The measurement of the flow using the differential pressure apparatus is commonly used in the industry, so it is important to know how to calculate the flow rate through an orifice
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Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
This presentation is made to explain the best port locations on various 2D geometries to measure Angle of Attack as a function of Pressure Differential
To theoretically analyze the effects of Angle of Attack on Pressure Difference on airfoil.
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The measurement of the flow using the differential pressure apparatus is commonly used in the industry, so it is important to know how to calculate the flow rate through an orifice
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Section: Distillation
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This presentation is made to explain the best port locations on various 2D geometries to measure Angle of Attack as a function of Pressure Differential
To theoretically analyze the effects of Angle of Attack on Pressure Difference on airfoil.
To suggest the best port location on different airfoils, in order to install Pressure Differential Angle of Attack measuring instrument on them
SPLIT SECOND ANALYSIS COVERING HIGH PRESSURE GAS FLOW DYNAMICS AT PIPE OUTLET...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in high pressure gas flow condition
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologyIJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
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Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
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1. L2. Sewer Hydraulics
The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering- ECIV 4325
Based on Dr. Fahid Rabah lecture notes
2. HGL
HGL
HGL
h
L
Gravity flow: full flow Gravity flow: Partial flow Pressure flow: full flow
S= HGL = slope of the
sewer
R = Af/Pf = D/4
S= HGL = slope of the
sewer
R =Ap/Pp
S= h/L = slope of the HGL
R=D/4
Sewer Hydraulics
3. Many formulas are used to solve the flow parameters in sewers were discussed in the
hydraulic course. The most used formula for sanitary sewers is Manning equation:
2
1
3
2
1
SR
n
V = …………………………………………………. …...(1)
2
1
3
8
312.0
SD
n
Q = ………………………………………………...(2)
Note: Equation 1 is used for calculating
the velocity in pipes either flowing full or
partially full. Equation 2 same for flow
rate.
R = Hydraulic radius (Area/ wetted parameter)
S = slope.
n = manning coefficient.
D = pipe diameter.
Q = flow rate.
2
1
3
21
S
f
R
nf
V = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… ..(3)
2
1
3
21
SpR
npV = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … .(4)
Vƒ=velocity flowing full
VP=velocity flowing partially
Note: Equations 3 and 4 are the same as Equation 1, but they are written using the
subscript (ƒ) and (P), to indicate flowing full and partially full, respectively:
Manning equation
4. In sanitary sewers the flow is not constant; consequently the depth of flow is varying
as mentioned above. In this case it is difficult to find the hydraulic radius to apply
Manning’s equation. For partially full pipe the following relations are applied:
−=
2
cos1
2
1 θ
D
d
……………………… (5)
−=
π
θθ
2360
Sin
Af
Ap
…………………… (6)
−=
πθ
θ
2
360
1
Sin
Rf
Rp
……………………..(7)
3
2
=
f
p
f
p
R
R
V
V
…………………………… (8)
=
ff
pp
f
p
VA
VA
Q
Q
………………………….(9)
d = partial flow depth.
R = Hydraulic radius (P = partial, ƒ = full)
Ө = flow angle in degrees.
Maximum capacity of the pipe when d/D = 0.95
A = Flow area.
Maximum velocity in the pipe occurs at d/D=0.81
Ө
d
D
d
D
Ө
5. Example 1
Find the diameter of the pipe required to carry a design flow of 0.186 m3/s when
flowing partially, d/D = 0.67, slope = 0.4%, n = 0.013 use the relations of partial
flow. Solution
1. Find the flow angle : ?
−=
2
cos1
2
1 θ
D
d
= 0.67
From this relation ? = 219.75o
2. Find Qp/Qƒ :
−=
πθ
θ
2
360
1
Sin
Rf
Rp
=
( )
−
75.2192
75.219360
1
π
Sin
= 1.167
−=
π
θθ
2360
Sin
Af
Ap
=
−
π2
75.219
360
75.219 Sin
= 0.712
3
2
=
f
p
f
p
R
R
V
V
= (1.167)2/3
= 1.1088
=
ff
pp
f
p
VA
VA
Q
Q
= 0.712*1.1088 = 0.789
d
D
Ө
6. 4. Find the diameter of the pipe (D):
2
1
3
8
312.0
SD
nf
Q = = ( )
2
1
004.0
8
013.0
312.0 3D = 0.2355
D = (0.15517)3/8
= 0.497 ? 0.50m ? 20" (design pipe diameter)
5. Find the partial flow velocity (VP):
2
1
3
21
S
f
R
nf
V = = ( )
2
1
3
2
004.0
4
497.0
013.0
1
=
f
V = 1.203 m/s
f
V
f
Q
f
A = =
203.1
2355.0
= 0.196 m2
(or
4
2D
f
A
π
= )
Ap = Aƒ *0.712 = 0.196* 0.712 = 0.139 m2
Vp = Vƒ *1.109 = 1.203*1.109= 1.33 m/s
3. Calculate Qƒ:
Qƒ =
789.0
P
Q
=
789.0
186.0
= 0.2355 m3
/s
It is noticed that it is
quite long procedure to
go through the above
calculations for each
pipe in the system of
large numbers of pipes.
The alternative
procedure is to use the
nomographs of
Mannings equation and
the partial flow curves.
7. Example 2
Find the diameter of the pipe required to carry a design flow of 0.186 m3/s when
flowing partially, d/D = 0.67, slope = 0.4%, n = 0.013 using the nomographs
and partial flow curves .
Solution
From partial flow curves:
• Start from the Y-axis with 67.0=⇒
D
d
, and draw a
horizontal line until you intersect the Q curve (for n = constant,
the dashed line), then draw a vertical line to intersect the X-
axis at .78.0=⇒
f
Q
P
Q
• Extend the horizontal line until it intersects the velocity curve,
then draw a vertical line to intersect the X-axis (for n =
constant, the dashed line) at 12.1=⇒
f
V
P
V
.
•Calculate Qƒ :
78.0
P
Q
f
Q =⇒ = 238.0
78.0
186.0
= m3
/s
8. Use the nomographs for pipes flowing full to find D:
• Locate the slope ( 0.004) on the “S” axis.
• Locate the manning coefficient “n” ( 0.013) on the “n” axis.
• Draw a line connecting “S” and “n” and extended it until it intersects
the Turning Line.
• Locate the Qƒ ( 0.238 m3
/s) on the “Q” axis.
• Draw a line connecting “Qƒ” and the point of intersection on the
Turning Line and find the diameter “D” by reading the value that this
line intersect the D axis at. D = 500 mm = 20”.
• find the Velocity “Vƒ” by reading the value that this line intersect the V
axis at. Vƒ = 1.2 m/s.
• Calculate Vp = Vƒ * 1.12 = 1.2*1.12= 1.34 m/s.