The document discusses human growth and development across the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers physical, mental, emotional, and social development at each life stage. Key aspects include rapid physical and cognitive growth in childhood, sexual maturation and social changes in adolescence, physical prime but life changes in early adulthood, gradual physical and sometimes mental declines in late adulthood. Understanding development helps care for needs at each stage.
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Care of the Childbearing & Childbearing Family
Chapter 33 - Nursing Care of an Adolescent
(ppt based on Joanne Flagg and Adele Pillitteri 8th edition)
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Care of the Childbearing & Childbearing Family
Chapter 33 - Nursing Care of an Adolescent
(ppt based on Joanne Flagg and Adele Pillitteri 8th edition)
A presentation I created for a Human Behavior in the Social Environment course at Radford University on several key ideas of adolescents. Feedback is appreciated.
This Paper presentation is about Life span development i.e lifespan development of human being and its based on Erik Erickson psycho-social stages. It covers human life from prenatal to postnatal and covers stages in between which is Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood.
our adolescence education programme........
this one was for boyz,i will put the presentation for girlz also
our dear youngsters need to be guided...........after my talk got 100 plus questions .........the young mind is confused and needs to be guided
Concept 'adulthood' (three phases: early, middle and late adulthood); Developmental aspects of early adulthood, cognitive development during early adulthood, personality and social development during early adulthood, Personality development, cognitive development (memory and intelligence); Social and Emotional development.
For B.Ed. 1st yr paper childhood and growing up of MDU,ROHTAK.
HUMAN BEING PASSES VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT FROM INFANCY TO ADULTHOOD HAVING PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
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A presentation I created for a Human Behavior in the Social Environment course at Radford University on several key ideas of adolescents. Feedback is appreciated.
This Paper presentation is about Life span development i.e lifespan development of human being and its based on Erik Erickson psycho-social stages. It covers human life from prenatal to postnatal and covers stages in between which is Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood.
our adolescence education programme........
this one was for boyz,i will put the presentation for girlz also
our dear youngsters need to be guided...........after my talk got 100 plus questions .........the young mind is confused and needs to be guided
Concept 'adulthood' (three phases: early, middle and late adulthood); Developmental aspects of early adulthood, cognitive development during early adulthood, personality and social development during early adulthood, Personality development, cognitive development (memory and intelligence); Social and Emotional development.
For B.Ed. 1st yr paper childhood and growing up of MDU,ROHTAK.
HUMAN BEING PASSES VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT FROM INFANCY TO ADULTHOOD HAVING PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
c
The Office of Population Affairs estimates that as many as half of adolescents will experience some kind of mental health disorder at some point. Watching out for common signs of mental health challenges in your child will be helpful during this time because you can help connect them with the appropriate resources and support if you notice any.
Common mental health challenges in teenagers include depression, anxiety disorders, substance use issues, body dysmorphia, and eating disorders. While each condition has its specific symptoms, noticing some of the following could indicate the presence of one—meaning it’s worth locating mental health support for your child:
• Low self-esteem
• Loss of interest in social activities
• Emotional outbursts
• Trouble concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things
• Fixation on failures; excessive self-blame and self-criticism
• Feelings of sadness or hopelessness
• Irritability
• Fixation on the way their body looks
• Excessive exercise
• Extreme changes in sleeping or eating habits
• Problematic alcohol and/or drug use
• Agitation or restlessness
• Disruptive or risky behaviors
Consequences of Role Confusion
Role confusion can have lasting consequences on a person's life, including:4
• Difficulties with commitment: A stable personal identity allows individuals to have better relationships with others.
• Worse mental health and well-being: Research has linked a strong sense of identity to better emotional and psychological well-being in adolescents.
• Weak sense of self: Role confusion has been found to lead to a weak sense of self.5
• Lack of confidence: A lack of self-identity can make it difficult for people to have confidence in themselves and their abilities.
How to Strengthen Identity
No matter where you are in your life, there are things you can do to help build a stronger sense of identity. For example, thinking about what your values are helps solidify your identity. Core values are those things that are really important and meaningful to you and that motivate you and guide your decisions.
It's important to spend time alone to get to know yourself better. Those quiet moments can help you focus on your priorities and improve your sense of self. Relatedly, learn to practice self-compassion, which can help you better understand and accept your flaws and limitations.
Become skilled at things you enjoy. Taking time to find and practice hobbies can help you get greater acquainted with yourself.
How to Decrease Role Confusion
If you're feeling confused about who you are and your role in life, there are steps you can take to decrease role confusion.
• Build on your strengths. Identify the areas in your life in which you excel, and take time to develop and build on those strengths.
• Try new things to discover what you like. Think about your passions and interests. Brainstorm some ideas around things that excite you.
• Make commitments and set goals. While you can set goals in any part of your
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT AND THEIR SPECIAL NEEDSRitu Gahlawat
Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood -a time of rapid physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation.
Puberty refers to the maturational, hormonal, and growth process that occurs when the reproductive organs begin to function and the secondary sex characteristics develop.
Separation anxiety is a vital step of emotional development and may continue up to 13 to 15 months of age.
This anxiety usually reduced when the strangers gradually approach from distance in a familiar place especially in presence of the mother or father.
In absence of parents, loving concern of the stranger is very important.
Temper tantrum is a sudden outburst or violent display of anger, frustration and bad temper as physical aggression or resistance such as rigid body, biting, kicking, throwing objects, hitting, crying, rolling on floor, screaming loudly, banging limbs, etc.
The activity is directed towards the environment not to any person or anything.
It is normal in toddler, may continues to preschool period and become more severe indicating the low frustration tolerance. It is found usually in boys, single child and pampered child.
If temper tantrum continues, the child needs professional help from child guidance clinic.
Parent should be made aware about the beginning of temper tantrum and when the child loses control.
Parent should provide alternate activity at that time.
Nobody should make fun and tease the child about the unacceptable behavior.
Parent should explain the child that the angry feeling is normal but controlling anger is an important aspect of growing up.
The child should be protected from self-injury or from doing injury to others.
Physical restraint usually increase frustration and block the outlet of anger.
Frustration can be reduced by calm and loving approach.
Overindulgence should be avoided.
After the temper tantrum is over the child's face and hands should be washed and play materials to be provided for diversion.
The child's tension can be released by vigorous exercise and physical activities. Parents must be firm and consistent in behavior.
Breath-holding spell may occur in children between 6 months and 5 years of age. It is observed in response to frustration or anger during disciplinary conflict. The child is found with violent crying, hyperventilation and sudden cessation of breathing on expiration, cyanosis and rigidity. Loss of consciousness, twitching and tonic-clonic movements may also be found. The child may become limp and look pallor and lifeless. Heart rates become slow. There may be spasm of laryngeal muscles. This attack last for one or two minutes, then glottis relaxed and breathing resumed with no residual effects.
Parents need assurance about the harmless effects of the attack and should be tolerant, calm and kind.
Identification and correction of precipitating factors (emotional, environmental) are essential approach.
The physical self is the concrete dimension of the body, therefore the changes in the. physical characteristics of a person, which is distinguishable through the naked eye, is evident. through the changes in the physical self.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. INTRODUCTION
• DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, ALSO KNOWN AS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OR
LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT, IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF WAYS IN WHICH
PEOPLE CHANGE, AS WELL AS STAY THE SAME, FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH.
YOU WILL NO DOUBT DISCOVER IN THE COURSE OF STUDYING THAT THE FIELD
EXAMINES CHANGE ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF TOPICS. THESE INCLUDE
PHYSICAL AND OTHER PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, COGNITION,
LANGUAGE, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THE IMPACT OF
FAMILY AND PEERS.
•
3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
THE MEASURABLE PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR
THROUGHOUT A PERSON’S LIFE. GROWTH REFERS TO
AN INCREASE IN PHYSICAL SIZE OF THE WHOLE BODY
OR ANY OF ITS PARTS. IS SIMPLY A QUANTITATIVE
CHANGE IN THE CHILD’S BODY. IT CAN BE MEASURED
IN KG, POUNDS, METERS, INCHES,
4. DEVELOPMENT
• REFERS TO THE CHANGES IN INTELLECTUAL, MENTAL
AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS THAT OCCUR OVER TIME.
THINK, MATURATION. DEVELOPMENT REFERS TO A
PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN SKILL AND CAPACITY OF
FUNCTION. IT IS A QUALITATIVE CHANGE IN THE CHILD’S
FUNCTIONING. IT CAN BE MEASURED THROUGH
OBSERVATION.
5. MATURATION
• INCREASE IN CHILD’S COMPETENCE AND ADAPTABILITY.
IT IS DESCRIBING THE QUALITATIVE CHANGE IN A
STRUCTURE. THE LEVEL OF MATURATION DEPENDS ON
CHILD’S HEREDITY.
6. WHY TO STUDY THE HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
• KNOWING WHAT TO EXPECT OF A PARTICULAR CHILD AT
ANY GIVEN AGE.
• GAINING BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE REASONS
BEHIND ILLNESSES.
• HELPING IN FORMULATING THE PLAN OF CARE.
• HELPING IN PARENTS’ EDUCATION IN ORDER TO
ACHIEVE OPTIMAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT AT EACH
STAGE.
7. 7 LIFE STAGES
• INFANCY: BIRTH TO ONE (1) YEAR
• EARLY CHILDHOOD: 1-6 YEARS
• LATE CHILDHOOD: 6-12 YEARS
• ADOLESCENCE: 12-18 YEARS
• EARLY ADULTHOOD: 19-40 YEARS
• MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: 40-65 YEARS
• LATE ADULTHOOD: 65 YEARS AND OLDER
8. FOUR MAIN TYPES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
• 1. PHYSICAL – BODY GROWTH THAT INCLUDES HEIGHT AND WEIGHT CHANGES.
• 2. MENTAL – INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT, PROBLEM SOLVING
• 3. EMOTIONAL – REFERS TO FEELINGS AND INCLUDES DEALING WITH LOVE,
HATE, JOY, FEAR, EXCITEMENT, AND OTHER SIMILAR FEELINGS.
• 4. SOCIAL – REFERS TO INTERACTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER
PEOPLE.
9. ERIK ERIKSON
• A PSYCHOANALYST WHO IDENTIFIED EIGHT STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT. HE BELIEVES THAT AS PEOPLE MOVE THROUGH EIGHT
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, THEY MUST OVERCOME A CONFLICT. IF AN
INDIVIDUAL IS NOT ABLE TO RESOLVE THAT CONFLICT AT THAT APPROPRIATE
AGE, THE INDIVIDUAL WILL STRUGGLE WITH THAT SAME CONFLICT LATER IN
LIFE.
AN EXAMPLE IS A TODDLER WHO IS NOT ALLOWED TO LEARN AND BECOME
INDEPENDENT BY MASTERING BASIC TASKS, THE TODDLER MAY DEVELOP A SENSE
OF DOUBT IN HIS ABILITIES. (AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT)
SEE TABLE 8-1 IN TEXT FOR EXAMPLES OF EACH STAGE
11. INFANCY – BIRTH TO 1 YEAR
• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE MOST DRAMATIC AND RAPID CHANGES IN
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HAPPEN DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE.
• MENTAL DEVELOPMENT: INFANTS MAKE THEIR NEEDS KNOWN BY CRYING.
THEY CANNOT SPEAK YET, BUT ARE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND SOME WORDS BY
SIX MONTHS OLD. BY ONE YEAR, THEY UNDERSTAND MANY WORDS AND USE
SINGLE WORDS IN THEIR VOCABULARY.
• NEEDS: INFANTS ARE DEPENDENT ON OTHERS FOR ALL THEIR NEEDS. LOVE
AND SECURITY ARE ESSENTIAL FOR EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL GROWTH.
STIMULATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR MENTAL GROWTH.
13. EARLY CHILDHOOD 1-6 YEARS OLD
• PHYSICAL: BY AGE 6, THE AVERAGE WEIGHT IS 45LBS AND THE AVERAGE
HEIGHT IS 46 INCHES. MUSCLE COORDINATION ALLOWS THE CHILD TO RUN,
CLIMB, AND MOVE FREELY. CHILDREN LEARN HOW TO WRITE, DRAW AND USE A
FORK AND KNIFE. BY 2-4 YEARS, MOST CHILDREN LEARN BOWEL AND
BLADDER CONTROL.
• MENTAL: DEVELOPS RAPIDLY. VOCABULARY GROWS FROM USING SEVERAL
WORDS AT AGE ONE TO 1,500-2,500 WORDS BY AGE 6. BY AGE 6 MOST
CHILDREN WANT TO LEARN HOW TO READ AND WRITE.
• EMOTIONAL: “TERRIBLE TWOS”-CHILDREN BECOME FRUSTRATED WHEN THEY
CANNOT PERFORM AS DESIRED. THEY CAN BECOME STUBBORN.
• NEEDS: STILL INCLUDE FOOD, REST, SHELTER, LOVE, AND SECURITY. THEY
MUST LEARN TO BE RESPONSIBLE AND TO FOLLOW RULES. THIS IS
ACCOMPLISHED BY MAKING REASONABLE DEMANDS BASED ON THE CHILD’S
15. LATE CHILDHOOD 6-12 YEARS
• PHYSICAL: ALSO KNOWN AS PREADOLESCENCE. MOST OF THE BABY TEETH ARE
LOST AND PERMANENT TEETH ERUPT. DURING AGES 10-12, SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS MAY BEGIN TO DEVELOP IN SOME CHILDREN.
• MENTAL: RAPID BECAUSE CHILD IS IN SCHOOL.
• EMOTIONAL: FEARS SURROUNDING STARTING SCHOOL ARE BROUGHT UNDER
CONTROL. BY AGES 10-12, SEXUAL MATURATION AND BODY CHANGES CAN LEAD
TO PERIODS OF DEPRESSION FOLLOWED BY PERIODS OF JOY.
• NEEDS: THE SAME AS INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD BUT NOW PEER
ACCEPTANCE IS ADDED.
17. ADOLESCENCE 12-18
• PHYSICAL: PHYSICAL CHANGES AE MOST DRAMATIC IN THE EARLY PERIOD.
GROWTH SPURTS OCCUR THAT CAN AFFECT COORDINATION. PUBERTY OCCURS
WHERE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SEXUAL ORGANS MATURE.
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBIC HAIR, FACIAL HAIR
FOR MALES, AND BREASTS FOR FEMALES.
• MENTAL: GROWTH PRIMARILY INVOLVES INCREASE IN KNOWLEDGE AND
SHARPENING OF SKILLS. CONFLICT OCCURS WHEN ADOLESCENTS ARE TREATED
BOTH AS CHILDREN AND ADULTS, OR TOLD TO ‘GROW UP’ WHILE BEING REMINDED
THAT THEY ARE ‘STILL CHILDREN’.
• EMOTIONAL: OFTEN STORMY AND IN CONFLICT. TRYING TO ESTABLISH
INDEPENDENCE AND IDENTITIES.
• SOCIAL: SPENDING MORE TIME WITH FRIENDS THAN FAMILY. SEEK SECURITY IN
GROUPS OF PEOPLE THEIR OWN AGE.
• NEEDS: IN ADDITION TO BASIC NEEDS, ADOLESCENTS NEED REASSURANCE,
SUPPORT AND UNDERSTANDING. EATING DISORDERS AND CHEMICAL ABUSE MAY
OCCUR IF ADOLESCENTS EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF INADEQUACY OR
INSECURITY.
19. EARLY ADULTHOOD 19-40
• PHYSICAL: USUALLY THE MOST PRODUCTIVE LIFE STAGE. PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT IS BASICALLY COMPLETE. THIS IS THE PRIME TIME FOR
CHILDBEARING.
• MENTAL: FORMAL EDUCATION CONTINUES, YOUNG ADULTS MAY CHOOSE TO
MARRY AND START FAMILIES.
• EMOTIONAL: MAY EXPERIENCE STRESS RELATED TO CAREERS, MARRIAGE,
FAMILY.
• SOCIAL: DEVELOPMENT FREQUENTLY INVOLVES MOVING AWAY FROM PEERS TO
ASSOCIATION WITH COWORKERS AND MATES. YOUNG ADULTS DO NOT
NECESSARILY ACCEPT TRADITIONAL SEX ROLES AND ADOPT NONTRADITIONAL
ROLES. FOR EXAMPLE, MALES MAY BECOME NURSES OR SECRETARIES, FEMALES
MAY TAKE ADMINISTRATIVE OR CONSTRUCTION POSITONS.
21. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 40-65
• PHYSICAL: CHANGES BEGIN TO OCCUR. HAIR BEGINS TO GRAY AND THIN, SKIN
BEGINS TO WRINKLE, HEARING LOSS STARTS, VISION DECLINES, AND WEIGHT
GAIN OCCURS.
• MENTAL: MENTAL ABILITY CAN CONTINUE TO INCREASE. THIS IS A PERIOD
WHEN INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTAND LIFE AND HAVE LEARNED TO COPE WITH
MANY OF ITS STRESSES.
• EMOTIONAL: CAN BE A PERIOD OF CONTENTMENT OR CRISIS. EMOTIONAL
STATUS VARIES DEPENDING ON LIFE CHANGES REVOLVING AROUND
CHILDREN GROWING UP AND LEAVING HOME, JOB SATISFACTION, FINANCIAL
SUCCESS, GOOD HEALTH.
23. LATE ADULTHOOD 65 YEARS AND OLDER
“ELDERLY”, “SENIOR CITIZEN”, “GOLDEN AGER” , “RETIRED CITIZEN”
PHYSICAL: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ARE ON THE DECLINE. ALL BODY SYSTEMS ARE
AFFECTED. SKIN BECOMES DRY, WRINKLED, AND THINNER. HAIR BECOMES THIN AND BONES
BECOME BRITTLE AND MORE LIKELY TO BREAK. MUSCLE LOSES TONE, NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN
CAUSE INTOLERANCE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES.
MENTAL: MENTAL ABILITIES VARY AMONG INDIVIDUALS. WHILE SOME ELDERLY PEOPLE
CONTINUE TO LEARN, OTHERS HAVE MENTAL DECLINES THAT CAN AFFECT SHORT-TERM
MEMORY. MANY INDIVIDUALS CAN CLEARLY REMEMER EVENTS THAT OCCURRED 20 YEARS
AGO, BUT DON’T REMEMBER YESTERDAY’S EVENTS. DISEASES SUCH AS ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE CAN LEAD TO IRREVERSIBLE LOSS OF MEMORY, INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION, SPEECH,
AND DISORIENTATION.
EMOTIONAL: VARIES DEPENDING ON INDIVIDUAL’S ABILITY TO COPE. SOME REMAIN HAPPY
AND ENJOY LIFE, WHILE OTHERS MAY BECOME LONELY, FRUSTRATED, DEPRESSED AND
WITHDRAWN.
NEEDS: IN ADDITION TO THOSE OF ALL OTHER LIFE STAGES, THE ELDERLY NEED A SENSE OF
BELONGING, SELF-ESTEEM, FINANCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, AND LOVE.