This document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes 2D and 3D cutters, explaining that 3D cutters can recognize objects in three dimensions rather than just two. It discusses how 2D cutters work using lasers to make precise cuts. It also describes 3D laser cutters, subtractive manufacturing which involves cutting material away, and different types of actuators like electric motors, solenoids, and stepper motors which are used to produce movement.

1. Chapter 5 :
Input and Output
Devices
IGCSE Cambridge Computer Science

2. CHAPTER 5 INPUT AND OUTPUT
DEVICES
Topics : 2D and 3D
Cutter

3. 2D and 3D Cutter

4. 2D and 3D cutters
• A three-dimensional (3D) laser cutter works in a
similar way to a two-dimensional (2D) cutter.
• The main difference is that the 3D cutter can
recognise an object in the x-y-z direction rather
than just x-y
• 3D laser cutters can cut the following materials:
• glass
• crystal
• metal
• polymer
• wood.

5. How does a 2d cutter work?
A 2d and 3d cutter is a high powered laser that
cuts material such as thin metals or woods,
used mostly for industrial purposes.
They make precise and clean cuts, it is also is
very fast which makes it efficient. It is first
designed through a computer and then sent
through a laser cutter to give you the design

6. • The machine will cut as accurately as it can
be drawn. This means sophisticated and
complex parts drawn using CAD software can
be produced with ease.

7. 3D LASER CUTTER
• What is a 3d cutter?
• A 3d laser cutter can recognize all sides of a
substrate to make more complex shapes.
A 3d laser cutter can also work with a cube
instead of a flat piece of a material.

9. What is laser cutting and how does it
work?
Laser Cutting.
• Laser cutting is mainly a thermal process in
which a focused laser beam is used to melt
material in a localised area. A co-axial gas jet
is used to eject the molten material and
create a kerf. A continuous cut is produced by
moving the laser beam or workpiece under
CNC control.

10. CNC MACHINING
The term CNC stands for
computer numerical
control and the CNC
machining definition is
that it is a subtractive
manufacturing process wh
ich typically employs
computerized controls
and machine tools to
remove layers of material
from a stock piece—
known as the blank or
workpiece—and produces
a custom-designed part.

11. SUBTRACTIVE manufacturing
• What is subtractive manufacturing? Definition and
examples
• Subtractive manufacturing or subtractive fabrication
involves cutting away from a solid block of material. It
could be a block of, for example, metal, plastic, or
wood. A milling machine cutting/hollowing out a piece
of metal or plastic is an example of subtractive
manufacturing.
• Subtractive manufacturing by manually cutting the
material is also possible. In fact, before the industrial
revolution, that was how most of it was done.

12. SUBTRACTIVE manufacturing

14. • An actuator is a component of a
machine that is responsible for
moving and controlling a
mechanism or system, for
example by opening a valve. In
simple terms, it is a "mover".
• An actuator requires a control
signal and a source of energy.

15. What is actuator used for?
• An actuator is a part of a device or
machine that helps it to achieve physical
movements by converting energy, often
electrical, air, or hydraulic, into
mechanical force. Simply put, it is the
component in any machine that enables
movement.

16. What is an actuator example?
• In a mechanical device, an actuator is a
component that turns the control signal
into movement.
• Examples of actuators include: Electric
motors. Solenoids. Hard drive stepper
motors.

17. STEPPER MOTOR
• Stepper motors are used in printers, disk
drives, and other devices where precise
position control is required. Stepper
motors do not turn continuously like
DC motors. They move in steps such as 1.8
degrees. There are several types of stepper
motors such as unipolar and bipolar.

18. What is a solenoid actuator?
Linear Solenoid Actuator. Another type of
electromagnetic actuator that converts an
electrical signal into a magnetic field producing a
linear motion is called the Linear Solenoid.
A “Linear Solenoid” is an electromagnetic device
that converts electrical energy into a mechanical
pushing or pulling force or motion.
SOLENOID ACTUATOR

19. What are different types of actuators?
• Types of Actuators
• Electric Linear.
• Electric Rotary.
• Fluid Power Linear.
• Fluid Power Rotary.
• Linear Chain Actuators.
• Manual Linear.
• Manual Rotary.
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20. Thank You