This document provides an introduction to the subject of philosophy. It discusses what philosophy involves, including questioning existing knowledge and constructing arguments to get closer to the truth. It explains that studying philosophy requires doing philosophy, such as analyzing and criticizing arguments. The document outlines skills developed in philosophy like critical thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. It also lists some common philosophy subjects and thought experiments used to explore topics in knowledge, metaphysics, ethics, and other areas. The overall summary is: Philosophy questions existing knowledge to find answers on subjects like knowledge, existence, and ethics. It develops reasoning and argument skills through analyzing arguments and thought experiments on topics ranging from epistemology to applied ethics.

1. Philosophy
A Short Introduction

2. What is Philosophy?
Philosophy is about:
– Finding answers to serious questions about ourselves
and about the world we live in:
What is morally right and wrong? And why?
What is a good life?
Does God exist?
What is the mind?
What is art?
Is the world really as it appears to us?
What can we know?
…and much, much more
– Questioning existing knowledge and intuitions to get
closer to the truth

3. What will you do when studying
Philosophy?
Philosophy is different from many other
arts subjects:
– To study philosophy you have to do
philosophy
We analyze and criticize existing
arguments
We construct our own arguments
– We use fun thought experiments too

4. What will you get out of
Philosophy?
Skills that will help
you:
– With your other studies
– Good career prospects
– Understand yourself
and the world around
you
– Prevent being conned
and duped

5. What will you get out of Philosophy?
The skills are:
– Critical thinking,
– Argument skills,
– Communication,
– Reasoning,
– Analysis,
– Problem solving…
Which allow you to:
– Justify your opinions
– Spot a bad argument, no matter what the topic
– Explain to people why they are wrong and you are
right
– Philosophy basically teaches you to think!

6. Health & Safety Warning:
Philosophy can be
dangerous!
– You’ll have the skills to
poke holes in just about
everything anyone says
(which often doesn’t go
down so well)
– With great power,
comes great
responsibility
– Make sure that you use
your powers for good!

7. Ground Rules:
Philosophy is not angry debating or
arguing
– Don’t make others feel bad by arguing them
into a corner
– Don’t pick holes just because you can
Be charitable (it’s what good philosophers do)
– Be constructive – work together to find the
truth!
– If you all respect each other (and me!), then
you’ll all get the chance to have your say

8. The Philosophy Subjects
What is it to know something (and how
can we come to know something)?
– Epistemology, philosophy of science, logic
What is there (and what are the natures of
these things)?
– Metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy
of religion
What has value (and why)?
– Aesthetics, moral & political philosophy

9. Knowledge
What can we have knowledge
about?
What does it mean to have
knowledge about something?
Where can we get knowledge
from?
How can we get knowledge?
Are we just brains in vats?
Can we be sure we know
anything?!
Descartes: “I think, therefore I am”

10. Metaphysics
What is time?
Is time travel possible?
Was there time before the universe?
How did the universe start?
What happened before the universe?
Is everything in the universe caused?
Is it possible for us to have free will?
What is the meaning of life?

11. Philosophy of Religion
What are the arguments for believing in a god?
Do those arguments give good reason to believe
in a God?
What are the arguments that certain kinds of
Gods cannot exist?
Do those arguments give good reason not to
believe in a certain type of God?
Why would a God who is all powerful, and all
good let bad things happen to innocent people?

12. Aesthetics
How can we tell
what is art and
what isn’t?
Is popular art bad
for us?
Why do people
enjoy watching
scary movies?

13. Moral & Political Philosophy
Are there universal moral facts?
What is the best possible life someone can
have?
What makes actions morally right or
wrong?
What is the best form of government?
Are human rights real?
When, if ever, is it permissible to go to
war?

14. Applied Ethics
Applying moral theories to current real life
situations to assess what we should do
Topics include:
– Animal rights
– Environmental ethics
– Euthanasia
– Abortion
– Cloning and genetic engineering
– Business ethics (e.g. is advertising immoral?)
– Global poverty

15. Let’s do Some Philosophy:
Two Thought Experiments
The Trolley Bus Problem and the Spare
Parts Surgeon are examples of problems
you will find in ethics courses
We can use thought experiments like
these to work out what is going on when
we make a moral judgement and…
Give insight into what makes moral
judgements right and wrong

16. The Tram Dilemma
An out of control tram will soon
kill 5 people who are stuck on
the track.
You can flick a switch to divert
the tram to another track where
only one person is stuck.
Should you flip the switch?
Should you kill one person to
save five? SWITCH

17. The Surgeon’s Dilemma
You are a surgeon
with six patients.
Five of them need
major organ
transplants.
The sixth, an ideal
donor for all the
relevant organs, is in
hospital for a minor
operation.
Should you kill one
person to save five?

18. What’s going on here?
Should you kill one person to save five?
– Trolley Dilemma = “yes”
– Surgeon Dilemma = “no”
If you have two conflicting intuitions then
either:
– there must be some morally relevant
difference between the two cases, or
– One or more of your intuitions is wrong
– So which is it?