This document provides recommendations for vaccine administration in specific groups. It discusses routine and catch-up vaccinations for adolescents including Tdap, meningococcal, HPV, and influenza vaccines. It recommends annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for the elderly to prevent complications. For international travelers, it advises assessing destination risk and updating routine vaccines plus typhoid, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal, rabies, and COVID vaccines if needed. Occupational workers may require hepatitis B, influenza, varicella, tuberculosis screening and vaccines depending on their exposure risks. Common refugee vaccines include routine, hepatitis A & B, meningococcal, tuberculosis screening, influenza, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines.
Understanding the Resurgence: Whooping cough (pertussis) and measles are highly contagious diseases that were once under control thanks to widespread vaccination programs. However, in recent years, there has been a concerning resurgence of these illnesses in various parts of the world. Factors contributing to this resurgence include vaccine hesitancy, waning immunity, and gaps in vaccination coverage.
The Importance of Vaccination: Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent whooping cough and measles outbreaks. Vaccines not only protect individuals who receive them but also contribute to herd immunity, safeguarding those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons. With highly contagious diseases like whooping cough and measles, even small pockets of unvaccinated individuals can lead to widespread outbreaks.
Understanding the Resurgence: Whooping cough (pertussis) and measles are highly contagious diseases that were once under control thanks to widespread vaccination programs. However, in recent years, there has been a concerning resurgence of these illnesses in various parts of the world. Factors contributing to this resurgence include vaccine hesitancy, waning immunity, and gaps in vaccination coverage.
The Importance of Vaccination: Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent whooping cough and measles outbreaks. Vaccines not only protect individuals who receive them but also contribute to herd immunity, safeguarding those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons. With highly contagious diseases like whooping cough and measles, even small pockets of unvaccinated individuals can lead to widespread outbreaks.
Corna virus detail And corona virus in pakistanEmaan Uppal
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019Avoiding close contact with sick individuals; frequently washing hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
slides on emporiatrics for indian travellers,i was not able to find a decent slide so i compiled the epidemologicl data for various diseases hope u guys find it useful
They are members of the family Coronaviridae, enveloped and positive stranded RNA viruses. The virions are typically decorated with large, club-or petal-shaped surface projections (spikes) which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation
COVID-19 has 5 clinical variants based on severity;
• Asymptomatic form – in this form, one gets infected without manifesting any symptom whatsoever. The person thus ends up just as a mere carrier, spreading the infection to others.
• Mild disease –this affects the upper respiratory tract producing symptoms such as sneezing, mild fever, cough, malaise, etc; The infected individual recovers rapidly, with or without any supportive treatment.
• Moderate disease –this is a lower respiratory tract infection, which may present as pneumonia and would need some supportive treatment, but may not be sick enough to need oxygen therapy.
• Severe disease – this group develop severe pneumonia and get so sick that they need oxygen therapy.
• Critical disease – this group of patients get so bad and develop acute respiratory disease syndrome and ventilator respiratory failure, so much that they would need a ventilator to survive.
These are guidelines for patients and healthcare workers for corona virus in pregnancy.....Measures for prevention...these are guidelines by FOGSI and ACOG
Clinical Guideline on COVID-19 Vaccination for Adolescents (12 – 17 years)
Prepared by Dr Nik Khairulddin Nik Yusoff, Paediatrician at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II
Corna virus detail And corona virus in pakistanEmaan Uppal
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019Avoiding close contact with sick individuals; frequently washing hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
slides on emporiatrics for indian travellers,i was not able to find a decent slide so i compiled the epidemologicl data for various diseases hope u guys find it useful
They are members of the family Coronaviridae, enveloped and positive stranded RNA viruses. The virions are typically decorated with large, club-or petal-shaped surface projections (spikes) which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation
COVID-19 has 5 clinical variants based on severity;
• Asymptomatic form – in this form, one gets infected without manifesting any symptom whatsoever. The person thus ends up just as a mere carrier, spreading the infection to others.
• Mild disease –this affects the upper respiratory tract producing symptoms such as sneezing, mild fever, cough, malaise, etc; The infected individual recovers rapidly, with or without any supportive treatment.
• Moderate disease –this is a lower respiratory tract infection, which may present as pneumonia and would need some supportive treatment, but may not be sick enough to need oxygen therapy.
• Severe disease – this group develop severe pneumonia and get so sick that they need oxygen therapy.
• Critical disease – this group of patients get so bad and develop acute respiratory disease syndrome and ventilator respiratory failure, so much that they would need a ventilator to survive.
These are guidelines for patients and healthcare workers for corona virus in pregnancy.....Measures for prevention...these are guidelines by FOGSI and ACOG
Clinical Guideline on COVID-19 Vaccination for Adolescents (12 – 17 years)
Prepared by Dr Nik Khairulddin Nik Yusoff, Paediatrician at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Learning Objectives
Determine the recommendations of immunization for
specific groups namely:
1. Adolescents
2. Elderly
3. International travelers
4. Occupational workers
5. Refugees
3. Vaccination of adolescents is an important aspect of public health:
▪ Helping to protect individuals from preventable diseases
▪ Contributing to community (herd) immunity
1. Adolescents
6. ▪Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap): This vaccine is
typically given to adolescents around the age of 11 or 12
years. It provides protection against tetanus, diphtheria,
and pertussis (whooping cough).
▪Meningococcal Vaccines: Adolescents should receive
the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, which helps
protect against meningococcal diseases, including
meningitis. A booster dose is often recommended
around age 16 years.
1. Routine Vaccinations
7. • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: The HPV
vaccine is recommended for both males and
females around the age of 11 or 12 years. It
protects against certain strains of the human
papillomavirus, which can lead to various
cancers.
• Influenza (Flu) Vaccine: Adolescents should
receive the annual influenza vaccine to protect
against seasonal flu viruses.
8. Adolescents who may have missed earlier
vaccinations should consult healthcare
provider to catch up on any recommended
doses.
2. Catch-up vaccinations
Why is it important for adolescents to catch up on missed vaccinations?
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases
10. Benefits of Vaccination for the Elderly
• Reduced risk of
contracting infectious
diseases
• Reduced severity of
illnesses
• Protection against
complications of
vaccine-preventable
illnesses
• Enhanced quality of
life and independence
12. • Influenza (Flu) Vaccine:
The flu vaccine is recommended annually for the elderly
• Pneumococcal Vaccines:
• There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines
recommended for older adults:
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)
• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)
• These vaccines protect against pneumonia, which can be
a serious concern for the elderly.
• Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine:
The shingles vaccine is recommended for adults aged
50 and older. It helps protect against shingles
(a painful rash) caused by the reactivation
of the varicella-zoster virus.
13. • Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap) and Tetanus,
Diphtheria (Td) Vaccines:
Boosters of these vaccines may be recommended to ensure
ongoing protection against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.
• Hepatitis B Vaccine:
The hepatitis B vaccine may be recommended for older adults who are
at increased risk of hepatitis B infection due to certain medical
conditions: individuals with diabetes, chronic liver disease,
hemodialysis patients, or international travelers to endemic areas and
those in close contact with hepatitis B-infected individuals
• COVID-19 Vaccine:
COVID-19 vaccination is crucial for the elderly, given the
increased risk of severe outcomes from the virus. Booster shots
may also be recommended based on evolving guidelines and the
emergence of new variants.
14. The annual flu vaccine is recommended
for the elderly for several reasons:
1. Increased Vulnerability: to severe complications and hospitalization
due to influenza.
2. Weakened Immune Response by age
3. Prevention of Complications: such as pneumonia, exacerbation of
pre-existing chronic conditions (like heart disease or diabetes), and
an increased risk of falls.
4. Boosting herd Immunity: By vaccinating a significant portion of the
population, including the elderly, a high level of herd immunity can
be achieved.
5. Annual Strain Variability: The flu vaccine is updated annually to
provide protection against the specific strains that are expected to
be prevalent in a given flu season.
15. 3. International Travelers
Vaccination recommendations for travelers
depend on various factors, including:
▪ The destination
▪ The traveler's health status
▪ The duration of the trip
▪ The activities planned during travel
Case Scenario:
Sarah, a 30-year-old woman, is planning a two-week trip to
Southeast Asia. She is generally healthy, but she has a history of
asthma. Her travel itinerary includes visiting urban areas, hiking in
rural regions, and spending a few days on a remote island.
16. Travelers should ensure that routine
vaccinations are up-to-date.
These may include vaccines for
measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria,
tetanus, pertussis, polio, and
influenza.
1. Routine Vaccinations
17. 2. Travel-Specific Vaccines
Hepatitis A and B Vaccines: Depending on the destination, vaccination
against hepatitis A and B may be recommended. Hepatitis A is a concern in
areas with poor sanitation, while hepatitis B can be transmitted through
contaminated blood and body fluids.
Typhoid Vaccine: Travelers to areas with poor sanitation and hygiene may
be advised to get vaccinated against typhoid.
Yellow Fever Vaccine: YF is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of
Africa and South America. Because it can be a serious and potentially fatal
disease, some countries have implemented entry requirements to prevent
the introduction and spread of the virus. These requirements often include
proof of yellow fever vaccination (yellow card).
18. Travel-Specific Vaccines
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommended for travelers to areas with a
risk of Japanese encephalitis, especially if the visit includes rural areas or
outdoor activities.
Meningococcal Vaccine: Recommended for travelers to regions with a
higher risk of meningococcal disease, such as the meningitis belt in sub-
Saharan Africa.
Rabies Vaccine: Travelers to areas where rabies is prevalent, particularly if
planning activities that may increase the risk of exposure (e.g., working with
animals), may consider rabies
21. • COVID-19 Vaccine:
• Depending on the current global situation and destination-specific
requirements, COVID-19 vaccination may be recommended or required for
travel.
• Pre-Travel Consultation:
• It's crucial for travelers to schedule a pre-travel consultation with a
healthcare provider or travel medicine specialist. During this consultation,
the healthcare professional can assess the individual's health, travel itinerary
لةا الر مسار, and provide personalized recommendations for vaccinations and
other preventive measures.
• Malaria Prophylaxis:
• In malaria-endemic regions, travelers may need to take antimalarial
medications. This is not a vaccine but an important preventive measure for
certain destinations.
• Post-Travel Follow-Up:
• Some vaccinations may require multiple doses or boosters. Travelers should
follow up with their healthcare provider post-travel to ensure completion of
any vaccine series and discuss any health concerns that may have arisen
during the trip.
23. 1. Healthcare Workers
• Hepatitis B Vaccine: Healthcare workers are often recommended to
receive the hepatitis B vaccine due to the risk of exposure to blood and
body fluids.
• Influenza Vaccine: Annual influenza vaccination is typically
recommended for healthcare workers to prevent the spread of influenza
in healthcare settings.
• Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine: Varicella vaccination may be
recommended for healthcare workers who are not immune to
chickenpox.
• Tuberculosis (TB) Screening: While not a vaccine, healthcare workers
may undergo screening for tuberculosis, and those at risk may receive
preventive treatment.
24. 2. Laboratory Workers
• Hepatitis B Vaccine: Similar to healthcare workers,
laboratory workers who may be exposed to blood or
bodily fluids should receive the hepatitis B vaccine.
• Other Vaccines Based on Specific Hazards:
Depending on the type of work and potential hazards,
other vaccines such as tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
(Tdap), and others may be recommended.
25. 3. Occupations with Animal Exposure:
• Rabies Vaccine: Workers in occupations
with a risk of exposure to rabies, such as
veterinarians and animal control officers,
may be recommended to receive the rabies
vaccine.
4. Occupations Involving Travel:
• Travel-Related Vaccines: Workers who
frequently travel to regions with specific
health risks may need vaccinations such as
those for yellow fever, typhoid, Japanese
encephalitis, and others.
26. 5. Occupations Involving Hazardous
Materials or Biological Agents:
• Specific Vaccines Based on Exposures: Workers
handling hazardous materials or biological agents
may need vaccines specific to the potential exposures
they face.
6. General Workplace Health Programs:
• Wellness Programs: Some employers may offer
wellness programs that include vaccinations, such as
flu shots and other routine vaccinations, to promote
the overall health of their workforce.
27. Who is a refugee?
5. Refugees
‘Refugees’ have to leave their home because
they are escaping conflict or persecution
لضطهردا, and cannot return home safely.
28. Common vaccines administered to refugees often include:
1.Routine Vaccines:
•Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)
•Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)
•Polio
2.Hepatitis B Vaccine:
•Given to prevent hepatitis B, a viral infection that can affect the liver.
3.Hepatitis A Vaccine:
•Protection against hepatitis A, a viral infection that affects the liver
and is often transmitted through contaminated food and water.
4.Meningococcal Vaccine:
•Protects against meningococcal disease, which can cause meningitis
and sepsis.
29. 5. Tuberculosis (TB) Screening:
Refugees may undergo TB screening, and if necessary, receive the
BCG vaccine or treatment for latent TB infection.
6. Influenza (Flu) Vaccine:
Seasonal influenza vaccines may be administered, especially
during flu seasons.
7. Pneumococcal Vaccine:
Guards against pneumonia and other diseases caused by the
bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
8. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine:
Depending on the age and gender, refugees, particularly
adolescents, may receive the HPV vaccine to prevent HPV-related
cancers.
9. Malaria Prevention: While not a vaccine, refugees in malaria-
endemic regions may receive antimalarial drugs or bed nets to
prevent malaria.