This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses that C was created to develop the UNIX operating system and is widely used for systems programming. The document then covers C program structure, tokens, basic syntax, identifiers, keywords, whitespace, data types including integer and floating point types, variables, and variable scope and storage duration. It provides examples of declaring, defining, initializing and using different variables in a sample C program.

1. 12/2/2015 1

2. INTRODUCTION
 Facts about C
 C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.
 C is a successor of B language which was introduced around the
early 1970s.
 The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National
Standard Institute (ANSI).
 The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
 Today C is the most widely used and popular System
Programming Language.
 Most of the state-of-the-art software have been implemented
using C.
 Today's most popular Linux OS and RDBMS MySQL have been
written in C.
12/2/2015 C-LANGUAGE 2

3. Why Use C?
 C was initially used for system development work, particularly the programs that
make-up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language
because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as the code written in assembly
language. Some examples of the use of C might be:
• Operating Systems
• Language Compilers
• Assemblers
• Text Editors
• Print Spoolers
• Network Drivers
• Modern Programs
• Databases
• Language Interpreters
• Utilities
A C program can vary from 3 lines to millions of lines and it should be
written into one or more text files with extension ".c"; for example,
hello.c. You can use "vi", "vim" or any other text editor to write your C
program into a file.
This tutorial assumes that you know how to edit a text file and how to write
source code inside a program file.
12/2/2015 3

4. You really do not need to set up your own environment to start learning C
programming language. Reason is very simple, we already have set up C Programming
environment online, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples
online at the same time when you are doing your theory work. This gives you
confidence in what you are reading and to check the result with different options. Feel
free to modify any example and execute it online.
12/2/2015 4

5. For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find the Try it option in our
website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler.
So just make use of it and enjoy your learning.
Local Environment Setup
If you want to set up your environment for C programming language, you need the
following two software tools available on your computer, (a) Text Editor and (b) The C
Compiler.
Text Editor
This will be used to type your program. Examples of a few editors include Windows
Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi
The name and version of text editors can vary on different operating systems. For
example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on Windows as
well as on Linux or UNIX.
The files you create with your editor are called the source files and they contain the
program source codes. The source files for C programs are typically named with the
extension ".c".
Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you
have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and
finally execute it.
12/2/2015 5

6. The C Compiler
 The source code written in source file is the human readable source for your program.
It needs to be "compiled" into machine language so that your CPU can actually
execute the program as per the instructions given.
 The compiler compiles the source codes into final executable programs. The most
frequently used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++ compiler,
otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have the
respective operating systems.
 The following section explains how to install GNU C/C++ compiler on various
OS. m We keep mentioning C/C++ together because GNU gcc compiler works for
both C and C++ programming languages.
12/2/2015 6

7.  PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Before we study the basic building blocks of the C programming language, let
us look at a bare minimum C program structure so that we can take it as a
reference in the upcoming chapters.
 Hello World Example
 A C program basically consists of the following parts:
 Preprocessor Commands
 Functions
 Variables
 Statements & Expressions
 Comments
12/2/2015 7

8. Tokens in C’
A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a
keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol.
For example, the following C’ statement consists of five tokens:
printf("Hello, World! n");
The individual tokens are:
printf
(
"Hello, World! n"
)
BASIC SYNTAX
12/2/2015 8

9. IDENTIFIERS

A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any
other user defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to
z, or an underscore ‘_’
followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within
identifiers.
C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and
manpower are two different identifiers in C. Here are some examples
of acceptable
Examples
mohd zara abc move_name a_123
myname50 _temp j a23b9 retVal
12/2/2015 9

10. KEYWORDS

The following list shows the reserved words in C. These
reserved words may not be used as constants or variables or
any other identifier names.

auto else long switch
break enum register typedef
case extern return union
char float short unsigned
const for signed void
continue goto sizeof volatile
default if static while
12/2/2015 10

11. WHITESPACE IN C

A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a
blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.

Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline
characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement
from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a
statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore, in the
following statement:
int age;
there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int
and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand,
in the following statement:
fruit = apples + oranges; // get the total fruit
 no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between =
andapples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase
readability.
12/2/2015 11

12. DATA TYPES Data types in C refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or
functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much
space
it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.
The types in C can be classified as follows:
S.N. Types and Description
1 Basic Types:
They are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer
types and (b) floating-point types.
2 Enumerated types:
They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables
that can only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the
program.
3 The type void:
The type specifier void indicates that no value is available.12/2/2015 12

13. DATA TYPES
3 The type void:
The type specifier void indicates that no value is available.
4 Derived types:
They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c)
Structure types, (d) Union types, and (e) Function types.
The array types and structure types are referred collectively
as the aggregate types. The type of a function specifies the
type of the function's return value. We will see the basic
types in the following section, whereas other types will be
covered in the upcoming chapters.
12/2/2015 13

14. INTEGER TYPES
 The following table provides the details of standard integer types with their
storage sizes and value ranges:
 size Value range
• char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255
• Unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
• signed char 1 byte -128 to 127
• int 2 or 4 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
• unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295
• short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
• unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
• long 4 bytes -2,147,483,64 to 2,147,483,647
• unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
12/2/2015 14

15.  To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular
platform, you can use the sizeof operator. The expressions
sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type in
bytes. Given below is an example to get the size of int type
on any machine:
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 int main()
 {
 printf("Storage size for int : %d n", sizeof(int));
 return 0;
 }
When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result
on Linux:
Storage size for int : 4
12/2/2015 15

16. The header file float.h defines macros that allow you to use these values and
other details about the binary representation of real numbers in your programs.
The following example prints the storage space taken by a float type and its range
values:
12/2/2015 16

17. 12/2/2015 17

18. 12/2/2015 18

19. VARIABLES
 A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs
can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines
the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be
stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to
the variable.
 The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the
underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore.
Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive. Based
on the basic types explained in the previous chapter, there will be the
following basic variable types:
12/2/2015 19

20. 12/2/2015 20

21. Here, type must be a valid C data type including char, w_char, int, float, double, bool, or
any user-defined object; and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier names
separated by commas. Some valid declarations are shown here:
12/2/2015 21

22. For definition without an initializer: variables with static storage duration are implicitly
initialized with NULL (all bytes have the value 0); the initial value of all other variables
are undefined.
 Here, type must be a valid C data type including char, w_char, int, float,
double, bool, or any user-defined object; and variable_list may consist of
one or more identifier names separated by commas. Some valid declarations
are shown here:
 int i, j, k;
 char c, ch;
 float f, salary;
 double d;
 The line int i, j, k; declares and defines the variables i, j and k; which
instruct the compiler to create variables named i, j, and k of type int.
 Variables can be initialized (assigned an initial value) in their
declaration. The initializer consists of an equal sign followed by a
constant expression as follows
12/2/2015 22

23. 12/2/2015 24

24.  #include <stdio.h>
 // Variable declaration:
 extern int a, b;
 extern int c;
 extern float f;
 int main ()
 {
 /* variable definition: */
 int a, b;
 int c;
 float f;
 /* actual initialization */
 a = 10;
 b = 20;
 c = a + b;
 printf("value of c : %d n", c);
 f = 70.0/3.0;
 printf("value of f : %f n", f);
 return 0;
12/2/2015 25

25.  When the above code is compiled and executed, it
produces the following result:
 value of c : 30
 value of f : 23.333334
THE END
12/2/2015 26