This document discusses human development across the lifespan from prenatal development through late adulthood and death. It addresses physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The effects of both nature and nurture are considered. Key developmental theories are also referenced, including Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

2. • Read about and analyze the diversity of development
throughout the lifespan.
• Apply various developmental theories to physical, cognitive,
and socio-emotional development.
• Write about and distinguish the effects of nature and nurture
on human development.

3. DEVELOPMENT
• Development refers to the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social
changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both
genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture).
• Prenatal: the moment of conception, when the father’s sperm unites with
the mother’s egg, and then the development in the womb.
• Infancy: the developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one
year.
• Childhood: the period between infancy and the onset of puberty.
• Adolescence: the years between the onset of puberty till age 18 years.
• Adulthood: the stages of adulthood itself, including emerging, early,
middle, and older adulthood; and finally, the preparations for and eventual

4. Pre- Natal Development

5. Reflexes
at Birth.

6. Reflex at birth:
these reflexes
are primitive in
nature and
have an
evolutionary
base. They
disappear
within 2 years.

7. Physi

12. Adolescent
development
of identity

13. Kohlberg’s
theory of
Moral
development

15. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Adolescent: changes in the physical body with the development of
secondary sex characteristics.
• Adulthood: Menopause- the cessation of periods in women.
• Late Adulthood: begins at 60 years.
• Physical decline and cognitive decline leading to Alzheimer's or dementia
• Dementia is defined as a progressive neurological disease that includes
loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday
behaviors, and Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that, over a
period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical
functioning,

16. SOCIAL CHANGES IN LATE ADULTHOOD.
• Continue to work part time past retirement, in order to ease into
retirement status slowly.
• Plan for retirement
• Retire with someone.
• Have a happy marriage. Couples that work on their marriages can make
their retirements a lot easier.
• Take care of physical and financial health
• Retire early from a stressful job
• Retire “on time”.
• Empty nest syndrome.

17. DEATH, DYING, AND BEREAVEMENT
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross describes five phases of grief through which people
pass in grappling with the knowledge that they or someone close to them is
dying:
1. Denial: “I feel fine.” “This can’t be happening; not to me.”
2. Anger: “Why me? It’s not fair!” “How can this happen to me?” “Who is to
blame?”
3. Bargaining: “Just let me live to see my children graduate.” “I’d do anything
for a few more years.” “I’d give my life savings if…”
4. Depression: “I’m so sad, why bother with anything?” “I’m going to die.
What’s the point?” “I miss my loved ones—why go on?”
5. Acceptance: “I know my time has come; it’s almost my time.”v

18. WHAT IS LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT AND
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK?
• Lifespan development - The term lifespan development refers to age-
related changes that occur from birth, throughout a persons' life, into
and during old age.
• Developmental Task - A developmental task is a task that arises at or
about a certain period in life, unsuccessful achievement of which leads
to inability to perform tasks associated with the next period or stage
in life.

19. LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT STAGES OR HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT STAGES
1. Pre-natal stage
2. Infancy stage ( birth – 2years)
3. Early Childhood ( 3 – 5 years)
4. Middle and Late Childhood (6- 12 years)
5. Adolescence ( 13 – 18 years)
6. Early Adulthood (19 – 20 years)
7. Middle Adulthood ( 30 – 60 years)
8. Late Adulthood ( 61 and above) finally to
Death.

20. 1. PRE-NATAL PERIOD –
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT REFERS TO THE PROCESS
IN WHICH A BABY DEVELOPS FROM A SINGLE CELL
AFTER CONCEPTION INTO AN EMBRYO AND LATER
A FETUS.
It is further classified in three phases
 Germinal stage : First 2 weeks “ conception ,
implantation and formation of placenta”
Embryonic stage: 2 weeks – 2 months ( Formation
of vital organs and Systems)
Fetal Stage: 2 months – birth

21. 2. INFANCY : (BIRTH TO 2 YRS)
INFANCY IS THE PERIOD FROM BIRTH TO TWO
YEARS CONSTITUTES THE INFANCY STAGE OF
LIFE.THE INFANT'S BASIC NEEDS BEING MET BY THE
PARENTS AND THIS INTERACTION LEADING TO
TRUST OR MISTRUST.
Characteristics of infant:
Trust Vs. Mistrust
Begins to walk and talk upto 3 – 4
words as sentence
Famous behavior saying “ NO”
Great imitators
Need intense care

22. 3. EARLY CHILDHOOD (3 – 5 YRS)
– E.CHILDHOOD IS BASICALLY FROM AGE OF 3 –5
YEARS. WHICH IS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE STAGES
Characteristics:-
Learning to take food, walk and to talk
Learning to control the elimination of body
wastes
Learning sex differences and learns clothing
styles
Getting ready to read
Learning to distinguish right and wrong and
learning to develop a conscience. They

23. MIDDLE & LATE CHILDHOOD IS
GENERALLY DEFINED AS AGES 6 TO 9 AND 9
THROUGH 12. UP UNTIL THIS POINT, MOST
CHILDREN HAVE BEEN GROWING AT FAIRLY
PREDICTABLE RATES. NOW, ALL BETS ARE OFF DUE
THE OFTEN WILD FLUCTUATIONS IN PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or
feminine social roles
Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing,
and calculating , a conscience, a sense of morality,
and a scale of values , attitudes toward social
groups and institutions
Developing concepts necessary for everyday
living
Parental approval still important

25. 5. ADOLESCENCE - ADOLESCENCE REFERS TO THE
PERIOD OF HUMAN GROWTH THAT OCCURS BETWEEN
CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. ADOLESCENCE BEGINS
AT AROUND AGE 10 AND ENDS AROUND AGE 21.
ADOLESCENCE CAN BE BROKEN INTO THREE STAGES:
EARLY ADOLESCENCE, MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE, AND
LATE ADOLESCENCE.
Three stages of Adolescence
(i) Early Adolescence (12 - 14 yrs)
(ii) Middle adolescence (15 – 17 yrs)
(iii) Late Adolescence (18 – 20 yrs)

27. ADULTHOOD
Successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable
relationships
and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a
relationship.
Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can
lead to
isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this
stage will

28. 6. EARLY ADULTHOOD:(19 – 29 YRS)
The period from the end of adolescence, i.e., from approximately 19
years to about 35 years of age is generally viewed as the early adulthood
period. This is the period in which social roles and relationships are
materialized. The young adult becomes a fully functioning social being
assuming the role of a married family person
Completion of physical development
Maturation and accepts criticism and hangout with same age groups

29. 7. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD ( 30 – 60 YRS)
The period of life from about thirty five years of age to sixty is viewed
as the mid life during which people become aware of some decline in
their physiological functions. Muscular strength and performance of
major organ systems such as digestive and circulatory systems
deteriorate.
Changes in physical appearances
Has a major roles

30. 8.LATE ADULTHOOD AND OLD ADULTHOOD ( 60 AND
ABOVE)
The period of life from the sixties till death is the period of old
age.
However, with increasing life expectancy and longer work
period there
is a delayed onset of the actual feeling of old age. Besides
retirement
from active work life, the old people have to cope with many
other

31. ERIKSON AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGISTS IN
LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN BEING

32. BOOK REFERENCE
• The development of Introduction to Psychology by Stagnor,
Charles(2011) University o Maryland Publisher: Flat World
Knowledge, L.L.C. (2011)
• The Manipulation of Human Behavior by Biderman, Albert D.,
and Herbert Zimmer (Eds.)My John wiley and sons Inc. First
edition 1961
• Understanding human behavior and Development by Created
by Miss D. Wali and C. Regis
• Behavior and Psychology by Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Development and its wages – Author unknown
Web links
• www.verywell.com ( list of psychological disorders by Kendra