The figures also show that Australia is
Gas sufficient and it exports its remaining gas. The gas distributors supply gas to 3.4 million
households and 105 000 commercial and industry customers, through over 75 000 km of low
pressure distribution networks. With a population of 21.5 million residential penetration of gas
distribution system is very high at approximately 16 percent.
The major distribution companies include:
• AGL
• Alinta Gas
• Allgas Energy Ltd/ENERGEX
• Envestra
• Country energy
• TXU Networks
• United Energy
• Multinet Gas
• Spi Networks
• Powerco.
Some local governments also distribute natural gas, such as at Dalby in Queensland.
Distributors transport large volumes of gas, at high pressure from a number of locations around
the country, including the Carnarvon Basin (NW Western Australia), the Gippsland Basin
(Victoria's SE coast), Bass Strait, the Otway Basin and the Cooper and Eromanga Basins (on the
borders of South Australia and Queensland). These reserves service 3.4 million residential homes
via 75,000 km of underground pipes.

27
3.3 China
China is the fastest growing consumer of the natural gas in the world. But a city gas project in
China also includes coal gas and LPG. The total distance of city coal gas grid is much longer
than that of natural gas grid in China but natural gas grid is expected to outdo coal gas grid in
next 15 years.
Table below shows how China’s city coal gas grid has expanded during 1985-2000 period.
Year Distance (Km)
1985 10567
1990 16312
1995 33890
1999 45847
2000 48376
(Source: Chatham House report on the implications of china’s gas Expansion towards the natural gas Market in Asia, 2004)
China’s total coal gas grid (as in 2000) was 48376 km and that of natural gas was 33653 km. In
particular, East China has developed a major coal gas industry and consequently the total
distance of region’s coal gas network is roughly 20,700 km or 43% of the country total, while
that of natural gas network stands at roughly 3,040 km.
The use of natural gas is increasing rapidly due to environmental factors. There are many
companies involved in city gas business like Towngas, Xinao Gas, Panva Gas, Wah Sang Gas,
Zhengzhou Gas and Beijing Gas. Besides these city gas companies, some local governments are
taking the steps to get the pipeline gas by upgrading their existing grid or developing a new
pipeline network.
The development trends of China city gas industry indicates that in the forthcoming years coal
gas will be eliminated gradually, while the natural gas will develop rapidly, and the LPG, as the
complementary energy for natural gas, will develop steadily. With the increasing proportion of
natural gas in China, the city gas market seems to be promising.

28
4. City Gas Distribution in India
4.1 Evolution
Year City Company
1880 Calcutta Calcutta Gas Company
1900 Mumbai Bombay Gas Company
1972 Vadodara
Vadodara Municipal
Corporation
1980 Delhi Delhi Municipal Corporation
1982
ONGC colony – Mehsana,
Sibsagar
ONGC
1985 Duliajan Assam gas company
1986 Sibasagar Assam gas company
1989-91 Surat, Ankleshwar, Bharauch Gujarat Gas Company Ltd.
1994 Mumbai Mahanagar Gas ltd.
1995 Delhi Indraprastha Gas
2004 Vadodara, Ahmedabad Adani
2005 Hyderabad Bhagayanagar gas
2006 Kanpur, Lucknow CUGL & GGL
2006-07
Gandhinagar, Kadi,
Mehasana, Rajkot, Vapi,
Morbi
GSPC/ SGL
Table: Showing the chronological movement in CGD market in India (Source: Authors)

29
4.2 Demand Scenario
Globally 25% demand of natural gas comes from CGD. However in India at present its only 7%
due to supply constraint. Initially the usage of natural gas was major done by power and fertilizer
sector as the govt. policy favored them. It was in Delhi in the year 1998 where the first
infrastructure for CNG was developed. But the real boost came when the CGD business was
developed in Gujarat under the leadership of GSPC which motivated other private players to
invest in this business. Till now RIL and GAIL have expressed their interest to PNGRB for 7
cities. The estimated demand for these cities is approx. 39mmscmd.
At present the growth of CGD is not substantial as it is present in selected cities. Moreover even
private participation has been limited. Except in Gujarat CGD development has been mainly
driven by environment factors. Experience indicates that CGD market is not as price-sensitive as
the other sectors are. About 90 billion on investment is expected in the 11 five year plan for the
development of CGD infrastructure. More than 200 cities are expected to be on the pipeline
network in the next 10 years. With the govt. reducing the subsidy provided on the domestic LPG,
CGD companies hope to achieve higher market share. Apart from heating and lighting even
cooling has been viable. Moreover the need for gas to operate a backup power facility is
emerging to be a major driver for GCD in commercial and industrial sector.
4.2.1 Demand for natural gas
In India the consumption of gas has been limited due to supply constraint. Moreover even the
government uses the mechanisms of “allocations” for prioritizing gas use. Firstly the gas would
be distributed to the power and fertilizers sectors, and then it would be distributed to any other
sector. In the year 2005 government formally decided to discontinue this kind of allocation but
still it continues to influence prioritization of natural gas. With the formation of GAIL and laying
of the Hazira- Jagdishpur pipeline in the year 1985-95 there seemed to be a huge rush for gas.
But consumption remained unremarkable during the period 1995-03 because of the lack of
investment in transmission infrastructure and supply.
The energy use of natural gas accounted for 66.5% of the total consumption, and the non-energy
use of natural gas for process requirement etc. accounted for 33.5%. In the energy category
utility power accounted for 38.14% of the total consumption, industrial fuel for 10.22% and
internal use and shrinkage for 16.05%. Domestic fuel, tea plantations and others together

30
consumed 2.08%. But the statistic of the demand across the sector during 2007-08 has changed,
with power sector using up 45% of the total gas demand, followed by 23% in the fertilizer sector,
14% in the petrochemicals and 8% in the industrial sector. The table below shows the total
consumption of gas and its growth for the period determined.
Year-end Total consumption Growth (%)
1965 0.2 -
1970 0.5 25.7
1975 0.9 15.8
1980 1.2 7.4
1985 3.9 34.3
1990-91 12.7 33.8
1995-96 18.0 11.9
1999-00 26.9 5.6
2000-01 27.8 3.3
2001-02 28.0 0.7
2002-03 29.9 6.8
2003-04 30.9 3.3
2004-05 31.9 3.2
2005-06 35.7 11.9
2006-07 37.3 4.5
2007-08 40.2 7.8
Source: Gas in India, 2007, India Infrastructure Research.

31
The table shows the sector-wise demand during 2007-08(mmscmd)
Sector Total gas
demand
% to total gas
demand
Power 79.70 45
Fertilizer 40.82 23
Petrochemicals, refineries & internal consumption 25.37 14
Captive/industrial power 15.00 8
CGD 12.08 7
Sponge iron 6.00 3
Total 178.97 100
(Source: GAIL (India) limited)
4.2.2 Demand for CGD
Few years ago CGD was limited to only Mumbai and Delhi, but today we have 25 cities where
the infrastructure for CGD has been developed. Some of the major cities are Delhi, Mumbai,
Anklaweshwar, Baruch and Surat, Vadodara, Agartala, Vijaywada, etc. For the year 2007-08
CGD contributed 7% of the total gas demand in India. The demand was 12.08 mmscmd. Gujarat
as a state is the largest consumer of CGD with a consumption of 5.57 mmscmd which is about
55% of the total consumption of CGD. Delhi and Mumbai are the next two largest consumers
with 2.3 mmscmd and 2 mmscmd respectively. The total consumption was consumed by 509000
vehicles through over 375 CNG station, about 645000 domestic consumers, 1300 industrial and
4000 commercial customer. The penetration of CGD has been limited as currently CNG is
distributed through only 1% of the total 35000 retail outlets of other transport fuels.

32
The table below shows the consumption pattern of CNG in different sectors for different cities.
Location/State Company Mmscmd CNG
vehicles
Domestic Industrial Commercial
Delhi IGL 2.3 134608 107487 - 400
Vadodara GAIL 0.021 3222 - - -
Vadodara GAEL 0.075 75000 - 70 -
Ahmedabad GAEL 0.45 43500 20000 220 200
Surat,Ankaleshwar GGCL 4 50000 200000 800 2500
Gujarat GSPC
Gas
1.025 - 20813 230 55
Mumbai MGL 2 179720 297163 40 882
Lucknow CUGL 0.056 8290 - - -
Kanpur CUGL 0.01 7400 400 - -
Agra GGL 0.0249 4048 - - -
Agartala TNGCL 0.0001 41 - - -
Vijaywada BGL 0.012 2000 - - -
Hyderabad BGL 0.0076 1700 - - -
Total 9.98 509529 645863 1360 4037
(Source: India Infrastructure Research)

33
4.3 Supply Scenario
Supply of gas has always been a constraint for the development of CGD business. This sector
has always been neglected as the distribution of gas has been prioritized. At the end of 2007 the
total proven reserves of natural gas was about 1645 billion cubic meters (bcm) which is about
0.6% of the total reserve worldwide. According to an estimation with the current production
level, India’s reserve are likely to last for around 30 years, but at the same time the world reserve
would last for 67 years. ONGC accounts for 60% of these reserves with 990 bcm gas, while Oil
India Limited (OIL) accounts for another 10% with 170 bcm and other private players and joint
ventures accounts for 30% with about 483 bcm. Of the total supply of gas, offshore fields
contribute 72% and onshore fields contribute 28%. In the last five years the supply of gas has
risen by 35% that is form 84 mmscmd per day during 2003-04 to 114 mmscmd during 2007-08.
4.3.1 Domestic Production
In India there was a boom during the period between 1980 to 1996, during this period the gas
production grew to ten times that is from 2.36 bcm to 22.64 bcm and this was because of the
flaring of gas during that period was reduced to 68.5% at one go. During the period of 1997-
2007 the overall annual growth rate remained stagnant because the flaring was almost constant.
The utilization rate has increased from 93.7% in 1995-96 to about 97.2% in 2005-06. The table
below shows the production rate and the growth rate for the related period.

34
Gas Production
Year Production % Growth
1980-81 2358 -
1990-91 17998 22.5
1995-96 22639 4.7
1996-97 23225 2.7
1997-98 26401 13.5
1998-99 27428 3.9
1999-00 28446 3.7
2000-01 29447 3.6
2001-02 29714 0.8
2002-03 31389 5.6
2003-04 31962 1.8
2004-05 31763 -0.6
2005-06 32202 1.4
2006-07 31747 -2.0
2007-08 32274 1.7
(Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas)

35
4.3.2 APM and Non-APM Supply
Of the total supply of gas in the country, 60% comes from Administered Pricing Mechanism
(APM), 20% from private players and joint ventures and the rest 10% from LNG. APM gas is
the gas produced by ONGC and OIL from the blocks that were given o a nomination basis, and
is sold at government determined rates. Non-APM gas is being produced by private players and
joint ventures from the blocks wan through bids, which are under production sharing contracts
with the government. This gas is sold at market-determined price. Because of this kind of
distribution there are two groups who are affected. They are the APM gas producers and the
buyers of the Non APM gas. APM gas prices are determined by government so the prices are
lower than the prevailing market price thus the buyers of APM gas are benefited but at the same
time the APM companies have to forgo the marginal profit. The APM gas companies did not pay
any bidding of license fees for the gas fields the own.
Assessing the initial demand of gas for the City Gas projects, APM gas has been allocated as
follows:-
Sl. No. Name of City Qty. in (MMSCMD)
1 Mumbai 1.4
2 Navi Mumbai & Thane 0.5
3 Delhi 2.0
4 Noida, Faridabad, Gurgaon 0.7
5 Hyderabad 0.1
6 Kanpur 0.1
7 Lucknow 0.1
8 Bareilly 0.05
9 Pune 0.4
10 Agartala 0.13
11 Vadodara 0.1
(Source: Infraline, As on Sep 2007)

36
4.3.3 Current Supply
The supply of gas for the year 2006-07 was 9.98 mmscmd. Of the total supply APM is expected
to contribute 33%, 36% is expected from new sources and 14% from private players and joint
ventures. For the year 2008-09 the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) expects the
total gas supply to around 120 mmscmd. Even gas was sourced under contractual arrangements
essential by private players and joint ventures. The gas supplied for CGD was only 1% which
had increased to 5% during 2006-07, which shows a rapid growth during these 5-6 years. Around
6-8 mmscmd of gas was supplied to the CGD segment in 2006-07.
4.3.4 Constraints
The biggest constraint is that the limited allocation of gas for CGD. It has to compete with bulk
consumers like power and fertilizers as well as petrochemicals. Moreover lack of adequate
transmission and distribution infrastructure connecting the demand and supply regions within the
country is a major constraint.

37
4.4 Regulatory Body Framework
The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas was the policy maker and regulator in the initial stages
of implementation of City Gas Distribution. As time passed by, the increased activity with
respect to this distribution system instigated the need of a special regulatory body, which would
ensure the well being of this industry. The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board
(PNGRB) act was passed in October, 2007 and most of the operations were transferred to this
authority.
Oil Industry Safety Directorate is another institution which has the primary objective of
enhancing safety in the most cost effective manner with respect to this business. It also plays the
role of formulating and standardizing procedures and guidelines in the areas of design, operation,
and maintenance along with creation of new assets.
The newly formed PNGRB has started evolving as one of the most important regulatory bodies,
empowered by clear cut regulations by the Ministry of Finance. A few of the tasks assigned to
PNGRB are:-
a) Ensure fair trade and competition.
b) Registering & authorizing entities for specific tasks.
c) Declaring common or contract carriers.
d) Regulating the transportation rate.
e) Laying down the technical standards.
f) Maintaining a data bank.
g) Ensuring availability of gas.
h) Preventing restrictive trade policies employed by private players.
i) Enforcing retail and marketing service obligation.

38
In City Gas Distribution, the Urban Local Bodies also do have a major role to play. The local
body obviously has a detailed city development plan and it coordinates with the private/public
company interested to dish out the City Gas Distribution network. The master plan development
and approval involves the ULB. ULB also ensures that company implementing the plan has
taken adequate safety measures in the pipeline distribution through the populated areas.
4.4.1 PNGRB ACT
The key functions of PNGRB with respect to Natural Gas are stated as:-
1. PNGRB has been given authority to register entities to market gas and see to it that they
subject to contractual obligations of Government of India (GoI)
2. Register entities to establish and operate LNG terminal in India.
3. Authorized entities to lay, build and operate pipelines. These pipelines can be declared as
Common or Contract carrier. PNGRB has been given authority to regulate access and set
terms for determining tariff.
4. Authorize entities to lay, build and operate CGD networks. It is also assigned to regulate
access and set terms for determining tariff and monitor their prices.
5. Lay down technical standards and specification including safety specifications. Also lay
down pipeline access code.
(Source: PNGRB)
4.4.2 Regulations for Access Code
The Regulation For Access Code For Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines And City Or Local
Natural Gas Distribution Networks was passed in June 2007. The main objectives of this access
code are:-
1. Promote the development of a competitive gas market by establishing uniform principles
for owners and users of gas pipelines to allow transparent and non-discriminatory access
to the gas pipelines and CGD networks.
2. Prevent abuse of monopoly power.
3. Ensure that a pipeline/CGD owner provides minimum service of access to available
capacity on a "firm service" basis and/or on "interruptible service" basis.
4. Provide basis for resolution of disputes.

39
(Source: PNGRB)
The regulation for access code for CGD networks are:-
1. The gas receipt for CGD network should preferably be at the city gate station only,
however, in case of delivery at any other point is to be mutually agreed.
2. City gate station is primarily meant for receiving gas from the source. In case the licensed
area is served by more than one source it will be the responsibility of the CGD company
to provide additional city gate station to receive gas from such other source(s).
(Source:PNGRB)
4.4.3 Regulations for Exclusivity
The Regulation For Exclusivity For City Or Local Gas Distribution Networks was passed in
March 2008. This allowed exclusivity to companies for laying, building, operating or expanding
CGD Networks for 25 years.
Some positive aspects of this regulation are:-
1. Exclusivity will encourage companies to bid for areas. As this regulation will allow the
companies to have a sort of monopoly for 25 areas, as they will be the only one company
operating in the given area.
2. The regulations also provide for extension of network exclusivity for another 10 years,
subject to compliance with service and quality standards. The network exclusivity period
may be long enough for new entrants to recover their investments.
3. According to the PNGRB regulations, the consumer is to be billed separately for network
tariff and cost of gas.
The major negative aspect of this regulation is the regulations provide for marketing exclusivity
of five years and three years for new and existing players, respectively. Beyond this period, the
pipeline will become a common carrier and open access has to be given to third parties.

40
4.5 Current CGD scenario
In India City Gas Distribution is expanding by leaps and bounds. Gujarat is playing the role of
being the leader in this aspect, attracting huge amount of investment in building the complex
infrastructure required to implement the gas distribution network in the city. Gujarat State
Petroleum Corporation (GSPC) has taken an aggressive role in this front and also private parties
like Adani, Gujarat Gas Corporation Limited (GGCL), Reliance have initiated the process to
venture in this business. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Rajkot, Surat, Ankleshwar,
Bharuch, Kalol, Anand, Morbi, Chotila, Vapi, Navsani and Hazira have already started
cultivating the benefits of the city gas distribution. The instant reaping of benefits has started and
recent survey has acknowledged the fact that the levels of CO2 and SO2 have started reducing
considerably.
Fig: Current CGD projects in India (As on June 2008; source: Infraline)
Indraprastha Gas Limited in Delhi, Mahanagar Gas in Mumbai has also developed adequate
infrastructure for the supply of PNG and the mechanism is already in place. Consumers in tier-II
S.
No.
States Name of the city Name of the
Company
PNG Consumers
Dom. Comml. Indl.
1 Maharashtra Mumbai and suburb Mahanagar Gas
Limited
331417 905 36
2 Delhi/NCR Delhi & suburbs Indraprastha Gas
Limited.
89132 276 9
3 Uttar
Pradesh
Kanpur, Bareilly Central UP Gas
Limited
Nil Nil Nil
Lucknow, Agra Green Gas Limited Nil Nil Nil
4 Andhra
Pradesh
Vijayawada, Hyderabad Bhagyanagar Gas
Limited
Nil Nil Nil
5 Tripura Agartala Tripura Natural
Gas Company
Limited
6570 106 19
9 Assam Duliajan, Digboy, Tinsukia,
Dibrugarh, Naharkatia,
Moran, Nazira, Sivasagar etc.
Assam Gas
Company Limited
20,000

41
cities like Agra, Agartala, Vijaywada, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Bareilly, Lucknow and Pune are also
enjoying the benefits of CGD.
S.
No.
States Name of the cities Name of the companies Domestic
consumers
CNG
Stations
1 Gujarat Surat, Bharuch,
Ankleshwar, etc.
Gujarat Gas Company
Limited
2,00,000 24
2 Ahmedabad Adam Energy Limited, 20,000 45
3 Vadodara Vadodara Mahanagar
Seva Sadan
85,000
4 Rajkot, Murbi, etc. GSPC 23,000 12
Total 328000 81
Fig: CGD in Gujarat (As on June 2008; Source: Infraline)

42
4.6 Players Description
BGL: Bhagyanagar Gas Limited (JV between GAIL & HPCL, Aug 2003)
IGL: Indraprastha Gas Limited (JV between Delhi Government, GAIL & BPCL)
GGCL: Gujarat Gas Company Limited (British Gas)
GSPC Gas: Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Gas
GAEL: Gujarat Adani Energy Limited
MGL: Mahanagar Gas Limited (JV between GAIL and BPCL, January 2006)
TNGCL: Tripura Natural Gas Company Limited (JV between GAIL, Tripura Industrial
Development Corporation & Agartala Gas Company)
CUGL: Central UP Gas Limited (JV between GAIL and BPCL, February 2005)
GGL: Green Gas Limited (JV between GAIL and IOC, October 2005)
AGL: Avantika Gas Limited (JV between GAIL & HPCL, June 2006)
RGCL: Reliance Gas Corporation Limited (subsidiary of RIL)
RGCL has submitted expression of interest (EOI), in as many as 51 cities across the length and
breadth of India to establish the City Gas Distribution network. The huge expansion plans are in
lieu of the huge finds of natural gas in the KG Basin. The approval in many cases is in process in
PNGRB.

43
4.7 Challenges
• Overall availability of gas has obviously constrained the process of undertaking CGD in
different cities
Historically power and fertilizer, two important inputs for industry and agriculture, have
occupied the largest share (almost 85%) of the total supply of gas. Also both these sectors
continue to put forward their arguments for even higher allocations. Therefore, this
creates constraint for the city gas distributor, about the lack of availability of gas.
• The price at which domestic gas is delivered to consumers, is nearly the twice that of the
average price at which natural gas is supplied by GAIL. This is due to the additional costs
that get added, which include the cost of infrastructure of distribution, its maintenance,
overheads and profit margin of the gas distribution company.
Also gas imported through LNG is priced high and its prices are also volatile. With this
type of a price level and more importantly highly unpredictable and erratic price
behavior, any long term planning of city gas distribution get severely constrained.
• We do have Petroleum Regulatory Act now and we also have Petroleum Regulatory
Board, however, the Board is not empowered to do anything with upstream gas. If
upstream gas price is not regulated, there is very little that the Regulatory Board can do to
safeguard the interests of consumers in so far as the price of gas for them is concerned.
The present regulatory framework in the gas sector is totally inadequate. Petroleum
Regulatory Board, unless it is empowered to cover both upstream and downstream gas,
cannot be in a position to evolve and implement a holistic approach. If upstream gas is
left to market forces, the present market being totally imperfect in view of serious
mismatches between demand and supply and hardly any trace of competition, there
would be a totally arbitrary price for upstream gas and regulation at downstream will lose
its meaning in view of a given price of upstream gas. Petroleum Regulatory Board must
have enlarged function, responsibility and commensurate authority.

44
• Long gestation together with low volume creates an adverse impact on the business and
therefore it requires a good degree of patience.
• Since there is considerable amount of uncertainty about the availability of gas, normally
the management decisions on capital expenditure for creating or augmenting the
distribution infrastructure gets delayed.
• Inadequate availability of skilled manpower vis-à-vis the increasing demand is emerging
as a serious constraint.
• Permissions and clearances from the authorities invariably get delayed.
• Other challenge faced by the CGD companies is creating the infrastructure network in an
existing city and particularly through areas which are thickly populated as in case of
Delhi and Mumbai. Right-of-way problems also become highly challenging to resolve
and to proceed with the project.

45
5. Conclusion
5.1 Benefits
There are a number of benefits from the increased usage of natural gas through city gas
distribution networks.
• These include its impact by way of bringing down the oil intensity of gross domestic
product, which would help the country in withstanding the impacts of oil price in a more
resilient fashion, reducing the crude import bill of the country resulting in substantial
savings in foreign exchange which can be diverted to be used for development of
infrastructure, replacement of LPG by natural gas would reduce the LPG subsidy burden
on the Government and the possibility of distributed power generation along the gas
pipeline network leading to more reliable power supply.
• Finally the natural gas usage in an extensive manner will have a substantial positive
effect on pollution control.
• CGD also creates a better convenience for the consumer.
5.2 Future Outlook
We analyze the future of City Gas Distribution in India, through the scope of the future demand
and supply. We discuss the provision of potential expansion in the country and analyze whether
the nation has the potential of converting this into practice.
5.2.1 Future Demand
By 2011-12 the demand for gas in the country is expected to increase to 103 billion cubic meters
(bcm) and further increase to 125 bcm by 2024-25. There are over 200 cities that are identified to
consume around 60-80 mmscmd of gas. MoPNG has proposed that all citied with population
above 2.5 million will be connected within the next three years. According to government
assessment and according to 11th
five year plan, the demand is estimated to rise to 16 mmscmd
by 2011-12. Even other private players like RIL, British Gas and others have planned to invest in
this business. RIL is expecting to enter 200 cities like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

46
and West Bengal. RIL estimates that there is a demand of 33 mmscmd for industrial users which
is not met.
5.2.2 Future Supply
Most of the current domestic production is from ageing fields. Efficiency measures have
increased production but the increase in production is marginal. The two biggest potential
suppliers are RIL and GSPC. As per MoPNG, it is estimated that RIL will being supplying about
25mmscmd of gas by 2008 which will increase to 40 mmscmd by 2009. RIL has announced that
its production in KG basin might go up to 80 mmscmd by 2011-12. GSPC is also expected to
supply 40 mmscmd from its KG basin block. The industry estimates that the gas supply would
increase up to 254 mmscmd by 2001-12, with 74 mmscmd coming from existing domestic
sources, 120 mmscmd from new sources and 60 mmscmd for LNG. About Rs 400 billion of
investment is estimated in the gas sector in the coming year.

47
6. Exhibits
6.1 Natural Gas Properties
Few of the properties which distinguish Natural gas from other fuels are as follows:-
Attribute Value
Boiling Point -162º
C
Specific Gravity 0.65
Auto Ignition Temperature 534º
C
Flammable Limit 5-15%
Octane Number 127
Calorific Value 8500-10500 Kcal/scm
Colorless, Odorless
Non toxic & Non corrosive

48
6.2 Natural Gas Value Chain
RESOURCES
• Exploration and Production
o ONGC, OIL, RIL, CAIRN, GSPC etc.
NELP boosted investment in this space.
ENABLING
• Evolving gas grids
• Key transmission players
o GAIL, GSPL, RGTIL
• LNG terminals
o Dahej (PLL), Hazira (Shell), Dabhol
(RGPPL), Kochi (PLL), Manglore
(ONGC)
DISTRIBUTION
• Marketing & Distribution
o IGL, GGCL, GSPC Gas, MGL, GAEL,
CUGL, BGL, MNGCL, TNGCL, AGCL,
GAIL Gas, RGCL
• Segments
o Power
o Fertilizers
o Industrial
o LPG extraction

49
Source: India Infrastructure Research
6.3 The cities where RGCL has expressed EOI
1. Hyderabad
2. Kakinada
3. Tirupati
4. Vijayawada
5. Vishakapatnam
6. Faridabad
7. Gurgaon
8. Ahmedabad
9. Jamnagar
10. Rajkot
11. Surat
12. Vadodara
13. Valsad
14. Bengaluru
15. Hubli
16. Mangalore
17. Mysore
18. Kochi
19. Kozikhode
20. Trivandrum
21. Bhopal
22. Indore
23. Jabalpur
24. Shahdol
25. Gwalior
26. Aurangabad
27. Bhiwandi
28. Nagpur
29. Nashik
30. Navi Mumbai
31. Pune
32. Solapur
33. Thane
34. Jaipur
35. Udaipur
36. Chennai
37. Coimbatore
38. Madhurai
39. Salem
40. Tiruchirapalli
41. Tuticorn
42. Amritsar
43. Jalandhar
44. Ludhiana
45. Agra
46. Allahabad
47. Kanpur
48. Lucknow
49. Meerut
50. Varanasi
51. Ghaziabad

50
7. Bibliography
Busby, R. L. (1999). NATURAL GAS IN NONTECHNICAL LANGUAGE. Oklahoma, USA:
Penwell.
BUSINESS STANDARD. (2008, DECEMBER 17). Retrieved from http://www.business-
standard.com/india/.
BUSINESS TODAY. (2008, DECEMBER 17). Retrieved from
http://businesstoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_magazine&opt=section&sectionid=2
2&issueid=45&Itemid=1.
BUSINESS WEEK. (2008, DECEMBER 17). Retrieved from
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/news/articles/business_news.htm.
BUSINESS WORLD. (2008, DECEMBER 17). Retrieved from
http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Economy/Economy.html.
Chaudhari, G. (2008, October 07). Natural gas set to gain home ground. Financial Express , p. 2.
City gas distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2009, from Project Monitor:
http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=17013
City gas distribution. (2007, March 07). Retrieved January 19, 2009, from Project Today:
http://www.projectstoday.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Nid=17393
Crisil Alumini. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2009, from http://www.crisilalumni.com/policy-
advisory/infrastructure-publications-case-notes-city-natural-gas-distribution.pdf
CRISIL. (2007). Developing city gas distribution.
Cygnus. (2007). Industry insight: Oil and Gas.
Energy Information administration. (2009, January 24). Retrieved from Energy Infoemation
Administration: http://www.eia.doe.gov/.../feature_articles/2008/ldc2008/ldc2008.pdf
FINANCIAL EXPRESS. (2008, DECEMBER 18). Retrieved from
http://www.financialexpress.com/section/Economy/97/.
Hayward, T. (2008). BP Statistical Review of World Energy . BP.
ICRA. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2009, from
http://www.icra.in/Files/PDF/SpecialComments/GasDistributionBusiness-200807.pdf
ICRA. (2008). Gas distribution network business: credit implication of recent regulation.

51
India Energy Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2009, from
http://www.indiaenergyforum.org/eventlist.php?cat=event
India Infrastructure. (2008). Gas in India.
India Infrastructure Report. (2008). CGD in India .
Indian Infrastructure. (n.d.). Retrieved Janauary 16, 2009, from
http://www.indiainfrastructure.com/confpdf/gasdist08.pdf
Indian oil and gas. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2009, from
http://www.indianoilandgas.com/data-pdfs/Press-MNGL.pdf
Infraline. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2009, from
http://www.infraline.com/ong/Presentations/PetroIndia2008/PetroIndia-bsnegi.pdf
Petro India 2008. (2008, September). Retrieved January 29, 2009, from
http://www.observerindia.com/cms/sites/orfonline/documents/Energy/petroindia08.html
PNGRB. (2007). Regulations for Access Code fo rNatural Gas Transmission Pipelines and City
or Local Natural Gas Distribution networks.
PNGRB. (2007). Regulations for Exclusivityfor city or local gas distribution network.
Busby, R. L. (1999). NATURAL GAS IN NONTECHNICAL LANGUAGE. Oklahoma, USA:
Penwell.

City Gas Distribution

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to City Gas Distribution

Similar to City Gas Distribution (20)

More from Joydeep Mukherjee

More from Joydeep Mukherjee (7)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

City Gas Distribution