A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in high pressure gas flow condition
Gas lift system is optimized by use of PVT data combined with fluid and multiphase flow correlations. The aim of project is to develop a generalized program that eliminate the use of synthetic Gradient curves and sensitivity of system with respect to each parameter can be analyzed easily. The project is mainly based on two pressure gradient models; one is single phase flow of compressible fluids (gas) and second is multi-phase correlation developed by Hagedorn and Brown3 including Griffith correction4 of bubble flow particularly for vertical wellbores. Different but appropriate PVT correlations are adopted to suit the condition. The project is divided into two parts, first is developing single Gas lift diagram and second is multiple Gas lift diagrams which facilitate to derive Equilibrium curve, usually use to have idea of unloading valves at different depths with varying flowrates
Gas lift system is optimized by use of PVT data combined with fluid and multiphase flow correlations. The aim of project is to develop a generalized program that eliminate the use of synthetic Gradient curves and sensitivity of system with respect to each parameter can be analyzed easily. The project is mainly based on two pressure gradient models; one is single phase flow of compressible fluids (gas) and second is multi-phase correlation developed by Hagedorn and Brown3 including Griffith correction4 of bubble flow particularly for vertical wellbores. Different but appropriate PVT correlations are adopted to suit the condition. The project is divided into two parts, first is developing single Gas lift diagram and second is multiple Gas lift diagrams which facilitate to derive Equilibrium curve, usually use to have idea of unloading valves at different depths with varying flowrates
I am Moffat K. I am a Hydraulic Engineering Assignment Expert at eduassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Engineering, from Harvard University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 8 years. I solve assignments related to Hydraulic Engineering.
Visit eduassignmenthelp.com or email info@eduassignmenthelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Hydraulic Engineering Assignments.
Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convective Flow inside a Straight Pipe and B...iosrjce
The present study deals with a numerical investigation of steady laminar and turbulent mixed
convection heat transfer in a horizontal pipe and bend pipe using air as the working fluid.The thermal boundary
condition chosen is that of uniform temperature at the outer wall. Computations were performed to investigate
the effect of inlet Rayleigh number and Reynolds number in the velocity and temperature profile at inside of the
pipe. The secondary flow is more intense in the upper part of the cross-section. It increases throughout the
cross-section until its intensity reaches a maximum, and then it becomes weak at far downstream. For the
horizontal pipe the value of the L/D ratio becomes more than 10 the secondary flow effects are neutralized and
the velocity profile almost become constant throughout.
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics as a tool for improved prediction of press...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
I am Moffat K. I am a Hydraulic Engineering Assignment Expert at eduassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Engineering, from Harvard University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 8 years. I solve assignments related to Hydraulic Engineering.
Visit eduassignmenthelp.com or email info@eduassignmenthelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Hydraulic Engineering Assignments.
Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convective Flow inside a Straight Pipe and B...iosrjce
The present study deals with a numerical investigation of steady laminar and turbulent mixed
convection heat transfer in a horizontal pipe and bend pipe using air as the working fluid.The thermal boundary
condition chosen is that of uniform temperature at the outer wall. Computations were performed to investigate
the effect of inlet Rayleigh number and Reynolds number in the velocity and temperature profile at inside of the
pipe. The secondary flow is more intense in the upper part of the cross-section. It increases throughout the
cross-section until its intensity reaches a maximum, and then it becomes weak at far downstream. For the
horizontal pipe the value of the L/D ratio becomes more than 10 the secondary flow effects are neutralized and
the velocity profile almost become constant throughout.
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics as a tool for improved prediction of press...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
An Offshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Model and Analysis for the Pred...IOSRJAC
The purpose of this paper is to model and analyze an existing natural gas transmission pipeline – the 24-inch, 5km gas export pipeline of the Amenam-Kpono field, Niger Delta, Nigeria – to determine properties such as pressure, temperature, density, flow velocity and, in particular, dew point, occurring at different segments of the pipeline, and to compare these with normal pipeline conditions in order to identify the segments most susceptible to condensation/hydrate formation so that cost-effective and efficient preventive/remedial actions can be taken. The analysis shows that high pressure and low temperature favor condensation/hydrate formation, and that because these conditions are more likely in the lower half of the pipeline system, remedial/preventive measures such as heating/insulation and inhibition injection should be channeled into that segment for cost optimization..
Numerical Calculation of Solid-Liquid two-Phase Flow Inside a Small Sewage Pumptheijes
Based on a mixture multiphase flow model,theRNG k–εturbulencemodelandfrozen rotor method were used to perform a numerical simulation of steady flow in the internal flow field of a sewage pump that transports solid and liquid phase flows. Resultsof the study indicate that the degree of wear on the front and the back of the blade suction surface from different densities of solid particles shows a completely opposite influencing trend. With the increase of delivered solid-phase density, the isobaric equilibrium position moves to the leading edge point of the blade, but the solid-phase isoconcentration point on the blade pressure surface and suction surface basically remains unchanged. The difference between hydraulic lift and water lift indelivering solid- and liquid-phase flows shows a rising trend with the increase of working flow
Heat Transfer Analysis of Refrigerant Flow in an Evaporator TubeIJMER
the paper aim is to presenting the heat transfer analysis of refrigerant flow in an evaporator
tube is done. The main objective of this paper is to find the length of the evaporator tube for a pre-defined
refrigerant inlet state such that the refrigerant at the tube outlet is superheated. The problem involves
refrigerant flowing inside a straight, horizontal copper tube over which water is in cross flow. Inlet
condition of the both fluids and evaporator tube detail except its length are specified. here pressure and
enthalpy at discrete points along the tube are calculated by using two-phase frictional pressure drop model.
Predicted values were compared using another different pressure drop model. A computer-code using
Turbo C has been developed for performing the entire calculation
Atmospheric turbulent layer simulation for cfd unsteady inlet conditionsStephane Meteodyn
The aim of this work is to bridge the gap between experimental approaches in wind tunnel testing and numerical computations, in the field of structural design against strong winds. This paper focuses on the generation of an unsteady flow field, representative of a natural wind field, but still compatible with CFD inlet requirements. A simple and “naïve” procedure is explained, and the results are successfully compared to some standards.
Diffusers are extensively used in centrifugal
compressors, axial flow compressors, ram jets, combustion
chambers, inlet portions of jet engines and etc. A small change in
pressure recovery can increases the efficiency significantly.
Therefore diffusers are absolutely essential for good turbo
machinery performance. The geometric limitations in aircraft
applications where the diffusers need to be specially designed so
as to achieve maximum pressure recovery and avoiding flow
separation.
The study behind the investigation of flow separation in a planar
diffuser by varying the diffuser taper angle for axisymmetric
expansion. Numerical solution of 2D axisymmetric diffuser model
is validated for skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient
along upper and bottom wall surfaces with the experimental
results of planar diffuser predicted by Vance Dippold and
Nicholas J. Georgiadis in NASA research center [2]
.
Further the diffuser taper angle is varied for other different
angles and results shows the effect of flow separation were it is
reduces i.e., for what angle and at which angle it is just avoided.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
concentration distribution and temperature distribution are evaluated. The obtained results exhibit that
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
In Databases one of the active research fields is mapping relational databases (RDB) into Resource
Description Framework (RDF). An enormous data is kept in the form of relational databases and accessing
of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHN...AEIJjournal2
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity C...AEIJjournal2
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
A MODIFIED ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEMAEIJjournal2
Solving the unit commitment (UC) problem is one of the most complicated issues in power systems that its
exact solving can be calculated by perfect counting of entire possible compounds of generative units. UC is
equated as a nonlinear optimization with huge size. Purpose of solving this problem is to programming the
optimization of the generative units to minimize the full action cost regarding problem constraints. In this
article, a modified version of ant colony optimization (MACO) is introduced for solving the UC problem in
a power system. ACO algorithm is a powerful optimization method which has the capability of fleeing from
local minimums by performing flexible memory system. The efficiency of proposed method in two power
system containing 4 and 10 generative units is indicated. Comparison of obtained results from the proposed
method with results of the past well-known methods is a proof for suitability of performing the introduced
algorithm in economic input and output of generative units.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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SPLIT SECOND ANALYSIS COVERING HIGH PRESSURE GAS FLOW DYNAMICS AT PIPE OUTLET – MATHEMATICAL / CFD INVESTIGATION.
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
DOI : 10.5121/aeij.2015.2401 1
SPLIT SECOND ANALYSIS COVERING HIGH
PRESSURE GAS FLOW DYNAMICS AT PIPE
OUTLET – MATHEMATICAL / CFD
INVESTIGATION.
Ali Hasan
KEO International Consulting Engineers POB 18108
ABSTRACT
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
1. INTRODUCTION
Whether it’s an engine exhaust pipe or a compressed pressure vessel discharging through a pipe
into the atmosphere, Fanno equations are important. Fanno flow refers to adiabatic flow in a pipe
or duct where wall friction effects are considered. According to Equations
EthirajanRathakrishnan 2008 [1], friction has the net effect of accelerating a subsonic stream, and
causes a rise in static pressure at supersonic speeds
Published mathematical equations associated with high pressure flow taking into account fluid
and thermodynamic effects can be used to resolve high pressure gas flow characteristics in pipes.
EthirajanRathakrishnan 2008 [1] explains how viscous effects (friction) may have decisive effects
on the resultant flow where high speed flow travelling through passages of sufficient length,
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
2
using mathematical equations to demonstrate such effects. Such equations are relatively easy to
use and provide final steady state results. That’s where the advantages of CFD analysis surface, in
that, a detailed “split second” investigation can be carried out and basically providing graphical
images of what actually takes place over a period of time.
The investigation has shown that when transient analysis is run, a spiked change in mass flow rate
occurs in the outlet, and then almost immediately stabilizing with minor repel effects occurring at
the outlet.
Possible examples applications of such simulation in relation to the HVAC industry; over
pressure refrigerant discharge (through a pipe) from a chiller, and any high pressure fluid gas
flowing through a pipe and discharging into the atmosphere.
High pressure flow in pipes – gas dynamics
An example highlighting the importance of Fanno flow conditions is given in a paper by Marco
Cioffi (2013) [2]; blow-off lines in axial gas turbines are analyzed by adopting an adiabatic quasi-
one-dimensional model of the gas flow through a pipe with a constant cross-sectional area and
involving geometrical singularities (Fanno flow). Blow-off lines are installed to avoid dangerous
flow instabilities during start-up and shut-downs.
B. S. Massey 1983 [3] refers to work carried out by Gino GirolamoFanno an Italian mechanical
engineer who developed the Fanno flow model. Fanno flow refers to adiabatic flow through a
pipe/duct of constant cross sectional area. Flow is assumed to be steady and that no mass or
external work is added. Friction and compressibility effects play a role in determining the end
flow result.
In a sufficiently long pipe/duct with an upstream M>1, deceleration occurs and the flow can
become choked. On the other hand, M<1, acceleration occurs and the flow can become choked.
B.S. Massey 1983 [3] also states that maximum entropy occurs at M=1.
Y. Nakayama 2000 [4] states, since an actual flow of compressible fluid in pipe lines and similar
conduits is always affected by the friction between the fixed wall and the fluid, it can be adiabatic
but not isentropic. Such an adiabatic but irreversible (i.e. non-isentropic) flow is called Fanno
flow.
Victor l Streeter 1962 [6] describes how the equations of state can be developed,
Entropy equation for adiabatic flow with no change in elevation;
S – d1 = cvln[(p/p1) (ρ1/ρ)k
]
(a)
The energy equation for adiabatic flow with no change in elevation;
H0 = h + V2
/2 (b)
Continuity equation for no change in area;
G = ρV (c)
Linking (a) and (b) to obtain equation of state, gives;
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
3
h= cpT = cpp/Rρ (d)
By eliminating p, ρ, and V from equations (a) to (d), the following h-s equation can be produced:
-
S=s1 + cvln[(ρ1/p1) (R/cp) (√2/)ܩk-1
] + cvln[h(h0-h)(k-1)/2
] (f)
Assumptions made in developing equations (discussedabove); adiabatic but irreversible (i.e. non-
isentropic).
The above equation was used to plot enthalpyagainstentropy or h-s diagram. The Fanno curve
reaches a maximum entropy at h=0.833 at which the flow is choked. Fanno curve shown in
Appendix indicates states for a given Fanno flow condition. According to R.S. Brodkey1995 [7],
each point on the Fanno curve represents a different momentum value, and that the change in
momentum is attributed to the effects of friction.
A solved problem given by EthirajanRathakrishnan2008 [1]is shown in the following paragraph.
The section CFD model, shows how such analysis can be performed using CFD, while the
discussions sections explains what CFD can add to mathematically calculated results.
Consider the pipe dimensions given in Fig 1, with 13.8 bar pressure applied at the inlet, and
discharging at the outlet at 0 gauge pressure. Inlet temperature 310 K. Pipe wall friction 0.005.
The calculations will determine what pipe length will produce 2.25 kg/s (4.95 lb/s) mass flow rate
at the outlet. Thus demonstrating through calculations how Fanno equations works, and then start
CFD simulation for results comparison.
Let the subscripts 1 & 2 refer to conditions at entry and exit of the pipe, respectively.
ṁ = 2.25 kg/s (4.95 lb/s)
G =
ṁ
=
ଶ.ଶହ
ቀ
ഏ
ర
ቁሺ.ହ)^ଶ
= 0.1146e4 kg/s-m2
(1.57 lb/s-in2
)
G = p1M1ሺ
Ύ
ோ்ଵ
)1/2
= p2M2ሺ
Ύ
ோ்ଶ
)1/2
= constant
Now, p1M1ሺ
Ύ
ோ்ଵ
)1/2
= G
Can be rewritten
(p1/p0)ሺ
ଵ
)1/2
M1= ሺ
ோ
)1/2
G (T0
1/2
/p0) = (RT1 Ύ)1/2
/ Ύ= G/p0
(i)
=
ଷହଶ.ଽ
ଵ.ସ
×
.ଵଵସସ
ଵ.ସଵଷ.଼ହ
0.209
The LHS of equation (i) has three parameters and out of them the pressure ratio and temperature
ratio are uniquely related to Mach number. By trials, we can solve this equation as follows: Let
M1 = 0.21. Then;
LHS =
.ଶଵ ×.ଽଽ
√.ଽଽଵଷ
= 0.2045
LHS < RHS
Let M1 =0.22, then;
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
4
LHS =
.ଶଶ ×.ଽ଼
√.ଽଽସ
= 0.2137
LHS > RHS
Hence, M1 lies between 0.21 and 0.22. For M1 = 0.213, LHS is nearly equal to RHS. Therefore,
M1 = 0.213 can be taken as the correct solution. For this value of M1, p1/p0 = 0.969, p1/p* = 5.12
Thus, p1 = 13.37e5 Pa, & P* = 2.611e5 Pa
For M1 = 0.213, use the flow equation 4f(lmax)/D = 12.11
lmax =
ଵଶ.ଵଵ ×.ହ
ସ ×.ହ
m
lmax = 30.275 m (99.302 ft)
Now we can start the CFD simulation in the following section.
CFD model
Model was prepared as shown in Fig 1. A CFD analysis was carried out using Fluent software
with the following assumptions and settings;
(A) Pipe length and dimensions were assumed as shown in Fig 1. Rather than starting with
figures on input pressure and required outlet flow, to calculate the pipe length. In this
section “reverse calculations” were made, that is starting with the calculated pipe length
of 30.275 m (99.302 ft), and input pressure of 13.8 bar, and obtain a CFD derived figure
on pipe outlet flow rate. This will allow for a comparison between the CFD results and
the worked out problem shown in the above section.
(B) Air as an ideal gaswas assumed.
(C) K-omega model was used, this model works well where adverse pressure gradients exist
as expected in this simulation. Brian Spalding 2014 [5] describes the model as being
suitable where adverse pressure gradients exist and numerically very stable, and that it
tends to produce converged solutions more rapidly than the k-epsilon model.
(D.)Meshing use an Inflation mesh tool with default settings. This is important and
contributes to stable numerical processing. See Fig 1 for details on inflated mesh layers
along the pipe wall.
(E) Number of cells used 9,380,950. Mesh Metrics – Element Quality; Minimum element
Jacobian 0.10, Maximum Element Jacobian1.00, Average Element Jacobian 0.53,
Standard Deviation0.25. An Element Jacobian close to 1 indicates a good element
quality, while an Element Jacobian close to 0 indicates a poor element quality.
(F) Settings not mentioned in this paper can be left at software default settings.
(G) Transient analysis was assumed with 70 time steps, each time step 0.05s.
(H) Pipe wall friction coefficient, 0.005, similar to what is used in the worked out example
shown in the above section.
(I) Adiabatic simulation considered.
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
5
RESULTS
Graphical and numerical results were generated using the software post processor.Figures 2 to 4
show graphical results covering; mass flow rate, pressure, and TKE at outlet.
Comparing mass flow rate results obtained using the solved problem, and CFD has shown that a
difference of 20.0 % exists, calculated as follows: -
݉ܽܦܨܥ ݃݊݅ݏݑ ݁ݐܽݎ ݓ݈݂ ݏݏ − ݉ܽ ݏ݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ ݃݊݅ݏݑ ݁ܽݎ ݓ݈݂ ݏݏ
݉ܽݏ݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ ݃݊݅ݏݑ ݁ݐܽݎ ݓ݈݂ ݏݏ
× 100
ሺଶ.ଽିଶ.ଶହ)
ଶ.ଶହ
× 100 = 20.0 %
The 2.25 kg/s mass flow rate was calculated in the example calculation shown in the section on
High pressure flow in pipes – gas dynamics. Therefore, the two methods can now be assessed for
possible errors.
DISCUSSIONS
The following observationsare discussed in this section: -
Fanno curves and equations are connected with stable or final conditions. In real life this is not
the case, transient flow occurs. Fluid gas flow characteristics and physical conditions are
influenced, as it was observed in this CFD investigation. In this paper a transient flow simulation
was considered over a period of 3.5 seconds. This has revealed the following observations made
at the pipe outlet: -
Figure 2 shows the mass flow rate at the outlet beginning with a “spiked” flow. Relatively
significant fluctuations exist up to time step 40, and then relatively non-significant fluctuations
observed at time step 40 and beyond.
Figure 3 shows that in the beginning of transient analysis the outlet pressure is high, and then
begins to drop, and eventually stabilize after 70 time steps, that is 70 × 0.05 s = 3.5 s. Type of
curve can be described as an exponential decay. Where the pressure value gets smaller and
smaller as the time step increases, with the curve never cuts through the x-axis.
Figure 4 shows that TKE levels at the beginning are low, and then peak at 15 time steps, that is 15
× 0.05 s = 2.5 s. This plot indicates the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies
in turbulent flow which is known as the turbulence kinetic energy, at the outlet. According to
Bengt Anderson 2012 [8], the intensities of velocity fluctuations in different directions can be
measured in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass, expressed as follows: -
TKE =
ଵ
ଶ
{(u1
2
) + (u2
2
) + (u3
2
)}
Simulation confirms what was stated by Brain Spalding 2014 [3] regarding the performance of
the k-omega turbulence model and its suitability in handling adverse pressure conditions, as
discussed in the CFD model section.
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
6
On the basis of referenced information and this analysis Fanno flow conditions must be
considered for accurate gas dynamics calculations. CFD and theoretical methods are both
important and knowing that possible differences can exist. The designer must therefore, carefully
assess what methods to choose, whether it’s a CFD or the theoretical equation. As mentioned in
the example reference by Marco Cioffi (2013) [2], “Blow-off lines are installed to avoid
dangerous flow instabilities during start-up and shut-downs.” S.M. Yahya (2003) [9] notes that
Fanno flow occurs in a number of practical situations, such as; flow process occurring in gas
ducts of aircraft engines, air-conditioning systems. Steam pipe lines in power plants and other
industrial applications where pipes are insulated to minimize heat loss and therefore (can be
assumed adiabatic), Fanno flow conditions can be applied. Particularly in long ducts/pipes where
wall frictions can significantly effect fluid parameters.
CONCLUSION
Investigations have shown how CFD can be used to predict Fanno flow conditions, rather than
using the equations developed by Fanno. The CFD analysis has shown how a transient flow
simulation can provide a wider understanding of what happens in such flow conditions. Careful
considerations given to Fanno flow conditions can be important in avoiding dangerous flow
instabilities depending on nature of application.
Steady state conditions can be calculated using the Fanno flow condition, however, in real life
transient flow conditions occur, and therefore CFD is recommended.
CFD analysis showed that the flow pressure at the pipe outlet can be represented in the form of an
exponential decay curve.
Turbulence Kinetic Energybegins at high levels coinciding with relatively spiked mass flow rates,
and high pressure levels, and then reduced to lower levels as time moves on.
A difference of 20% occurred between the calculated mass flow rates figures, using CFD and the
Fanno flow condition equation method.
CFD processor stabilized while processing at an early stage using the k-omega turbulence model.
It is essential that an inflated mesh layer is established along the pipe wall.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to;
- Prof EthirajanRathakrishnan 2008 [1] for providing information on the solved problem
used in this paper.
- DrLikSim of Qatar University, Qatar. For software setting up and providing access.
NOMENCLATURE
T = Temperature, To = pipe inlet temperature, T1 – outlet temperature, po = pipe inlet pressure, p1
= outlet temperature, m = meter, ft = feet, mm = millimeters, in = inch, M = Mach number, m/s =
meters/second, ft/s = feet per a second, J/kg = Jeouls per a kilogram, Btu/lb = British thermal
units per a pound, ºC / ºK / ºF = degrees Centigrade / degrees Kelvin / degrees Fahrenheit, ϒ =
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
7
ratio of specific heats of fluid, R = gas constant, kg/s = kilograms/second, lb/s = pounds/second,
CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics, TKE = Turbulence Kinitec Energy, cp and cv are specific
heats at constant pressure and constatn volume respectively, h = enthalapy.
REFERNCES
[1] EthirajanRathakrishnan (2008). Gas Dynamics 2nd edition. Published by Prentice-Hall of India Ltd,
India. P 272.
[2] Marco Cioffi, Enrico Puppo and Andrea Silingardi (2013). Fanno Design of Blow-off Lines Duty Gas
Turbine. Published by ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Expositio, Vol 4,
Paper No. GT2013-95024.
[3] B. S. Massey (1983). Mechanics of Fluids 5th edition. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, UK. P
471.
[4] Y. Nakayama and R.F. Boucher (2000). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Butterworth-Heineman
Edition) – 13.7 Fanno Flow and Rayleigh Flow. Published by Elsevier. P 235.
[5] Brian Spalding (2014). CHAM Ltd, Wimbledon, London, UK. The k-omega turbulence model.
[6] Victor L. Streeter (1962). Fluid Mechanics 3rd edition. Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc, USA. P 262.
[7] R.S. Brodkey (1995). The Phenomena of Fluid Motions. Published by R.S. Brodkey, USA. P 187.
[8] Bengt Anderson, Ronnie Anderson, and Love Hakansson (2012). Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers. Published by Cambridge University Press. P68.
[9] S.M. Yahya (2003). Fundamentals of compressible Flow. Published by New Age International (P)
Ltd. New Delhi, India. P 265.
Figure 1. CFD model of pipe showing mesh with inflated mesh layers along pipe wall. Pipe diameter 0.05
m (2 in), length 30.275 m (99.302 ft), material Aluminum.
8. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
8
Figure 2.Monitoring mass flow rate at pipe outlet over a period of time.
Figure 3.Pressure at pipe outlet over a period of time.
9. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2015
9
Figure 4.Monitoring TKE at pipe outlet over a period of time.