Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
Energy storage system can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever the need arises.
As the need for clean energy arises, the need to replace current existing power plants have become a global issue.
NEED OF ENERGY STORAGE
Supply and Demand mismatch
Utilize storage for peak periods.
Reliable power supply.
Reduce the need for new generation capacity.
Electrical vehicles
Emergency support.
Energy storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of energy.
There are many different forms of energy storage
Batteries: a range of electrochemical storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capacitors
Mechanical Storage: other innovative technologies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity
Compressed Air: utilize compressed air to create energy reserves. Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified.
Pumped hydro-power: creates energy reserves by using gravity and the manipulation of water elevation
Thermal: capturing heat or cold to create energy
The choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application, economics, integration within the system, and the availability of resources.
Lecture 01_PPE_unit 1_Introduction to Power Plant EngineeringRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
(Lecture 01) Unit 1: Introduction to Power Plant Engineering
1.1 World and National scenario of demand and supply of energy.
1.2 Introduction to power plants : their importance and types.
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar energy applicationsSivanjaneya Reddy
How to enhance thermal conductivity for phase change materials and selection of phase change material and about systems for solar energy application has been presented
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Lecture 16_Unit 6. Economic Analysis of Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 16
Unit 6. Economic Analysis of Power Plants
6.1 Estimation of Production Cost of Electrical Energy
6.2 Estimation of Performance Parameters
6.3 Factors affecting choice of Power Plant.
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 3
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
2.1 Introduction to Boilers, types of Boilers
2.2 High Pressure Boilers - Classification
2.3 Construction and principle of working of :-
i) La-mont boiler
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Energy storage system can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever the need arises.
As the need for clean energy arises, the need to replace current existing power plants have become a global issue.
NEED OF ENERGY STORAGE
Supply and Demand mismatch
Utilize storage for peak periods.
Reliable power supply.
Reduce the need for new generation capacity.
Electrical vehicles
Emergency support.
Energy storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of energy.
There are many different forms of energy storage
Batteries: a range of electrochemical storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capacitors
Mechanical Storage: other innovative technologies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity
Compressed Air: utilize compressed air to create energy reserves. Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified.
Pumped hydro-power: creates energy reserves by using gravity and the manipulation of water elevation
Thermal: capturing heat or cold to create energy
The choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application, economics, integration within the system, and the availability of resources.
Lecture 01_PPE_unit 1_Introduction to Power Plant EngineeringRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
(Lecture 01) Unit 1: Introduction to Power Plant Engineering
1.1 World and National scenario of demand and supply of energy.
1.2 Introduction to power plants : their importance and types.
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar energy applicationsSivanjaneya Reddy
How to enhance thermal conductivity for phase change materials and selection of phase change material and about systems for solar energy application has been presented
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Lecture 16_Unit 6. Economic Analysis of Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 16
Unit 6. Economic Analysis of Power Plants
6.1 Estimation of Production Cost of Electrical Energy
6.2 Estimation of Performance Parameters
6.3 Factors affecting choice of Power Plant.
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 3
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
2.1 Introduction to Boilers, types of Boilers
2.2 High Pressure Boilers - Classification
2.3 Construction and principle of working of :-
i) La-mont boiler
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Lecture 11_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 11
Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power Plants
3.7 Gas Turbine Power Plants
3.7.1 Open Cycle Gas Turbine
3.7.2 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
3.8 Components of Gas Power Plant
3.9 Methods to improve Thermal Efficiency
3.10 Maintenance procedure for Gas Power Plant
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Lecture 08_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 8
Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power Plants
3.1 Steam Power Plants
-Introduction
-Layout and Components
-Working
-Adv. & Disadvantages
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Cogeneration CHP Combined Heat & Power Power PlantKESHAV
Cogeneration
Generation Of Electricity
Cogeneration
Need For Cogeneration
Conventional Generation Vs
Cogeneration Cycle
Types Of Co generation Systems
Classification Of Cogeneration Systems
Important Technical Parameters For Cogeneration
Prime Movers For Cogeneration
How Cogeneration Saves Energy?
Benefits Of Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Applications
Efficiencies Of Generation Cycles
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 5
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
2.3 Construction and principle of working of :-
v) Velox Boiler
vi) Ramsin Boiler
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Seminar Report on Automobile Air-Conditioning based on VAC using Exhaust HeatBhagvat Wadekar
The theoretical analysis, the feasibility of such a system in a positive frame. It can be summarized that: In the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, there is enough heat energy that can be utilized to power an air-conditioning system. Therefore, if air-conditioning is achieved without using the engine’s mechanical output, there will be a net reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. Once a secondary fluid such as water or glycol is used, the aqua-ammonia combination appears to be a good candidate as a working fluid for an absorption car air-conditioning system. This minimizes any potential hazard to the passengers. The low COP value is an indication that improvements to the cycle are necessary. A high purity refrigerant would give a higher refrigeration effect, while the incorporation of a solution heat exchanger would reduce the input heat to the generator. The present system has both a reflux condenser and a heat exchanger. However, the reflux condenser is proved inadequate to provide high purity of the refrigerant and needs to be re-addressed. The evaluation of the COP, with and without the heat exchanger also proves that unless there is a high purity refrigerant, the effect of the heat exchanger to the generator’s heat is small.
Identification of Some of Low Temperature Waste Heat Utilization Potentials i...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Cooling system plays important roles to control the temperature of car’s engine. One of the important
elements in the car cooling system is cooling fluid. The usage of wrong cooling fluid can give negatives impact to
the car’s engine and shorten engine life. An efficient cooling system can prevent engine from overheating and
assists the vehicle running at its optimal performance. This thesis was conducted to study the effectiveness of
various types cooling agent in the vehicle cooling system which will influence the operation time of the engine
block mainly cylinder in the light vehicle cooling systems. 3D model of the engine block is done in Pro/Engineer.
Different types of fluids mixed with base fluid water considered in this thesis Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide,
Titanium Oxide and Copper Oxide at volume fraction of 0.4. The properties of the nanofluids are calculated
theoretically.CFD analysis is done on the engine block using all nanofluids and Thermal analysis is done on the
engine block by varying the materials Copper and Aluminum alloy
Similar to Lecture 12_PPE_Unit 4: Waste Heat Recovery, Cogeneration & Trigeneration (20)
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 15
Unit 5: Nuclear Power Plants
5.2 Nuclear Fuels & Nuclear Reactors
5.3 Adv. & Disadv. Of Nuclear Power Plants
5.4 Introduction to AERB and IAEA (Regulating Agencies)
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 14
Unit 5: Nuclear Power Plants
5.1 Nuclear Power Plants :-
- Classification
- General arrangement
- Operating Principles
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Lecture 10_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 10
Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power Plants
3.2.9 Pulverized Fuel Handling Systems
3.3 Electro-static Precipitators
3.4 Control Systems in Steam Power Plants
3.5 Maintenance Procedure
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Lecture 09_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 9
Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power Plants
3.2 Steam Power Plants
-Fuel Handling Systems
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 7
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
- Control Systems in FBC Boilers
- Indian Boiler Regulation Act
- Maintenance of High Pressure Boilers
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 6
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
- Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler
- Various Arrangements in FBC
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 4
Unit 2: High Pressure Boilers
2.3 Construction and principle of working of :-
ii) Benson Boiler
iii) Loeffler Boiler
iv) Schmidt- Hartmann Boiler
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Lecture 02_PPE_unit 1_Introduction to Power Plant EngineeringRushikesh Sonar
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
(Lecture 02) Unit 1: Introduction to Power Plant Engineering
Classification, General arrangement, operating principle,
advantages and limitations, maintenance of :-
1.3 Hydroelectric power plant
1.4 Diesel power plant
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Program: Diploma (Mechanical)
Class: TY (ME) Semester: V
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Code: 22566Code: 22566
LECTURE 12:
Unit: 4. Waste Heat Recovery
2. 02
wwwwwwwwwwww....ssssaaaannnnddddiiiippppffffoooouuuunnnnddddaaaattttiiiioooonnnn....oooorrrrggggMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Name of theName of theName of theName of the Trainer : Prof. Rushikesh Deoram SonarTrainer : Prof. Rushikesh Deoram SonarTrainer : Prof. Rushikesh Deoram SonarTrainer : Prof. Rushikesh Deoram Sonar
Years ofYears ofYears ofYears of Experience : 10Experience : 10Experience : 10Experience : 10
DomainDomainDomainDomain Expertise : Mechanical EngineeringExpertise : Mechanical EngineeringExpertise : Mechanical EngineeringExpertise : Mechanical Engineering
Qualification: M.E. (Design Engineering)Qualification: M.E. (Design Engineering)Qualification: M.E. (Design Engineering)Qualification: M.E. (Design Engineering)
Contact Details:Contact Details:Contact Details:Contact Details:
+91 9890481959+91 9890481959+91 9890481959+91 9890481959
rushikesh.sonar@sandippolytechnic.orgrushikesh.sonar@sandippolytechnic.orgrushikesh.sonar@sandippolytechnic.orgrushikesh.sonar@sandippolytechnic.org
3. 03Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
UNIT OUTCOMES (UOs) :-
4a. Explain the need of Waste Heat Recovery of the given Thermal Power Plants.
4b. Explain with sketches working principle of Co-generation and Tri-generation in the given
Thermal Power Plant.
wwwwwwwwwwww....ssssaaaannnnddddiiiippppffffoooouuuunnnnddddaaaattttiiiioooonnnn....oooorrrrggggMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
4. 04Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
TOPICS COVERED IN PREVIOUS LECTURE :-
3.1 Steam power plant :3.1 Steam power plant :3.1 Steam power plant :3.1 Steam power plant : Classification, General arrangement, operating principle, advantages and
limitations, maintenance.
3.2 Gas power plant:3.2 Gas power plant:3.2 Gas power plant:3.2 Gas power plant: Introduction, components, advantages and limitations, maintenance.
4444....1111 :::: Waste Heat Recovery : IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN THIS LECTURE :-
wwwwwwwwwwww....ssssaaaannnnddddiiiippppffffoooouuuunnnnddddaaaattttiiiioooonnnn....oooorrrrggggMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
4444....1111 :::: Waste Heat Recovery : IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
4444....1111....1111:::: NeedNeedNeedNeed of Waste Heat recovery
4444....1111....2222:::: OpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunities of Waste Heat recovery
4444....1111....3333:::: PresentPresentPresentPresent PracticesPracticesPracticesPractices of Waste Heat recovery
5. 05Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Introduction
A Waste Heat Recovery Unit (WHRU) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that transfers heat from process
outputs at high temperature to another part of the process for some purpose, usually to increase the
efficiency.
Waste heat may be extracted from sources such as hot flue gases from a diesel generator, steam from cooling
towers, or even waste water from cooling processes such as in steel cooling.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and then
“dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose.
wwwwwwwwwwww....ssssaaaannnnddddiiiippppffffoooouuuunnnnddddaaaattttiiiioooonnnn....oooorrrrggggMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, NashikMechanical Engineering Department, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
“dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose.
The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its “value”.
Waste heat found in the exhaust gas of various processes or even from the exhaust
stream of a conditioning unit can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one
of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat.
Many steel making plants use this process as an economic method to increase
the production of the plant with lower fuel demand.
Waste heat found in the exhaust gas of various processes or even from the exhaust
stream of a conditioning unit can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one
of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat.
Many steel making plants use this process as an economic method to increase
the production of the plant with lower fuel demand.
6. 06Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: IN A NUTSHELL
• “Dumped” heat that can still
be reused
• “Value” (quality) more
important than quantity
• Waste heat recovery saves
fuel and increases thermal
efficiency
• An effective way to increase
energy efficiency is to
• “Dumped” heat that can still
be reused
• “Value” (quality) more
important than quantity
• Waste heat recovery saves
fuel and increases thermal
efficiency
• An effective way to increase
energy efficiency is to
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energy efficiency is to
recover waste heat
energy efficiency is to
recover waste heat
7. 07Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: SOURCE AND QUALITY OF WASTE HEAT
S. No Source of Waste Heat Quality of Waste Heat
1 Heat in flue gases The higher the temperature, the greater the potential value for
heat recovery
2 Heat in vapour streams As above but when condensed, latent heat also recoverable
3 Convective & radiant heat lost
from exterior of equipment
Low grade – if collected may be used for space heating or air
preheats
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4 Heat losses in cooling water Low grade – useful gains if heat is exchanged with incoming
fresh water
5 Heat losses in providing
chilled water or in the disposal
of chilled water
1.High grade if it can be utilized to reduce demand for
refrigeration
2.Low grade if refrigeration unit used as a form of Heat pump
6 Heat stored in products
leaving the process
Quality depends upon temperature
7 Heat in gaseous & liquid
effluents leaving process
Poor if heavily contaminated & thus requiring alloy heat
exchanger
8. 08Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
Waste Heat Recovery Systems (WHRS)
Low Temperature
Heat Recovery
High Temperature
Heat Recovery
Medium Temperature
Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TEMPERATURE RANGES
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Heat comes from
direct fuel fired
processes.
Heat comes from the
exhaust of directly fired
process units.
Low temperature waste heat may
be useful in a supplementary way
for preheating purposes.
9. 09Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: A) High Temperature Heat Recovery
Types of Devices Temperature (0C)
Nickel refining furnace 1370 – 1650
Aluminium refining furnace 650 –760
Zinc refining furnace 760 – 1100
Copper refining furnace 760 – 815
Steel heating furnace 925 – 1050
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Steel heating furnace 925 – 1050
Copper reverberatory furnace 900 – 1100
Open hearth furnace 650 – 700
Cement kiln (Dry process) 620 – 730
Glass melting furnace 1000 – 1550
Hydrogen plants 650 – 1000
Solid waste incinerators 650 – 1000
Fume incinerators 650 – 1450
Table: Typical waste heat temperature at high temperature range from various sources
10. 10Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: B) Medium Temperature Heat Recovery
Types of Devices Temperature (0C)
Steam boiler exhaust 230 – 480
Gas turbine exhaust 370 – 540
Reciprocating engine exhaust 315 – 600
Reciprocating engine exhaust (turbo
charged)
230 – 370
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Heat treatment furnace 425 – 650
Drying & baking ovens 230 – 600
Catalytic crackers 425 – 650
Annealing furnace cooling systems 425 – 650
Table: Typical waste heat temperature at Medium temperature range from
various sources
11. 11Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: C) Low Temperature Heat Recovery
Heat Source Temperature 0C
Process steam condensate 55-88
Cooling water from: Furnace doors 32-55
Injection molding machines 32-88
Annealing furnaces 66-230
Forming dies 27-88
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Air compressors 27-50
Pumps 27-88
Internal combustion engines 66-120
Air conditioning and refrigeration condensers 32–43
Liquid still condensers 32-88
Drying, baking and curing ovens 93-230
Hot processed liquids 32-232
Hot processed solids 93-232
12. 12Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
1.Recuperators
Heat exchange occurs between flue gases and the air through metallic/ceramic walls.
Ducts/tubes carry combustion air to be preheated in the combustion chamber; the other side
contains waste heat stream.
Inlet air from
atmosphere
Types of Recuperators:-
1. Convective Recuperator
2. Metallic Recuperator
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Outside
ducting
Tune plate
Preheated
air
Centre tube plate
Exhaust gas
from process
2. Metallic Recuperator
3. Hybrid Recuperator
4. Ceramic Recuperator
5. Self-recuperative Burners
13. 13Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Recuperators
1. Convective Recuperator:
• Hot gas through number of parallel small diameter tubes.
• Tubes can be baffled twice or thrice to allow gas to pass over them again.
• Baffling increases heat exchange but more expensive exchanger is needed.
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14. 14Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Recuperators
2. Metallic Recuperator:
• The radiation recuperator consists of two
concentric lengths of metal tubing.
• The inner tube carries the hot exhaust
gases, while the external annulus carries
the combustion air from the atmosphere
to the air inlets of the furnace burners.
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to the air inlets of the furnace burners.
• The radiation heat transfer is most
effective at high temperature--usually
above 1,400°F (760°C)
15. 15Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Recuperators
3. Hybrid Recuperator:
• For maximum effectiveness of heat transfer, hybrid
recuperators are used.
• These are combinations of radiation and convective
designs, with a high-temperature radiation section
followed by a convective section.
• These are more expensive than simple metallic
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• These are more expensive than simple metallic
radiation recuperators, but are less bulky.
16. 16Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Recuperators
4. Ceramic Recuperator:
• They have been developed to overcome the temperature limitations of metal recuperators as
metal recuperators are normally used for temperatures from 1,600°–1,800°F (870° to 980°C)
• New Design have following features:-
Reduced leakage rates.
Air pre-heat temperature < 700°C
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Air pre-heat temperature < 700°C
Cannot be used for gases that contain particulates, corrosive gases, and condensable vapors.
Requires high maintenance due to potential for air leaks.
17. 16Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Recuperators
5. Self-recuperative Burners:
• A special class of recuperators, known as self-recuperative burners, is now offered by several
burner suppliers.
• In this system, the recuperator is integrated with the burner itself, so there is no need to have
hot air piping from the recuperator to the burners resulting in substantial cost advantage.
• The self-recuperative burners cannot give the same heat transfer rate or heat transfer
efficiency; hence the fuel savings are limited to 30%–60%
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18. 18Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
2.Regenerators
They are widely used in glass and steel melting furnaces to recover heat from high-temperature
exhaust gases, normally above 2,500°F (1,370°C).
They are made from high-temperature refractory bricks or
specially designed ceramic shapes.
The efficiency of the regenerator depends on the size of the
regenerator; the time span between reversals; and the thickness,
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regenerator; the time span between reversals; and the thickness,
conductivity, and heat storage ratio of the brick.
Accumulation of dust and slag on the surfaces reduce efficiency of
heat transfer.
19. 19Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
3. Heat Wheels / Thermal Wheels / Rotary Heat exchangers
Applications in low- to medium-temperature waste heat recovery systems, usually limited to about
600°F (315°C).
The wheel itself is a sizable porous disk, fabricated with
material having a fairly high heat capacity.
It rotates between two side-by-side ducts: one is a cold gas
duct, the other a hot gas duct. The axis of the disk is located
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duct, the other a hot gas duct. The axis of the disk is located
parallel and on the partition between the two ducts.
20. 20Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
4. Heat Pipe Exchangers (HPHE)
It is a thermal energy absorbing and transferring system that has no moving parts and therefore
requires minimal maintenance.
• Transfer up to 100 times more thermal energy than
copper.
• It Consist of Three elements:
Sealed container
Capillary wick structure
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Capillary wick structure
Working fluid
• Works with evaporation and condensation.
• The heat pipe is mainly used in space, process or
air heating.
21. 21Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
4. Heat Pipe Exchangers (HPHE)
Typical applications
• Process to space heating: Transfers thermal energy from
process exhaust for building heating
• Process to process: Transfers recovered waste thermal
energy from the process exhaust to the
incoming process air
• HVAC applications: Cooling and heating by recovering
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• HVAC applications: Cooling and heating by recovering
thermal energy
22. 22Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1: WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Types of Commercial Equipments
5. Economizers
Used with a boiler system to pre-heat the boiler feed water with the flue gas heat or, in an air pre-
heater, to pre-heat the combustion air.
• 1% fuel savings if
• 60 °C rise of feed water temp through
economizer.
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• 200 °C rise in combustion air temp
through air preheater.
23. 23Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1.1: NEED OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
1. Recovery of waste heat has a direct effect on the efficiency of the process.
2. This is reflected by reduction in the utility consumption, costs and process cost.
3. Reduction in pollution : A number of toxic combustible wastes such as carbon monoxide gas, sour gas, etc, releasing to
atmosphere if/when burnt in the incinerators serves dual purpose i.e. recovers heat and reduces the environmental pollution
levels.
4. Reduction in equipment sizes : Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas
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4. Reduction in equipment sizes : Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas
produced. This results in reduction in equipment sizes of all flue gas handling equipment.
5. Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: Reduction in equipment sizes gives additional benefits in the form of reduction in
auxiliary energy consumption like electricity for fans, pumps etc.
6. To make huge savings and earn high profit: By switching to the most energy-efficient technology available, companies can
make huge savings and significantly reduce environmental impact.
24. 24Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1.2: OPPORTUNITIES OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Iron and Steel Industry
Waste Heat Source Heat Recovery Opportunities
Blast furnace gas (BFG) Maintaining heating value to reduce or eliminate use of supplementary fuel, such as
natural gas.
Coke oven gas (COG) Use of sensible heat and chemical heat of COG—elimination of need to cool or
quench the COG as discharged from the coke oven batteries.
Steam from liquid steel refining
area
Recovery of steam heat and condensate return.
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area
Hot coke discharged from coke
ovens
Recovery of high-grade (temperature) sensible heat from hot coke.
Hot products discharged from
various furnaces
Recovery of heat from high-temperature (1,300°–2,200°F) (700°–1,200°C) steel
products.
Contd…….
25. 25Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1.2: OPPORTUNITIES OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY: Iron and Steel Industry
Waste Heat Source Heat Recovery Opportunities
Waste heat from recuperator or a regenerative burner
system used on various heating or heat treating furnaces
Recovery of sensible and latent heat from fly-use gases.
Low-grade heat available in the form of hot water used
in cooling systems for various operations (e.g., caster,
reheat furnaces, and roll cooling)
Recovery of heat from low-temperature water (usually less
than 125°F or 52°C).
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reheat furnaces, and roll cooling)
Radiation – convection heat loss from furnace walls Recovery of heat for use within the plant.
EAF exhaust gases Recovery of chemical and sensible heat.
26. 26Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
4.1.3: PRESENT PRACTICES OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
Many sectors of industry have very good potential for Waste heat recovery. Industrial units in following
sectors have WHRS installed and used effectively:
Aluminum – Primary Production
Aluminum – Recycling and Secondary Melting
Steel – Integrated Steel Mill
Steel – Mini Mill or EAF Mill
Glass – Fiberglass Manufacturing
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Glass – Fiberglass Manufacturing
Chemicals and Petroleum Refining – Major Operations
Paper – Paper Mill
Food – Food (Snack) Manufacturing
Cement – Dry Process and Shaft Furnaces
Coatings – Vinyl Coating Mill
27. 27Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
In this lesson, We have learnedIn this lesson, We have learnedIn this lesson, We have learnedIn this lesson, We have learned
4.1 Basics of Waste Heat Recovery and WHRS
4.1.2 Need of Waste Heat Recovery
SUMMARY
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4.1.2 Need of Waste Heat Recovery
4.1.3 Opportunities and Present Practices of Waste Heat Recovery
28. 28Unit IV: Waste Heat Recovery
Our Next Video Lecture Topic
4.2 Cogeneration or Combined Heat And Power (CHP)
4.2.1 Need of Cogeneration
4.2.2 Opportunities of Co-generation
4.2.3 Present Practices of Co-generation
4.3 Trigeneration or Combined Cooling, Heat And Power (CCHP)
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Till Then Stay Connected,
THANK YOU
4.3 Trigeneration or Combined Cooling, Heat And Power (CCHP)
4.3.1 Need of Trigeneration
4.3.2 Opportunities of Trigeneration
4.3.3 Present Practices of Trigeneration