Lecture 24
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1. The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is an important metabolic pathway that was discovered by Sir Hans Krebs in 1937. 2. During the Krebs cycle, acetyl groups from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, while reducing coenzymes like NADH and FADH2 that are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. 3. Key steps of the Krebs cycle include the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, followed by two carboxylation reactions, three hydration reactions, two decarboxylation reactions
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Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves 8 steps to completely oxidize acetyl groups derived from pyruvate. During each turn of the cycle, acetyl CoA adds to oxaloacetate to form citrate. As citrate is further modified, carbon dioxide is released and NADH, FADH2, and ATP are generated. One turn of the Krebs cycle results in the production of 3 NADH molecules, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, with the production of high-energy electron carriers and the regeneration of oxaloacetate. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, followed by oxidative decarboxylation reactions that generate NADH and FADH2. The TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and is tightly regulated by enzymes like citrate
Krebs cycle
The document discusses the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It provides information on:
1) The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves a series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 to generate energy.
2) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria, providing the two-carbon unit that enters the Krebs cycle.
3) The cycle is amphibolic, meaning it is both catabolic, breaking down molecules, and anabolic,
Krebs cycle
About Krebs cycle, which is the most important cycle in cellular respiration which take place in all aerobic organism and also tells about importance of Krebs cycle. As it place a connecting link between Glycolysis and ETS
Krebs cycle
The document outlines 8 steps of the citric acid cycle. Step 1 involves acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Step 2 involves citrate being rearranged to form isocitrate. Step 3 involves isocitrate being oxidized to form alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Step 4 involves alpha-ketoglutarate being oxidized to form succinyl-CoA. Steps 5-8 continue converting metabolites and transferring electrons through the cycle culminating in oxaloacetate being regenerated.
Citric cycle or Kerbs cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in mitochondria that oxidizes acetyl groups and reduces coenzymes, which are then reoxidized to generate ATP. The cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and is the primary step of aerobic processing in eukaryotic cells. It oxidizes glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to carbon dioxide while collecting electrons to produce NADH and FADH2, which power the electron transport chain to generate ATP. The cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 and is the central metabolic hub of the cell.
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Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves 8 steps to completely oxidize acetyl groups derived from pyruvate. During each turn of the cycle, acetyl CoA adds to oxaloacetate to form citrate. As citrate is further modified, carbon dioxide is released and NADH, FADH2, and ATP are generated. One turn of the Krebs cycle results in the production of 3 NADH molecules, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
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Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, with the production of high-energy electron carriers and the regeneration of oxaloacetate. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, followed by oxidative decarboxylation reactions that generate NADH and FADH2. The TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and is tightly regulated by enzymes like citrate
Krebs cycle
The document discusses the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It provides information on:
1) The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves a series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 to generate energy.
2) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondria, providing the two-carbon unit that enters the Krebs cycle.
3) The cycle is amphibolic, meaning it is both catabolic, breaking down molecules, and anabolic,
Krebs cycle
About Krebs cycle, which is the most important cycle in cellular respiration which take place in all aerobic organism and also tells about importance of Krebs cycle. As it place a connecting link between Glycolysis and ETS
Krebs cycle
The document outlines 8 steps of the citric acid cycle. Step 1 involves acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Step 2 involves citrate being rearranged to form isocitrate. Step 3 involves isocitrate being oxidized to form alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Step 4 involves alpha-ketoglutarate being oxidized to form succinyl-CoA. Steps 5-8 continue converting metabolites and transferring electrons through the cycle culminating in oxaloacetate being regenerated.
Citric cycle or Kerbs cycle
The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in mitochondria that oxidizes acetyl groups and reduces coenzymes, which are then reoxidized to generate ATP. The cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and is the primary step of aerobic processing in eukaryotic cells. It oxidizes glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to carbon dioxide while collecting electrons to produce NADH and FADH2, which power the electron transport chain to generate ATP. The cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 and is the central metabolic hub of the cell.
Bioenergetics lesson 1
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and produces more ATP and reducing agents. During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is extensively produced as electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Kreb's cycle
The document summarizes the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle. It describes how Sir Hans Krebs discovered that oxaloacetate condenses with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid, for which he won the Nobel Prize. The cycle provides precursors for biosynthesis, reduces coenzymes to drive the electron transport chain, and is regulated in response to energy requirements and substrate availability. Key steps in the cycle include the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by citrate synthase, the production of NADH and FADH2 by isocitrate dehydrogenase and other enzymes, and the generation of 10 ATP per acetyl-CoA molecule.
Krebs Cycle
The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
Citric acid cycle
This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
Krebs cycle TCA Cycle
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces one GTP or ATP, three NADH molecules, and one FADH2 molecule which will be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
Pyruvate Reactions
Pyruvate can enter three pathways. Under aerobic conditions, it is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy and is used in fatty acid biosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate using lactate dehydrogenase or ethanol in yeast via alcoholic fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue regenerating NAD+ without oxygen present.
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The document summarizes the key steps in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle). The Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where acetyl groups from pyruvate enter the cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of reactions where it is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, removing carbons and producing CO2, while also generating reduced NAD, FAD, and one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two turns of the Krebs cycle are required for each glucose molecule, ultimately producing 4
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The document summarizes the key steps in the citric acid cycle. It begins by explaining how pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, providing the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It then outlines the six steps of the citric acid cycle, including the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, and the subsequent oxidation and decarboxylation reactions that generate NADH and FADH2 and regenerate oxaloacetate to restart the cycle.
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, occurs in mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration. It is the key metabolic pathway that generates energy in the form of ATP and reduced cofactors like NADH and FADH2. The cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide. Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes a series of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes, resulting in the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, the production of carbon dioxide, and the generation of reduced cofactors that fuel the electron transport chain to
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The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of reactions that oxidize acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, releasing carbon dioxide and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) that are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle produces two GTP/ATP molecules per acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized and feeds reduced electron carriers into the electron transport chain to produce additional ATP. It is also an amphibolic pathway that generates precursors for various biosynthetic pathways.
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The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that break down food for energy. It is the final common pathway that produces ATP through oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle generates high-energy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2 that are used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Hyperammonemia can lead to loss of consciousness by withdrawing alpha-ketoglutarate from the TCA cycle to form glutamine, lowering ATP production.
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This document provides information about a lecture on the citric acid cycle including:
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- An overview of the citric acid cycle including enzymes, reactions, energy production, and regulation points.
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Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and produces more ATP and reducing agents. During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is extensively produced as electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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The document summarizes the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle. It describes how Sir Hans Krebs discovered that oxaloacetate condenses with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid, for which he won the Nobel Prize. The cycle provides precursors for biosynthesis, reduces coenzymes to drive the electron transport chain, and is regulated in response to energy requirements and substrate availability. Key steps in the cycle include the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by citrate synthase, the production of NADH and FADH2 by isocitrate dehydrogenase and other enzymes, and the generation of 10 ATP per acetyl-CoA molecule.
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The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
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This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
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Pyruvate Reactions
Pyruvate can enter three pathways. Under aerobic conditions, it is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy and is used in fatty acid biosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate using lactate dehydrogenase or ethanol in yeast via alcoholic fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue regenerating NAD+ without oxygen present.
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, occurs in mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration. It is the key metabolic pathway that generates energy in the form of ATP and reduced cofactors like NADH and FADH2. The cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide. Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes a series of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes, resulting in the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, the production of carbon dioxide, and the generation of reduced cofactors that fuel the electron transport chain to
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This document provides information about a lecture on the citric acid cycle including:
- Date, time, location and contact information for the lecture.
- Objectives of the lecture and key concepts to be covered, including cofactors, regulation of the cycle, and relationships to other pathways.
- An overview of the citric acid cycle including enzymes, reactions, energy production, and regulation points.
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- Sample questions to test understanding of the key points.
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The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions in mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA molecules from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to generate energy in the form of ATP and NADH. About 60-70% of ATP is produced through the citric acid cycle. The cycle consists of eight steps where enzymes catalyze the oxidation of acetyl-CoA and the oxidation of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide is released. For each turn of the cycle, three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule are produced, which generate approximately 15 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. As two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose, a total of 30 ATP are produced in one
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The document summarizes the process of glycolysis and its connection to the Krebs cycle through the link reaction in the mitochondria. Glycolysis in the cytoplasm converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix. There, the link reaction uses one pyruvate to reduce one NAD+ to NADH while decarboxylating pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to continue extracting energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
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The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that oxidizes acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and reduces coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These reduced coenzymes are then reoxidized through the electron transport chain to produce ATP. The citric acid cycle plays a central role in cellular energy production as it accounts for about 65-70% of ATP generated in aerobic respiration. It also provides precursor molecules for various biosynthetic pathways and is tightly regulated by cellular energy demands through enzymes and metabolite levels. Defects in the cycle can cause severe neurological issues due to impaired ATP production in the central
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The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide to facilitate the production of ATP. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, oxidative decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and the regeneration of oxaloacetate from succinate to complete the cycle. The cycle generates NADH and FADH2 that feed into oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
TCA cycle.pptx
The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) is the most important metabolic pathway for energy production in the body. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce carbon dioxide, water, and the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 to drive ATP production. The cycle generates 12 ATP per acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized and also provides precursors for various biosynthetic pathways. Key steps include the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, followed by oxidative decarboxylations and hydrations that regenerate oxaloacetate and release carbon dioxide
TCA 2.pptx
The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria and is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules like carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It consists of 8 steps where acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2. The NADH and FADH2 then feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the cycle to condense with another acetyl-CoA molecule and continue the cycle.
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the central pathway of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. It completely oxidizes acetyl-CoA derived from these metabolites to produce carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP and reduced coenzymes like NADH and FADH2. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and consists of 8 steps where citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate are sequentially produced. Each turn of the cycle generates 10 molecules of ATP and reduces NAD+ and FAD. The cycle also has an anaplerotic role in biosynthesis and
TCA CYCLE
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that forms a key part of aerobic respiration in cells. It was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle. The cycle occupies a central position in metabolism, using acetate to generate carbon dioxide, reducing agents like NADH, and ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It provides precursors for amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis. The cycle is critical for generating the majority of a cell's energy needs through the complete oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Part two krbs cycle
The document discusses the tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, describing the 8 steps of the cycle that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates reduced electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 that feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The cycle is described in detail with an explanation of the reactions and intermediates in each step of the cyclic process.
Kreb's cycle (1)
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that produces energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle is made up of eight successive steps that begin with the addition of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate to form citrate and end with the regeneration of oxaloacetate. The cycle generates high-energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that fuel oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
The TCA Cycle
The TCA Cycle is a series of chemical reactions which helps aerobic organisms to release their energy by oxidation Acetyl CoA to ATP and H20
Tca cycle and glyoxylate cycle
This document discusses the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. It defines the TCA cycle as a series of reactions that forms a key part of aerobic respiration. The cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. The glyoxylate cycle is a variation that occurs in plants, bacteria, and fungi and allows the conversion of acetyl-CoA into carbohydrates from acetate. It bypasses two decarboxylation steps in the TCA cycle using the enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. The document outlines the reactions and significance of both cycles
TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA molecules derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It is a cyclic process where oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of each cycle. The cycle produces reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that feed into the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It is a central metabolic hub that connects several biochemical pathways and provides precursors for biosynthesis.
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the citric acid cycle or krab cycle in plant physiology
the citric acid cycle or krab cycle in plant physiology
Citric acid cycle, krebs cycle, by Dr atindra pandey
Citric acid cycle, krebs cycle, by Dr atindra pandey
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.Connect to Grow: The power of building networks
In the intricate tapestry of life, connections serve as the vibrant threads that weave together opportunities, experiences, and growth. Whether in personal or professional spheres, the ability to forge meaningful connections opens doors to a multitude of possibilities, propelling individuals toward success and fulfillment.
Eirini is an HR professional with strong passion for technology and semiconductors industry in particular. She started her career as a software recruiter in 2012, and developed an interest for business development, talent enablement and innovation which later got her setting up the concept of Software Community Management in ASML, and to Developer Relations today. She holds a bachelor degree in Lifelong Learning and an MBA specialised in Strategic Human Resources Management. She is a world citizen, having grown up in Greece, she studied and kickstarted her career in The Netherlands and can currently be found in Santa Clara, CA.
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一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号BYZS866】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号BYZS866】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Lecture 24
- 1. Krebs Cycle
- 2. Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, discovered role of pyruvate in conversion of glucose hydrogen's into fumarate. He discovered, in 1937, tricarboxylic acid cycle (i.e., TCA cycle), also known as Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. Citric acid cycle occurs in matrix of mitochondria. This cycle involves two decarboxylations and four dehydrogenations
- 3. Various steps of these reactions are as follows: The starting point of Krebs cycle is entrance of acetyl Co-A into a reaction to form citric acid. Krebs elucidated this cycle, and explained how pyruvate is broken down to CO2and H2O. For this pioneer work Krebs was awarded Nobel Prize in 1953. In the first reaction of Krebs cycle, one molecule of acetyl Co-A combines with 4- carbon oxaloacetic acid (OAA); with the result 6-carbon citric acid is produced, and Co-A is released.
- 4. This reaction is catalysed by enzyme citrate synthase. Now, citrate (citric acid) is isomerised to isocitrate (isocitric acid).
- 5. Cis-aconitic acid is converted into isocitric acid with the addition of water in the presence of iron containing enzyme aconitase. During citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) 3 molecules of NAD+ and one molecule of FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are reduced to produce NADH and FADH2, respectively. During citric acid cycle NADH and FADH, are produced.
- 7. Now, they are linked with electron transport system (ETS) and produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. This may be summarized in following equation:
- 8. In the end of Krebs cycle, glucose molecule is completely oxidised. From one glucose molecule, two pyruvic acid molecules are formed. After oxidation of one pyruvic acid molecule, three CO2 molecules are released. Thus, in all 6 molecules of CO2 are released.
- 9. a. During Krebs cycle, carbon skeletons are obtained for use in growth and maintenance of the cell. b. Many intermediate compounds are formed which are used in synthesis of other biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleotides, chlorophyll, cytochromes and fats. c. During this pathway amino acids are synthesised from α-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvic acid and oxaloacetic acid.
- 10. d. Here succinyl Co-A acts as starting molecule for synthesis of chlorophyll. e. Krebs cycle is major pathway for generation of ATP molecules, which make energy currency of the cell. f. Energy is released from glucose, and is used in various biochemical reactions. g. Phenol, anthocyanin, etc., are produced from acetyl Co-A, whereas fatty acids are formed from glycerol.
- 11. h. Glutamic acid is formed from α-ketoglutaric acid; aspartic acid from oxaloacetic acid, and alanine from aspartic acid. i. Amino acids are used in synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines. j. Succinyl Co-A carries synthesis of pyrrole compounds of chlorophyll, cytochrome and phytochrome.
- 12. k. Krebs cycle is directly related to nitrogen metabolism, α-ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate of Krebs cycle is first acceptor molecule of NH3 forming an amino acid, the glutamic acid. From glutamic acid various transamination reactions begin to form different amino acids which ultimately condense to form proteins. l. Krebs cycle is also intimately related with fat metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate produced in glycolysis may be converted into glycerol via glycerol-3-phosphate and vice versa. After β-oxidation, fatty acids give rise to active 2-C units, the acetyl Co-A which enters the Krebs cycle.