Power Generation systems for smaller grids and remote area generation facilities such as mine sites. Presentation used at "PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum" Conference Nov 2015. and presented by Howard Wright of Powergen Pty. Ltd.
Rebecca mills-securing-the-n ts-energy-futurejames hamilton
Territory Generation is transitioning to renewable energy sources to power Alice Springs. By 2030, the majority of its base load supply will come from renewables. Upgrades include a 41 MW gas plant expansion, 7.5 MW upgrade to another plant, and a 5 MW/4.6 MWh battery energy storage system. The battery will provide frequency response, reduce gas plant ramping due to solar intermittency, and defer transmission upgrades. The projects improve efficiency, enable higher solar penetration and transition Alice Springs to more sustainable energy sources.
The document discusses ARC Nuclear's development of the ARC-100 small modular nuclear reactor. The ARC-100 is a 50-100 MWe sodium-cooled fast reactor based on the design of the EBR-II, which operated successfully for 30 years. It aims to address the cost and schedule challenges of large commercial reactors through its small size, passive safety features, and ability to reuse nuclear waste as fuel.
The document provides information about the GNPower Mariveles Coal Plant project. It discusses the project's mission to provide reliable and environmentally-friendly power at an affordable cost with minimal community impact. It then outlines the project organization, health and safety policies, technical details of the plant components, coal supply sources, maintenance strategies, community relations initiatives, and vision.
AD ENER-G designs, installs, finances, and operates anaerobic digestion systems that convert organic waste into biogas. As a one-stop-shop, they handle all aspects of developing an anaerobic digestion facility for clients. The biogas produced is used to fuel combined heat and power (CHP) units that generate electricity and heat, providing a renewable energy solution while reducing waste disposal costs and environmental impacts for clients. AD ENER-G has over 20 years of experience delivering these anaerobic digestion and biogas energy systems.
This document discusses various types of energy storage systems. It introduces renewable energy sources that have intermittent generation profiles, creating supply and demand discrepancies. Energy storage enables electricity production at one time to be stored and used later to meet peak demand. The document then summarizes different types of energy storage technologies including batteries, mechanical storage, compressed air, pumped hydro, hydrogen, and flywheels. It discusses the workings, efficiencies, lifecycles and issues with each technology. The document concludes that energy storage solutions are important for balancing the grid but require further research and development of policies and public-private partnerships.
This document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES). It provides an overview of CAES operation and examples, including the McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant. The McIntosh plant stores compressed air in an underground cavern with a volume of 580,000 cubic meters. It has a power output of 110MW for 26 hours. The document also discusses the ADELE Adiabatic Energy Storage Project and advantages of CAES such as reducing costs, quick start-up times, and shifting energy production from off-peak to peak times. It concludes that CAES is an area of ongoing research and development that could help integrate renewable energy sources by providing energy storage.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems store energy by compressing air and storing it underground, such as in salt caverns. During periods of low energy demand, excess electricity is used to power air compressors. The compressed air is then stored. When energy demand is high, the compressed air is released, heated with natural gas, and used to power turbine generators to produce electricity. Two commercial CAES plants currently operate in Germany and Alabama. CAES systems provide a cost-effective way to store large amounts of energy and help utilities meet peak energy demands.
This document discusses LNG carriers equipped with MAN B&W ME-GI engines and high pressure gas supply systems. It describes the key components of the gas supply system, including multi-stage compressors, high pressure piping, and control systems. The document also discusses classification requirements, safety features, engine operating modes, and compares the ME-GI solution to other propulsion alternatives for LNG carriers.
Rebecca mills-securing-the-n ts-energy-futurejames hamilton
Territory Generation is transitioning to renewable energy sources to power Alice Springs. By 2030, the majority of its base load supply will come from renewables. Upgrades include a 41 MW gas plant expansion, 7.5 MW upgrade to another plant, and a 5 MW/4.6 MWh battery energy storage system. The battery will provide frequency response, reduce gas plant ramping due to solar intermittency, and defer transmission upgrades. The projects improve efficiency, enable higher solar penetration and transition Alice Springs to more sustainable energy sources.
The document discusses ARC Nuclear's development of the ARC-100 small modular nuclear reactor. The ARC-100 is a 50-100 MWe sodium-cooled fast reactor based on the design of the EBR-II, which operated successfully for 30 years. It aims to address the cost and schedule challenges of large commercial reactors through its small size, passive safety features, and ability to reuse nuclear waste as fuel.
The document provides information about the GNPower Mariveles Coal Plant project. It discusses the project's mission to provide reliable and environmentally-friendly power at an affordable cost with minimal community impact. It then outlines the project organization, health and safety policies, technical details of the plant components, coal supply sources, maintenance strategies, community relations initiatives, and vision.
AD ENER-G designs, installs, finances, and operates anaerobic digestion systems that convert organic waste into biogas. As a one-stop-shop, they handle all aspects of developing an anaerobic digestion facility for clients. The biogas produced is used to fuel combined heat and power (CHP) units that generate electricity and heat, providing a renewable energy solution while reducing waste disposal costs and environmental impacts for clients. AD ENER-G has over 20 years of experience delivering these anaerobic digestion and biogas energy systems.
This document discusses various types of energy storage systems. It introduces renewable energy sources that have intermittent generation profiles, creating supply and demand discrepancies. Energy storage enables electricity production at one time to be stored and used later to meet peak demand. The document then summarizes different types of energy storage technologies including batteries, mechanical storage, compressed air, pumped hydro, hydrogen, and flywheels. It discusses the workings, efficiencies, lifecycles and issues with each technology. The document concludes that energy storage solutions are important for balancing the grid but require further research and development of policies and public-private partnerships.
This document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES). It provides an overview of CAES operation and examples, including the McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant. The McIntosh plant stores compressed air in an underground cavern with a volume of 580,000 cubic meters. It has a power output of 110MW for 26 hours. The document also discusses the ADELE Adiabatic Energy Storage Project and advantages of CAES such as reducing costs, quick start-up times, and shifting energy production from off-peak to peak times. It concludes that CAES is an area of ongoing research and development that could help integrate renewable energy sources by providing energy storage.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems store energy by compressing air and storing it underground, such as in salt caverns. During periods of low energy demand, excess electricity is used to power air compressors. The compressed air is then stored. When energy demand is high, the compressed air is released, heated with natural gas, and used to power turbine generators to produce electricity. Two commercial CAES plants currently operate in Germany and Alabama. CAES systems provide a cost-effective way to store large amounts of energy and help utilities meet peak energy demands.
This document discusses LNG carriers equipped with MAN B&W ME-GI engines and high pressure gas supply systems. It describes the key components of the gas supply system, including multi-stage compressors, high pressure piping, and control systems. The document also discusses classification requirements, safety features, engine operating modes, and compares the ME-GI solution to other propulsion alternatives for LNG carriers.
Fuel System Library is a Modelica library targeting the design and verification of fuel systems on civil and military aircraft. The library is designed to analyze and verify the system behavior during various dynamic operating modes and flight conditions.
Aircraft are characterized by large variations in acceleration and orientation. The Fuel System Library provides simulation results accounting for these effects on fuel-air mixtures and includes full support of bidirectional flow.
1) The Dividing Wall Column (DWC) technology offers an alternative to traditional distillation column schemes that can save 25-30% in energy usage while improving separation efficiency.
2) A DWC integrates a pre-fractionator column into the main column separated by a vertical baffle, minimizing remixing and improving thermodynamic efficiency over conventional schemes.
3) Case studies show DWC retrofits of naphtha splitter columns can reduce heat input by 28% while improving product yields, with paybacks of less than 1.5 years.
PVNavigator develops utility-scale PV solar installations on closed landfills and brownfield sites. It has over 50 MW of site capacity under option and a pipeline of over 300 MW. PVN is staffed by engineers and land development experts. It has expertise in landfill post-closure PV permitting and leverages proven PV technologies. Representative projects include a 3 MW installation on the Milliken Landfill in California and a pilot study funded by the California Energy Commission. PVN uses specially designed self-ballasted racking systems that minimize landfill cap penetration and accommodate waste settlement.
GNB Motive Power....A Battery For Every ApplicationRandy Moore
Exide Technologies manufactures, markets, distributes, and recycles batteries for three major market segments: transportation, motive power, and network power. It offers a range of battery technologies including tubular plate batteries, absorbed glass mat sealed batteries, and flooded flat plate batteries. The document focuses on GNB's tubular plate batteries, describing their designs, benefits over flat plate batteries like increased capacity and power, and manufacturing processes that result in consistent quality and performance.
In hot climates such as the Gulf Cooperating Council (GCC) region, the cooling systems demand represents approximately 50% and up to 70% of total and peak electricity consumptions, respectively. In Iraq cooling shares about 75% of the electricity consumption.
This document summarizes the West Qurna-2 Gas Treatment, Power Generation and Distribution Project in Iraq. The project involved engineering, procurement, construction, testing and commissioning of a 126MW simple cycle power plant to supply oil production facilities. It was completed by ENKA in 31 months without any lost-time accidents. The remote location and high temperatures posed unique challenges that were successfully addressed.
The document discusses district cooling in Kuwait and the GCC region. It summarizes that district cooling can provide significant benefits to Kuwait including reducing infrastructure costs, decreasing carbon emissions, and lowering power consumption compared to traditional air conditioning systems. Key benefits mentioned are reducing electric demand by over 1,200 MW and power consumption by over 2,700 GWh through implementation of district cooling with thermal energy storage in Kuwait. Several large existing district cooling projects and plants currently operating in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Qatar, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are also summarized.
Turbine Technology Services provides a variety of mobile, temporary and distributed power solutions for remote locations such as Bakken, Niobrara, Eagle Ford and Permian.
GNB Industrial Power provides total energy solutions including flooded lead acid batteries, sealed AGM and VRLA batteries, and chargers. Their batteries are used in forklifts, railroads, and mining. Their chargers include high frequency models that communicate with batteries in real-time to optimize charging. GNB also offers accessories, maintenance and repair services, and battery recycling to maximize battery performance and life.
RWE Power is working with partners on the ADELE project to develop adiabatic compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology for electricity supply. The goal is to increase the efficiency of CAES to around 70% by capturing heat from air compression and storing it to reheat the air during discharge. Six partners from industry and research aim to develop the technology to the point of an industrial-scale demonstration plant by 2016. General Electric is focusing on optimizing the overall system and developing the compressor and turbine, which face significant technical challenges from the high pressures and temperatures involved in the CAES process.
- Convion Ltd. has taken over Wärtsilä's fuel cell development program and will provide fuel cell solutions for distributed power generation applications.
- Convion will commercialize 50-300 kW solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) products for distributed power generation.
- SOFC technology provides high electrical efficiency over 50%, total efficiency over 80%, zero emissions, and fuel flexibility including natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen.
Presentation from 2018 Africa Energy Forum on the applications of flow batteries in Africa. The document focuses on vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) technology and looks at the true hybrid solar + storage micro-grid and utility use cases in particular.
The document discusses securing energy resources by addressing the immediate need for power generation. It explores options for power generation machines and materials that can solve problems, as well as long term plans and local suppliers that can help reduce risks. It also considers investing in "Plan B" options as a reserve, discussing the costs and value of alternative strategies like compact induction generators and bigger superconducting generators.
The companies of Altra Industrial Motion offer many critical drivetrain products utilized in marine applications including clutches & brakes, couplings, universal joints, linear actuators and turning, locking and braking systems
The document discusses hybrid hydropower solutions that combine hydropower facilities with battery storage. It introduces HyBaTec, a hybrid solution developed by ANDRITZ that integrates battery storage into hydropower plants. HyBaTec aims to increase plant flexibility and lifetime by using the battery to balance grid demands and reduce stress on mechanical components. The document outlines several operational modes for HyBaTec, including using the battery for grid services, lifetime extension of equipment, and load shifting capabilities.
Compressed air energy storage is a method for storing renewable energy by compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or above ground tanks. The document discusses several existing CAES plants including Huntorf, Germany (1978) and McIntosh, Alabama (1992). It also outlines several proposed CAES projects in locations such as Texas, Ireland, Ohio, and California. CAES provides advantages such as quick start-up times, shifting cheap off-peak energy to expensive peak times, and utilizing excess renewable energy that would otherwise be wasted.
Fuel cell systems and hydrogen have significant potential but also face challenges. Fuel cells can be highly efficient energy converters with no side emissions besides water. They come in a modular form and can be customized for different applications. However, widespread adoption faces uncertainties around fuel infrastructure and the need for lower costs. Different fuel cell types are being developed for applications such as transportation, portable power, and stationary power generation. Improvements in areas like membrane performance, catalyst loading, and manufacturing costs will help fuel cells reach broader commercialization.
Changing Role of Coal-Fired Power Plants: From Base Load Operation to Flexibl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses how the increasing use of renewable energy is requiring coal-fired power plants to operate more flexibly. Coal plants were traditionally base load plants that continuously provided power, but now must vary their output more to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewables like solar and wind. Operating flexibly has impacts on plant performance - it can increase heat rate and auxiliary power consumption, and hurt reliability. As renewable penetration grows, coal plants will need to ramp output up and down more rapidly to provide grid balancing. This flexible operation takes its toll on plant efficiency and performance over time.
Este documento describe la importancia de los planes de negocios para las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas en Venezuela. Explica que un plan de negocios describe objetivos, estrategias, procesos productivos e inversiones de un negocio. También destaca la necesidad de que el gobierno apoye a estas empresas durante la crisis económica y proporcione recursos técnicos y financieros para que puedan competir.
Este documento presenta la asignatura de Investigación Formativa y Formación para la Investigación impartida en la Institución Educativa Normal Superior Santiago de Cali. La asignatura busca desarrollar habilidades de investigación en los estudiantes y formarlos como maestros investigadores. El documento describe los contenidos, metodologías, y criterios de evaluación de la asignatura.
Fuel System Library is a Modelica library targeting the design and verification of fuel systems on civil and military aircraft. The library is designed to analyze and verify the system behavior during various dynamic operating modes and flight conditions.
Aircraft are characterized by large variations in acceleration and orientation. The Fuel System Library provides simulation results accounting for these effects on fuel-air mixtures and includes full support of bidirectional flow.
1) The Dividing Wall Column (DWC) technology offers an alternative to traditional distillation column schemes that can save 25-30% in energy usage while improving separation efficiency.
2) A DWC integrates a pre-fractionator column into the main column separated by a vertical baffle, minimizing remixing and improving thermodynamic efficiency over conventional schemes.
3) Case studies show DWC retrofits of naphtha splitter columns can reduce heat input by 28% while improving product yields, with paybacks of less than 1.5 years.
PVNavigator develops utility-scale PV solar installations on closed landfills and brownfield sites. It has over 50 MW of site capacity under option and a pipeline of over 300 MW. PVN is staffed by engineers and land development experts. It has expertise in landfill post-closure PV permitting and leverages proven PV technologies. Representative projects include a 3 MW installation on the Milliken Landfill in California and a pilot study funded by the California Energy Commission. PVN uses specially designed self-ballasted racking systems that minimize landfill cap penetration and accommodate waste settlement.
GNB Motive Power....A Battery For Every ApplicationRandy Moore
Exide Technologies manufactures, markets, distributes, and recycles batteries for three major market segments: transportation, motive power, and network power. It offers a range of battery technologies including tubular plate batteries, absorbed glass mat sealed batteries, and flooded flat plate batteries. The document focuses on GNB's tubular plate batteries, describing their designs, benefits over flat plate batteries like increased capacity and power, and manufacturing processes that result in consistent quality and performance.
In hot climates such as the Gulf Cooperating Council (GCC) region, the cooling systems demand represents approximately 50% and up to 70% of total and peak electricity consumptions, respectively. In Iraq cooling shares about 75% of the electricity consumption.
This document summarizes the West Qurna-2 Gas Treatment, Power Generation and Distribution Project in Iraq. The project involved engineering, procurement, construction, testing and commissioning of a 126MW simple cycle power plant to supply oil production facilities. It was completed by ENKA in 31 months without any lost-time accidents. The remote location and high temperatures posed unique challenges that were successfully addressed.
The document discusses district cooling in Kuwait and the GCC region. It summarizes that district cooling can provide significant benefits to Kuwait including reducing infrastructure costs, decreasing carbon emissions, and lowering power consumption compared to traditional air conditioning systems. Key benefits mentioned are reducing electric demand by over 1,200 MW and power consumption by over 2,700 GWh through implementation of district cooling with thermal energy storage in Kuwait. Several large existing district cooling projects and plants currently operating in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Qatar, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are also summarized.
Turbine Technology Services provides a variety of mobile, temporary and distributed power solutions for remote locations such as Bakken, Niobrara, Eagle Ford and Permian.
GNB Industrial Power provides total energy solutions including flooded lead acid batteries, sealed AGM and VRLA batteries, and chargers. Their batteries are used in forklifts, railroads, and mining. Their chargers include high frequency models that communicate with batteries in real-time to optimize charging. GNB also offers accessories, maintenance and repair services, and battery recycling to maximize battery performance and life.
RWE Power is working with partners on the ADELE project to develop adiabatic compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology for electricity supply. The goal is to increase the efficiency of CAES to around 70% by capturing heat from air compression and storing it to reheat the air during discharge. Six partners from industry and research aim to develop the technology to the point of an industrial-scale demonstration plant by 2016. General Electric is focusing on optimizing the overall system and developing the compressor and turbine, which face significant technical challenges from the high pressures and temperatures involved in the CAES process.
- Convion Ltd. has taken over Wärtsilä's fuel cell development program and will provide fuel cell solutions for distributed power generation applications.
- Convion will commercialize 50-300 kW solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) products for distributed power generation.
- SOFC technology provides high electrical efficiency over 50%, total efficiency over 80%, zero emissions, and fuel flexibility including natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen.
Presentation from 2018 Africa Energy Forum on the applications of flow batteries in Africa. The document focuses on vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) technology and looks at the true hybrid solar + storage micro-grid and utility use cases in particular.
The document discusses securing energy resources by addressing the immediate need for power generation. It explores options for power generation machines and materials that can solve problems, as well as long term plans and local suppliers that can help reduce risks. It also considers investing in "Plan B" options as a reserve, discussing the costs and value of alternative strategies like compact induction generators and bigger superconducting generators.
The companies of Altra Industrial Motion offer many critical drivetrain products utilized in marine applications including clutches & brakes, couplings, universal joints, linear actuators and turning, locking and braking systems
The document discusses hybrid hydropower solutions that combine hydropower facilities with battery storage. It introduces HyBaTec, a hybrid solution developed by ANDRITZ that integrates battery storage into hydropower plants. HyBaTec aims to increase plant flexibility and lifetime by using the battery to balance grid demands and reduce stress on mechanical components. The document outlines several operational modes for HyBaTec, including using the battery for grid services, lifetime extension of equipment, and load shifting capabilities.
Compressed air energy storage is a method for storing renewable energy by compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or above ground tanks. The document discusses several existing CAES plants including Huntorf, Germany (1978) and McIntosh, Alabama (1992). It also outlines several proposed CAES projects in locations such as Texas, Ireland, Ohio, and California. CAES provides advantages such as quick start-up times, shifting cheap off-peak energy to expensive peak times, and utilizing excess renewable energy that would otherwise be wasted.
Fuel cell systems and hydrogen have significant potential but also face challenges. Fuel cells can be highly efficient energy converters with no side emissions besides water. They come in a modular form and can be customized for different applications. However, widespread adoption faces uncertainties around fuel infrastructure and the need for lower costs. Different fuel cell types are being developed for applications such as transportation, portable power, and stationary power generation. Improvements in areas like membrane performance, catalyst loading, and manufacturing costs will help fuel cells reach broader commercialization.
Changing Role of Coal-Fired Power Plants: From Base Load Operation to Flexibl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses how the increasing use of renewable energy is requiring coal-fired power plants to operate more flexibly. Coal plants were traditionally base load plants that continuously provided power, but now must vary their output more to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewables like solar and wind. Operating flexibly has impacts on plant performance - it can increase heat rate and auxiliary power consumption, and hurt reliability. As renewable penetration grows, coal plants will need to ramp output up and down more rapidly to provide grid balancing. This flexible operation takes its toll on plant efficiency and performance over time.
Este documento describe la importancia de los planes de negocios para las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas en Venezuela. Explica que un plan de negocios describe objetivos, estrategias, procesos productivos e inversiones de un negocio. También destaca la necesidad de que el gobierno apoye a estas empresas durante la crisis económica y proporcione recursos técnicos y financieros para que puedan competir.
Este documento presenta la asignatura de Investigación Formativa y Formación para la Investigación impartida en la Institución Educativa Normal Superior Santiago de Cali. La asignatura busca desarrollar habilidades de investigación en los estudiantes y formarlos como maestros investigadores. El documento describe los contenidos, metodologías, y criterios de evaluación de la asignatura.
El documento explica qué es un plan de negocios, sus objetivos y funciones. Un plan de negocios describe un negocio propuesto, incluyendo objetivos, estrategias, procesos de producción, inversiones requeridas y rentabilidad esperada. Ayuda a los empresarios a comprender y planificar adecuadamente su negocio antes de iniciar la inversión. También define la viabilidad financiera del proyecto y permite detectar errores.
El documento presenta una lista de 10 integrantes de un proyecto y un plan de negocios para la elaboración y comercialización de mermelada de rocoto. Se detalla el nombre de la empresa, visión, misión, análisis del mercado y competencia, y estrategias de marketing para posicionar el producto.
Este documento describe los componentes y funciones de un plan de negocios. Explica que un plan de negocios incluye una introducción, resumen ejecutivo, descripción del mercado, operaciones y estructura de la empresa, así como información financiera. Su propósito es comprender el entorno de la empresa, obtener financiamiento y definir la visión y objetivos. Un plan de negocios es fundamental para el desarrollo de cualquier empresa.
El documento presenta un plan de negocios para una empresa de manualidades llamada "Mis Recuerditos". El plan describe el negocio de vender manualidades tejidas hechas a mano como recuerdos para eventos. Detalla los objetivos de ofrecer productos tradicionales en lugar de modernos y atraer clientes mayores interesados en elegir recuerdos especiales. El plan también cubre temas como la misión, productos, clientes, publicidad y condiciones de venta de la empresa.
Este documento presenta una guía para elaborar un plan de negocios. Explica que un plan de negocios es un documento que describe un negocio propuesto, incluyendo objetivos, estrategias, operaciones, necesidades de inversión y proyecciones financieras. Luego, detalla los pasos comunes para crear un plan de negocios, como incluir un resumen ejecutivo, definición del negocio, estudio de mercado, estudio técnico, organización, estudios de inversión e ingresos-egresos, y evaluación del proyect
Funcion de un plan de negocios para la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa en ve...Universidad Fermin Toro
Este documento describe la importancia de los planes de negocios para las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES) en Venezuela. Explica que un plan de negocios es un documento guía que permite evaluar y definir aspectos clave de una idea de negocio. También cubre objetivos como realizar un estudio de mercado exhaustivo y servir como tarjeta de presentación ante posibles inversionistas. Luego, detalla las secciones que debe contener un plan de negocios efectivo y concluye que estos planes son útiles para cualquier tipo y tamaño de empresa ya
Este documento presenta la información básica sobre una empresa de manualidades llamada "Mundo Mágico". La empresa se dedica a producir y vender manualidades y artesanías de alta calidad. Su misión es satisfacer las necesidades de clientes internos y externos ofreciendo productos de excelente calidad. Su visión es convertirse en una empresa líder en el mercado nacional e internacional de manualidades. La producción es artesanal y los productos se comercializan a través de un catálogo y ventas en centros comerciales.
Este documento presenta el plan de gestión de recursos humanos para un proyecto de lámparas controladas por comandos de voz. Incluye un catálogo de roles y responsabilidades, un organigrama del proyecto, planes para la adquisición, capacitación, evaluación y liberación del personal, así como reconocimientos y recompensas. El objetivo es dirigir los esfuerzos del equipo para desarrollar su potencial de forma estratégica, ética y social.
Este documento presenta un plan de mercadeo para comercializar los productos artesanales de la empresa Diara, conformada por mujeres cabeza de familia desplazadas del Chocó, en la ciudad de Villavicencio. Se analiza la situación actual de Diara y el contexto favorable para las artesanías. El objetivo es diseñar estrategias de mercadeo como producto, precio, promoción y canales de distribución para comercializar con éxito los productos artesanales en Villavicencio.
La panadería El Horno Caliente se proyecta como una industria panificadora para abastecer de pan y productos derivados de la harina a la zona universitaria de Tupuraya. El plan de negocios describe los objetivos, productos, mercado, competencia, plan de marketing, ventas, recursos humanos, aspectos legales, inversiones y financiamiento requeridos. El proyecto requiere una inversión inicial de 150,000 bolivianos para maquinaria, vehículos, muebles, capital de trabajo y otros gastos.
Este documento describe la importancia de realizar un plan de negocios completo para nuevos proyectos empresariales. Explica que un plan de negocios efectivo incluye un análisis del mercado, la competencia, las operaciones y finanzas de la empresa, así como los riesgos potenciales. Detalla los 8 pasos clave que debe contener un plan de negocios, incluyendo definir el producto o servicio, analizar las fortalezas y debilidades, y establecer estrategias de marketing y distribución. Concluye que aunque un plan de
Este documento presenta un resumen de los conceptos y niveles clave de la planeación estratégica. Explica la gran estrategia, estrategia competitiva, estrategia operativa y estrategia directiva. Describe los diferentes enfoques para el análisis estratégico de una organización, incluyendo el análisis de la industria, ventaja competitiva, posicionamiento y portafolio. El documento provee una guía sobre cómo desarrollar una estrategia efectiva.
Este documento presenta un plan de negocios detallado que incluye una introducción de la idea de negocio, información sobre la empresa, un resumen ejecutivo, un análisis de mercado, descripción de productos y servicios, planes de implementación, procesos administrativos, y un plan financiero. El plan analiza factores como la viabilidad jurídica, tecnológica, administrativa, ambiental, económica, de mercado y financiera del negocio propuesto.
La panadería El Horno Caliente se proyecta como una industria panificadora para cubrir las necesidades de pan de batalla y otros productos derivados de la harina de trigo para la zona de la Universidad Católica en Cochabamba, Bolivia. Los promotores son José Flores Peña, con 15 años de experiencia en el sector panificador, y María Flores Miranda, ingeniera de alimentos. El negocio elaborará pan de batalla, pan especial y salteñas de alta calidad para ser la mejor panadería-salteñería de la zona. El plan de neg
This document discusses distributed generation technologies and their integration with electric utility systems. It describes various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, wind and solar. It also discusses power quality issues associated with DG integration like voltage regulation, harmonics and islanding. The document outlines operating conflicts that can arise with DG like interference with utility fault clearing, reclosing and voltage regulation equipment. Finally, it covers DG placement on low-voltage distribution networks using spot networks and network protector relays.
Planning & Operating Electricty Network with Renewable Generation-5Power System Operation
This document discusses distributed generation (DG) technologies and their integration with electric utility systems. It describes various DG technologies including reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, wind, and photovoltaics. It also discusses power quality issues associated with DG such as voltage regulation, harmonics, and islanding. The document outlines operating conflicts that can occur when integrating DG such as interference with utility fault clearing, reclosing, and voltage regulation equipment. Guidelines for siting and interconnecting both small and large DG are also provided.
* We have a technology called the VIRTUAL PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY (VPT) - captures flared gas, stranded gas, associate gas (dry or wet - explained in the slide) at any given pressure, processes it, transport and supply the gas at the preferred discharge pressure. Our tubes carries a minimum of 550mscf (could carry more if the road is good and can take the weight). It can also pick up gas from existing pipelines and deliver gas to pipeline disconnected areas.
* Modular Power Plant (minimum of 1.5MW) and can be co-generated (power and steam/hot water).
INSIGHT: building a gigantic MW plants that will take 4 - 5 years to achieve also not considering where the source of feedstock is has been a major problem in West Africa.
Meanwhile, TEI can build modular plants (1.5MW each) 6MW plants + VPT within 6 - 9 months and could have 100 different locations (600MW) over a period of time serving numerous locations, and make the return on your investments within a year or 16 - 18 months as the case may be (depending on the distance from feedstock and discharge pressure) yet achieving the same purpose (or even more) in a significant less amount of time as any stand alone 500MW which will just be concluded in the 4th or 5th year talk less of when the breakeven point will be.
Also, if one station goes out, it does not affect the other 99 plants/stations hence providing light/electricity to a wider range. Another better advantage of our VPT and modular plants and why we are better than any product on earth as of today. So robust, you can deploy in the rural areas.
* Modular Gas Storage - For contingent supplies, we can build modular storage facility (such as a farm tanks) with storage capacity of 7.5mmscf/d and could increase in the same module. It is very scalable in that, other than the fact that we can move it from a location to another, we could also convert the modules to a gas transportation/supply cylinders attached to trucks.
* Modular Gas Separator - used to extract by-products of natural gas in small quantities. Methane to power turbines, Propane for cooking, Butane, LNG, etc. are other by-products we can help monitize...
These are reasons why we are a SOLUTION to the Gas, Power and Energy sectors and looking forward to providing a solution to the existing problems.....
OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION OPPORTUNITIES IN NEPALESE SUGAR SECTOR eecfncci
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James R. Connell P.E. - October 13, 2011p21decision
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Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
GE ADGT Application CHP-Cogen-CC
GE코리아 뉴스레터를 구독하세요! http://goo.gl/IE8WS8
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Cogeneration CHP Combined Heat & Power Power PlantKESHAV
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Generation Of Electricity
Cogeneration
Need For Cogeneration
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Cogeneration Cycle
Types Of Co generation Systems
Classification Of Cogeneration Systems
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Prime Movers For Cogeneration
How Cogeneration Saves Energy?
Benefits Of Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Applications
Efficiencies Of Generation Cycles
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1. Powergen Pty. Ltd.
Off Grid / Island Power Supply
Rev - A
PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008 - 0
hwright@pgen.com.au www.pgen.com.au
2. Contents
1. Island / Grid Power Systems
2. Island Operation Considerations
3. Fossil Generation Technology
4. Renewable Generation Technology
5. Capital Cost Considerations (CAPEX)
6. Operation Cost Considerations (OPEX)
7. Summary
25 November 2015 2PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0
3. Island / Grid Systems
• An Island Power system is designed to control frequency 50Hz.
• A Grid Power system is designed to control power (MW, MVar).
• Island Power systems are designed to meet and maximise availability
and meet client load specifications.
• Grid Power systems are designed to maximise revenue for energy sales
under contract.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 3
4. Island Supply Operation Considerations
Availability
– Essential Services, typically 100% or by backup emergency
generation on essential services bus.
– Process Plant to be subject to product production and
processing, typically 50 – 100%. Optimisation of redundancy
and spinning reserve to match process.
Stability
– Frequency, Governor Droop settings to manage frequency
within equipment limits e.g. 47 – 52 Hz.
– Voltage to be linked to load and therefore frequency.
Controlled by AVR at generators.
Inertia
– Large consumer Starting / Stopping. Plant needs to be
designed to have sufficient rotating mass (Inertia) to
accommodate large drive starting. Mitigation measures by
FlexGen, Gigacell and Soft Start / VSD’s.
Voltage Drops and Losses
– System Design to keep high power centres closed to reduce
voltage drops and maintain smaller cable sizing.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 4
5. Island Supply Operation Considerations
Efficiency and Heatrate
– Equipment Selection, along with fuel availability will
determine heat rate. Improvement through co and tri
generation where applicable.
– Fuel types available for remote plants tend to be more
portable types, such as, liquid or compressed gas varieties.
Evaluation is required to determine storage and processing
costs over lifecycle against actual cost of fuel. E.g. cost of
LNG vaporisation or HFO heating and purification.
– FlexGen, CoGen and Trigen offer improvements to overall
fuel heat rate, however, only where water and steam can
be utilised. These improvements also have capital costs
attached, such as boilers, heaters and reticulation
equipment.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 5
6. Fossil Generation Technology
• Reciprocating Engines
– Generation, Conversion of fuel to electricity, ~ 47%
efficient at full load.
– Cogeneration, Conversion of fuel to electricity and
steam, ~ 70% efficient at full load.
– Tri generation, Conversion of fuel to electricity, steam
and hot water, ~ 80% efficient at full load.
• Engines based on standard 2 and 4 stroke cycles
require frequent maintenance due to high number
of friction surfaces.
• Side stream oil purification and slower rotational
speed (1,500 – 750 rpm) reduces ware.
• Can be easily containerised up to ~2MW
• Requires radiator cooling systems.
• Able to burn most liquid and gas fuels subject to
Hydrogen content (Causes Knocking).
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 6
The Reciprocating Engine has become well established
for small power generation with high open cycle
efficiencies. Complexity and number of friction
surfaces increase maintenance costs.
7. Fossil Generation Technology
• Gas Turbines
– Open Cycle, Conversion of fuel to electricity, ~ 35%
efficient at full load.
– Combined Cycle, Conversion of fuel to electricity and
steam, ~ 60% efficient at full load.
• Scalable from 1MW to ~300MW
• Able to burn wide range of fuels, both liquid and
gas.
• Low maintenance costs due to small amount of
friction surfaces.
• May require injection water for NOx control.
• Can be trailer mounted up to ~3MW.
• Also commonly installed for mechanical drives.
• Available in Industrial and Aero derivatives.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 7
The Gas Turbine has increased in popularity due to its
high reliability. Gas Turbines also have capability to
burn less desirable fuels and blends. However, open
cycle efficiency is poor and impacted by temperature.
8. Fossil Generation Technology
• Boilers and Steam Turbines
– Pulverised Fuel, Traditional Boilers ranging to 320Bar @ 620°C
Steam in the ultra critical region. SOx, NOx removal by
Limestone and SCR.
– Circulating Fluidised Bed, able to burn wide range of low CV
fuels / Biomass and low NOx emissions due to combustion
temperature. SOx removal by injection.
– Biomass, available in smaller sizes to burn low CV fuels such
as Municipal waste, coconut and raid growth timber.
• Complex systems requiring high levels of maintenance and
skill for management.
• Require clean water for boilers and cooling.
• Clean coal drives construction costs are higher.
• Lifecycle costs can be cheaper as size increases.
• Fuel costs typically low for coals and low CV Bio waste.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 8
The Steam Boiler and Turbine have been developed
for many years leading to ultra critical cycles reaching
43% Efficiency levels. Recent trends have been towards
clean coal combustion.
9. Renewable Generation Technology
• Wind Turbine
– Sizing to >3MW
• Load profile is not dependable.
• Wind Generation requires a
backup of fossil generation for
both generation stability and
availability.
• Couples well with Hybrid Power
systems inclusive of solar PV and
Fossil Generation.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 9
The Wind Farm is one of the first commercialised
renewable sources of generation. In recent years visual
amenity has become and issue, and farms are starting to
be moved off shore. Prices falling for wind generation.
10. Renewable Generation Technology
• Hydro
– Storage | Water is stored in an elevated reservoir and released
to a turbine. Options are available for returning water to
elevated reservoir.
– Run of River | Weir is installed to divert water through
penstocks to a turbine. Discharge is returned to the river.
– Cost of civils for Hydro plants is extremely high, however fuel
cost is extremely low.
– Subject to rainfall and inflows.
• Tidal
– Submerged “wind” Turbine, Sub sea variant of wind turbine,
high stress in blades due to water density.
– Shrouded Turbine, Compact units fouling issues with shroud.
• Predictable generation based on ocean tides and currents.
• Resource often close to urban centres (Buka Passage).
• Immerging Technology still subject to R&D.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 10
The Hydroelectric power station is available from only
a few hundred kW to 700 MW (32 installed at Three
Gorges). Available as Kaplan, Pelton and Francis types.
Construction costs are high due to civil engineering.
11. Renewable Generation Technology
• Solar PV | using Photovoltaic panels solar
radiation is converted to electrical charge,
coupled with inverters and batteries.
• Solar Concentrating | For larger installations
solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors
on to heat absorbing surfaces. These are also
used for cogeneration pre heating.
• Dependent on solar radiation.
• Require back up systems for night time.
• Coupled with Small Reciprocating engines
and FlexGen or Gigacell provides a robust
Hybrid Power option.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 11
The Solar power station is a distributed power system.
Available as Photovoltaic or Concentrating types. Now very
common as a supplement to grid connected systems.
Limited by daylight hours, mitigated by batteries.
12. Renewable Generation Technology
• Energy Storage
– Raid Charge and
Discharge.
– Able to damp short
term power spikes.
– Reduce spinning
reserve.
– Reduce Spare
Capacity.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 12
Island and Renewable power systems lack inertia which is
critical for system stability. Utilisation of modern battery
Inverter systems such as Flexgen and Gigacell allow rapid
charge / discharge power banks to replicate inertia.
13. Capital Cost Considerations
• Power Island
– Modularisation | Packaging of equipment in
to pre assembled fast. Connection reduces
construction site costs.
– KINA/kW (EPC)
• Gas Turbine, 2,200 (1,100 AUD)
• Reciprocating, 2,900 (1,450 AUD)
• Solar, 5,000 (2,500 AUD)
• Hydro, 6,000 (3,000 AUD)
• Coal/ Biomass, 6,000 (3,000 AUD)
• Balance Of Plant (BOP)
– Air Systems
– Fire Systems
– Water Systems
– Transmission & Distribution (T&D)
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 13
14. Capital Cost Considerations
• Fuel Logistics
– Gas transportation by Pipeline, LPG, CNG or LNG. Each has
issues relating to volumes required and capital cost of pre
process equipment. Worldwide Bulk transport by LNG. CNG
expensive due to compression, LPG low volume.
– Fuel oil, readily available from world market for delivery by
ship to port. Access to docks and inland transport may be an
issue.
• Transmission Systems
Typically more cost effective than fuel transport. Initial capital
outlay can be high, subject to terrain and distance.
• Financing (BOO, BOOT)
– In order to reduce balance sheet costs, build own operate
plants are marketed where the provider delivers energy for
the duration of a contract. Pricing is typically split into a
capacity payment and a generation payment (CAPEX, OPEX).
Terms range from 5 to 25 years.
– An enhancement of the BOO adds transfer. In these cases the
equipment is given a residual value to the client after a period
of time (Concession Period). In some cases assist in overall
Kina/kW costs.
– Both BOO and BOOT contracts require some form of offtake
guarantee to allow successful financing by supplier.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 14
10MW Reciprocating
Engine will burn:-
~ 0.374kg/s (900 t/m)
16. Operational Cost Considerations
• Fuel / Heatrate (1MW Plant @ 92.5% per year)
– Liquid 8,400 kJ/KWh (43%)
• Diesel, 1,542t @ AUD 1,010 t (23.32 $/GJ) = $1,557,000
• HFO, 1,584 t @ AUD 625 t (14.64 $/GJ) = $990,000
– Gas 7,763 kJ/KWh (46%)
• CNG, 62.1 TJ @ AUD 10 $/GJ (Ex Trans) = $621,040
• LPG, 666 t @ AUD 980 $/t (Ex Trans) = $1,315,000
– Coal 10,800 kJ/KWh (30%)
• Thermal, 4,405 t @ AUD 80 t (Ex Trans) = $352,428
– Biomass 14,000 kJ/KWh (26%) Price Subjective
• Waste (25% MC), 7,717 t @ AUD 100 t (Ex Trans) = $717,714
• Timber (5% MC), 7,032 t @ AUD 200 t (Ex Trans) = $1,406,596
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 16
17. Operational Cost Considerations
• Labour
– Local Staff | Always preferable to utilise local resource. Allocation
should cover allowances for shifts. Communities are family orientated
and most locals do not have personal transport. Allocate costs for
relocation, accommodation and transport.
– Expatriate Staff | Expats should focus on the transfer of knowledge
and skill. Where possible, tasks should be procedure based for local
transfer. Costs for expat workers in PNG are high. Skillsets are required
initially and for ongoing support.
– Training | Key to project success and integration with social groups is
the upskilling and utilisation of local teams. Training needs to form an
initial and ongoing part of project delivery and operation.
– Accommodation | Lack of affordable accommodation in PNG is an
issue. Locals tend to live away from urban centres adding additional
camp costs. Hotel pricing in the Capital are very high.
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 17
18. Operational Cost Considerations
• Maintenance Regime
– Reciprocating engine (Subject to speed, fuel, duty) (O&M ~$39.5 MWh)
• Weekly / Monthly service for filters and oils
• 6,000 hrs, turbos and top end
• 12,000 Hrs, bearings, pistons and liners
• 24,000 Hrs, rebuild
– Gas Turbine (Subject to environment, duty) (O&M ~$17.8 MWh)
• 10,000 Hrs, Borescope
• 30,000 Hrs, 1st, 2nd row replacement (hot Sec)
• 60,000 Hrs, 3rd row replacement (hot Sec)
– Boilers & Turbines (O&M ~$19.5 MWh)
• 8,000 Hrs, Boiler Inspection, Ash System, Firing Equipment
• 24,000 Hrs, Boiler overhaul
• 48,000 Hrs, Turbine Inspection
25 November 2015 PGEN-COR-1015-PRE-008-0 18
19. Summary
• One solution does not fit all - expect a tailored solution specific to the
project parameters;
• Fuel is critical to cost, equipment selection, operation and maintenance;
• Know your loads and load schedule to allocate spinning reserve and
implement load management strategies;
• Inertia is critical for power stability, especially in larger drives. Design to
accommodate or mitigate;
• Maintain equipment to meet process requirements and life cycle;
• Construct where possible away from site and modularise; and
• Reciprocating engines and gas turbines each have pros and cons which
may best suit differing situations.
25 November 2015 PGEN-TEN-1016-PRE-001-0 19
Additional information available at :
http://www.pgen.com.au
20. 240MW CCGT on Island Grid
25 November 2015 PGEN-TEN-1016-PRE-001-0 20
Editor's Notes
In remote area or island power systems the generation equipment is set up to operate and maintain frequency. As load is added frequency / voltage falls and governors and AVR’s react to restore balance at 50Hz. The inverse happens when frequency increases.
In interconnected systems such as the POM GRID the system as a whole is operated by a system controller whom specifies generation to be supplied or loads to be shed in order to maintain frequency and voltage
The function of an island power system is to maintain levels of availability for both essential and none essential consumers according to client specification. This needs to be done in the most cost effective method.
In interconnected systems, generators are scheduled based on short run marginal cost. Lowest cost generation first on line and then working through a merit order. Scheduling also involves must run equipment such as cogen and trigen. SRMC is a function of both CAPEX and OPEX.