This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS) and some of their key concepts. It discusses what an RDBMS is, what tables, fields, records and other core components are. It also covers normalization, constraints, data integrity and examples of common RDBMS like Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
SQL vs NoSQL, Structured Query Language (SQL)
More rigid and structured way of storing data
Consists of two or more tables with columns and rows
Relationship between tables and field types is called a schema
A well-designed schema minimizes data redundancy and prevents tables from becoming out-of-sync.
NoSQL: Not only SQL
Greater flexibility than their traditional counterparts
Unstructured data from the web
NoSQL databases are document-oriented
Ease of access
Compare the capabilities of the Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Serv.pdfarihantplastictanksh
Compare the capabilities of the Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle’s MySQL, and
Oracle relational database management systems (RDBMSs). Your paper should discuss the
processing speeds, data storage capabilities, maximum users supported, platforms supported,
user interfaces, development tools, vendor support, and cost. Discuss and cite at least two
references in addition to our textbook. Your paper should be 3-5 pages in length (excluding title
and References pages)
Solution
Microsoft Access
Overview:
Microsoft Access is a part of Microsoft Office,
it is commercially available database in the market
Inexpensive/standard on most computers
users can create complex databases
database professionalas can use construct a database
customers of MS-Access:
It is mainly used in small corporate companies or IT Sectors with 1-80 endusers.
Features of MS-Access:
1.It is having GUI Interface for creating databases
2. A databae contains tables, forms, reports, queries, macros.
3. It facilitates autocontent wizards to build tables or forms or reports.
4. It acts as an interface to other DBMS using ODBC
5. It is used for small business companies
6. Provides security like password protection
7. Provides a Data dictionary
8. We can repair the database
9. We can create different views
10. External data can be imported into Access
11. We can create web pages based using the database
12. It has as built in Macro functions
13. It uses Structurered Query Language
14. We can create forms, reports etc by using Visual Basic Application programming
15. Provides Add in controls like calendars
16. It can merged into word and analysed with Excel etc.
Issues:
Security:
User level security is very difficult
Tuning:
It does not have the ability to split over multiple Hard Drives, multiple CPUs or to place tables
into memory.
Locking:
Basic handling of concurrent users Backup and recovery at basic level.
ANSI SQL standard often doesn\'t work,MS-Access has it\'s own modified version of ANSI
SQL.
MySQL
Overview
MySQL is a database engine. It has a command line interface that allows the creation of
database. It Requires Front-end applications to access it for end users. EX:- C#, PHP, Microsoft
ASP.Net.
Typical users
Small companies or workgroups, through to very large Internet databases with large numbers of
users
Ex:wikipedia,Moodle.
Features
1. Speed:One of the fastest databases available
2. Ease of use: when compared to larger databases such as Oracle Uses standard SQL
3. Capability: A multi-threaded server allowing many clients to connect at the same time Fully
networked for the Internet with built in security
4.Portability: Runs on a many operating systems and different hardware
5. Small size: when compared to other large databases e.g. Oracle
6. Availabliity and Cost: Open Source ,Free in most situations to use
7. Open distribution and source code: You can check how it works – if you have the knowledge.
8. interface to other DBMS’s using Open Database Connectivit.
SQL vs NoSQL, Structured Query Language (SQL)
More rigid and structured way of storing data
Consists of two or more tables with columns and rows
Relationship between tables and field types is called a schema
A well-designed schema minimizes data redundancy and prevents tables from becoming out-of-sync.
NoSQL: Not only SQL
Greater flexibility than their traditional counterparts
Unstructured data from the web
NoSQL databases are document-oriented
Ease of access
Compare the capabilities of the Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Serv.pdfarihantplastictanksh
Compare the capabilities of the Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle’s MySQL, and
Oracle relational database management systems (RDBMSs). Your paper should discuss the
processing speeds, data storage capabilities, maximum users supported, platforms supported,
user interfaces, development tools, vendor support, and cost. Discuss and cite at least two
references in addition to our textbook. Your paper should be 3-5 pages in length (excluding title
and References pages)
Solution
Microsoft Access
Overview:
Microsoft Access is a part of Microsoft Office,
it is commercially available database in the market
Inexpensive/standard on most computers
users can create complex databases
database professionalas can use construct a database
customers of MS-Access:
It is mainly used in small corporate companies or IT Sectors with 1-80 endusers.
Features of MS-Access:
1.It is having GUI Interface for creating databases
2. A databae contains tables, forms, reports, queries, macros.
3. It facilitates autocontent wizards to build tables or forms or reports.
4. It acts as an interface to other DBMS using ODBC
5. It is used for small business companies
6. Provides security like password protection
7. Provides a Data dictionary
8. We can repair the database
9. We can create different views
10. External data can be imported into Access
11. We can create web pages based using the database
12. It has as built in Macro functions
13. It uses Structurered Query Language
14. We can create forms, reports etc by using Visual Basic Application programming
15. Provides Add in controls like calendars
16. It can merged into word and analysed with Excel etc.
Issues:
Security:
User level security is very difficult
Tuning:
It does not have the ability to split over multiple Hard Drives, multiple CPUs or to place tables
into memory.
Locking:
Basic handling of concurrent users Backup and recovery at basic level.
ANSI SQL standard often doesn\'t work,MS-Access has it\'s own modified version of ANSI
SQL.
MySQL
Overview
MySQL is a database engine. It has a command line interface that allows the creation of
database. It Requires Front-end applications to access it for end users. EX:- C#, PHP, Microsoft
ASP.Net.
Typical users
Small companies or workgroups, through to very large Internet databases with large numbers of
users
Ex:wikipedia,Moodle.
Features
1. Speed:One of the fastest databases available
2. Ease of use: when compared to larger databases such as Oracle Uses standard SQL
3. Capability: A multi-threaded server allowing many clients to connect at the same time Fully
networked for the Internet with built in security
4.Portability: Runs on a many operating systems and different hardware
5. Small size: when compared to other large databases e.g. Oracle
6. Availabliity and Cost: Open Source ,Free in most situations to use
7. Open distribution and source code: You can check how it works – if you have the knowledge.
8. interface to other DBMS’s using Open Database Connectivit.
A Complete Detailed Guide On The Uses Of SQL.pdfcalltutors
In this blog, you will know about the uses of SQL. So if you want to know more about the uses of SQLin detail then it is very helpful to you.
https://www.calltutors.com/blog/uses-of-sql/
This chapter covers the following:
- What is SQL
- Categories of SQL statements
- History of SQL
- Relational Database Structure
- MySQL Setup for practice
- SQL Basics (Lexical elements, Data types, Literals)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language which is used to manage data stored in relational databases like MySQL, MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres etc.
I published a 1-hour youtube video that covers all the essential topics that are there to know about the Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals DP 900 exam. I made sure to only include relevant exam-related topics and not to bombard you with a lot of irrelevant details at the same time, I wanted to cover the basics of each topic with a demo wherever necessary. I also wanted to validate the content of my video hence, I gave the exam before publishing the video and got an easy 900 marks with just the content I published in this video. If you plan to give this certification exam or are interested in learning Azure data fundamentals DP 900 concepts, feel free to check out this video.
https://youtu.be/jopyoCgQjkM
Please watch the video till the end as I have included important tips and pointers to the exam in each of the topics which would help you with lots of questions in the Microsoft Azure data fundamentals DP 900 exam.
This video is sufficient for you to pass the exam. Good luck!
A Complete Detailed Guide On The Uses Of SQL.pdfcalltutors
In this blog, you will know about the uses of SQL. So if you want to know more about the uses of SQLin detail then it is very helpful to you.
https://www.calltutors.com/blog/uses-of-sql/
This chapter covers the following:
- What is SQL
- Categories of SQL statements
- History of SQL
- Relational Database Structure
- MySQL Setup for practice
- SQL Basics (Lexical elements, Data types, Literals)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language which is used to manage data stored in relational databases like MySQL, MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres etc.
I published a 1-hour youtube video that covers all the essential topics that are there to know about the Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals DP 900 exam. I made sure to only include relevant exam-related topics and not to bombard you with a lot of irrelevant details at the same time, I wanted to cover the basics of each topic with a demo wherever necessary. I also wanted to validate the content of my video hence, I gave the exam before publishing the video and got an easy 900 marks with just the content I published in this video. If you plan to give this certification exam or are interested in learning Azure data fundamentals DP 900 concepts, feel free to check out this video.
https://youtu.be/jopyoCgQjkM
Please watch the video till the end as I have included important tips and pointers to the exam in each of the topics which would help you with lots of questions in the Microsoft Azure data fundamentals DP 900 exam.
This video is sufficient for you to pass the exam. Good luck!
Database Slides for DIT students
Slide 3: A Database is defined as a structured set of data. So, in SQL the very first step to store the data in a well-structured manner is to create a database. The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new database in SQL.
Slide 4: Example CREATE DATABASE my_database ;
Slide 5: *create a table in SQL*
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in SQL.
A table comprises of rows and columns
So, while creating tables we have to provide all the information to SQL about the names of the columns, type of data to be stored in columns, size of the data etc.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 data_type(size), column2 data_type(size),
column3 data_type(size), .... );
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. WHAT
IS
RDBM
S?
RDBMS stands for Relational
Database Management System.
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all
modern database systems like MS SQL
Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and
Microsoft Access.
A Relational database management
system (RDBMS) is a database
management system (DBMS) that is
based on the relational model as
introduced by E. F. Codd.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
3. WHAT
IS A
TABLE
?
The data in an RDBMS is stored in
database objects which are called as
tables. This table is basically a
collection of related data entries and it
consists of numerous columns and
rows.
Remember, a table is the most
common and simplest form of data
storage in a relational database
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
4. TABLE
EXAMP
LE
ID NAME CLASS CITY
1 Aiman CIT Sobhodero
2 Suleman DIT-I Kumb
3 Mariam DIT-II Lahore
4 Adnan CIT Moro
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
5. WHAT IS A
FIELD?
Every table is broken up into smaller entries
called fields. The fields in the CUSTOMERS
table consist of ID, NAME, Class and City
A field is a column in a table that is designed
to maintain specific information about every
record in the table.
ID
NAME
CLASS
CITY
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
6. WHAT IS A
RECORD OR
A ROW?
A record is also called as a
row of data is each individual
entry that exists in a table.
For example, this table has 4
records.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
7. WHAT IS A
COLUMN
A column is a vertical entity in a table
that contains all information associated
with a specific field in a table.
Example, in out table this Column has
the names of all the entities in our table
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
8. WHAT IS A NULL
VALUE?
A NULL value in a table is a value in a field that appears to be blank,
which means a field with a NULL value is a field with no value.
It is very important to understand that a NULL value is different than
a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a NULL
value is the one that has been left blank during a record creation.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
9. SQL CONSTRAINTS
Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on a table.
These are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This
ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the database.
Constraints can either be column level or table level. Column level
constraints are applied only to one column whereas, table level
constraints are applied to the entire table.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
10. COMMON SQL
CONSTRAINS
NOT NULL Constraint −
Ensures that a column
cannot have a NULL
value.
DEFAULT Constraint −
Provides a default
value for a column
when none is
specified.
UNIQUE Constraint −
Ensures that all the
values in a column are
different.
PRIMARY Key −
Uniquely identifies
each row/record in a
database table.
FOREIGN Key −
Uniquely identifies a
row/record in any
another database
table.
CHECK Constraint −
The CHECK constraint
ensures that all values
in a column satisfy
certain conditions.
INDEX − Used to
create and retrieve
data from the
database very quickly.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
11. DATA INTEGRITY
Entity Integrity − There are no duplicate rows in a table.
Domain Integrity − Enforces valid entries for a given column by
restricting the type, the format, or the range of values.
Referential integrity − Rows cannot be deleted, which are used by
other records.
User-Defined Integrity − Enforces some specific business rules that
do not fall into entity, domain or referential integrity.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
12. DATABASE
NORMALIZATION
Database normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data
in a database. There are two reasons of this normalization process
1. Eliminating redundant data, for example, storing the same data
in more than one table.
2. Ensuring data dependencies make sense.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
13. FORMS OF
NORMALIZATION
Both these reasons are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of
space a database consumes and ensures that data is logically
stored. Normalization consists of a series of guidelines that help
guide you in creating a good database structure.
Normalization guidelines are divided into normal forms; think of a
form as the format or the way a database structure is laid out. The
aim of normal forms is to organize the database structure, so that it
complies with the rules of first normal form, then second normal
form and finally the third normal form.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
14. FORMS OF
NORMALIZATION
• First Normal Form 1nF
• Second Normal Form 2nF
• Third Normal Form 3nF
It is your choice to take it further and go to the fourth normal form,
fifth normal form and so on, but in general, the third normal form is
more than enough.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
15. MS ACCESS
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
16. MS ACCESS
This is one of the most popular Microsoft products. Microsoft Access
is an entry-level database management software. MS Access
database is not only inexpensive but also a powerful database for
small-scale projects.
MS Access uses the Jet database engine, which utilizes a specific
SQL language dialect (sometimes referred to as Jet SQL).
MS Access comes with the professional edition of MS Office
package. MS Access has easyto-use intuitive graphical interface.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
17. VERSIONS OF MS
ACCESS
• 1992 - Access version 1.0 was released.
• 1993 - Access 1.1 released to improve compatibility with
inclusion the Access Basic programming language.
• The most significant transition was from Access 97 to Access
2000.
• 2007 - Access 2007, a new database format was introduced
ACCDB which supports complex data types such as multi valued
and attachment fields.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
18. FEATURES OF MS
ACCESS
• Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports and connect them
together with macros.
• Option of importing and exporting the data to many formats including
Excel, Outlook, ASCII, dBase, Paradox, FoxPro, SQL Server, Oracle,
ODBC, etc.
• There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access
2007), which can contain the application and data in one file. This
makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another
user, who can run it in disconnected environments.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
19. FEATURES OF MS
ACCESS
• Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and
Access tables can be referenced from other programs like VB6 and
.NET through DAO or ADO.
• The desktop editions of Microsoft SQL Server can be used with Access
as an alternative to the Jet Database Engine.
• Microsoft Access is a file server-based database. Unlike the client-
server relational database management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft
Access does not implement database triggers, stored procedures or
transaction logging.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
20. MS SQL SERVER
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
21. MS SQL SERVER
MS SQL Server is a Relational Database Management System
developed by Microsoft Inc. Its primary query languages are −
• T-SQL
• ANSI SQL
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
22. HISTORY
1987 - Sybase releases SQL Server for UNIX.
1988 - Microsoft, Sybase, and Aston-Tate port SQL Server to OS/2.
1989 - Microsoft, Sybase, and Aston-Tate release SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2.
1990 - SQL Server 1.1 is released with support for Windows 3.0 clients.
Aston - Tate drops out of SQL Server development.
2000 - Microsoft releases SQL Server 2000.
2001 - Microsoft releases XML for SQL Server Web Release 1 (download).
2002 - Microsoft releases SQLXML 2.0 (renamed from XML for SQL Server).
2002 - Microsoft releases SQLXML 3.0.
2005 - Microsoft releases SQL Server 2005 on November 7th, 2005.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
23. MILESTONES
• MS SQL Server for OS/2 began as a project to port Sybase SQL Server onto OS/2 in 1989, by Sybase,
Ashton-Tate, and Microsoft.
• SQL Server 4.2 for NT is released in 1993, marking the entry onto Windows NT.
• SQL Server 6.0 is released in 1995, marking the end of collaboration with Sybase; Sybase would
continue developing their own variant of SQL Server, Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise, independently
of Microsoft.
• SQL Server 7.0 is released in 1998, marking the conversion of the source code from C to C++.
• SQL Server 2005, released in 2005, finishes the complete revision of the old Sybase code into
Microsoft code.
• SQL Server 2012, released in 2012, adds columnar in-memory storage aka xVelocity.
• SQL Server 2017, released in 2017, adds Linux support for these Linux platforms: Red Hat Enterprise
Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, Ubuntu & Docker Engine.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
24. CURRENTLY
As of May 2021, the following versions are supported by Microsoft:
• SQL Server 2012
• SQL Server 2014
• SQL Server 2016
• SQL Server 2017
• SQL Server 2019
From SQL Server 2016 onward, the product is supported on x64 processors only.
The current version is Microsoft SQL Server 2019, released November 4, 2019. The
RTM version is 15.0.2000.5.[
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
25. FEATURES
• High Performance
• High Availability
• Database mirroring
• Database snapshots
• CLR integration
• Service Broker
• DDL triggers
• Ranking functions
• Row version-based isolation
levels
• XML integration
• TRY...CATCH
• Database Mail
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
26. MYSQL
• MySQL is an open source SQL database, which is developed by a
Swedish company – MySQL AB. MySQL is pronounced as "my ess-que-
ell," in contrast with SQL, pronounced "sequel."
• MySQL is supporting many different platforms including Microsoft
Windows, the major Linux distributions, UNIX, and Mac OS X.
• MySQL has free and paid versions, depending on its usage (non-
commercial/commercial) and features. MySQL comes with a very fast,
multi-threaded, multi-user and robust SQL database server.
BY: MS. RUBAB FOR DIT
