This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Mughal Dynasty has covered in this lecture. Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV Architecture Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna

1. Arch 2205 | Architectural Heritage – IV | Part-B
| Kowshik Roy | Part Time Lecturer | Architecture Discipline | Khulna University |
Islamic Architecture in India
Mughal Dynasty
1526–1540 AD & 1555–1857 AD(?)

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Before Mughal Dynasty
Slave (Ghulam/Mamluk) Dynasty (1206- 1290 AD)
Khilji Dynasty (1290- 1320 AD)
Tughlaq Dynasty (13201- 1413 AD)
Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451 AD)
Lodi Dynasty (1451 - 1526 AD)

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Babur, the First Mughal in India
Ibrahim Lodi
the last ruler of
Lodi Dynasty
Lost at First Battle
of Panipath
Babur
the founder of
Mughal Dynasty
Mughal derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption
of Mongol

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Figure 01: Babur’s Ancestor
Tamerlane
(Turkish Leader)
Babur
(Founder of Mughal Empire)
Nigar KhanumOmar Sk Mirza
Chengis Khan
(Mongol Conqueror)
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Babur (1483-1530 AD)
• ‘Babur’ a Persian Word, means
Tiger
• At age 12, succeeded his father as
sovereign of Fergana (now in
Uzbekistan)
• Established himself at Kabul in
1504, having lost Fergana the year
before
• From Kabul made repeated
attempts to conquer Samarqand,
the capital of his Timurid ancestors.
• Interested & impressed with the
garden, mosque, palace of
Samarqand.
Babur, the First Mughal in India
Figure 02: Protrait of Babur

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• Defeated by Uzbek leader Shaybani, and finally lost both
Fargana & Samarqand.
• 1504 AD Dominate Kabul & later entire Afghanistan
• 1513 AD with the help of Ismail Safari, Persian Leader Conquer
Samarqand, again defeated by Uzbek.
All this failure result - Attempt to leave from his own territory
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Babur, the First Mughal in India
Fergana
Samarkand
Kabul
Delhi
Figure 03: Regions ruled by Babur

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Reasons to Invade India
• Unstable political & social condition at INDIA
Kashmir, Jainpur, Meber, Gugrat ware fighting with each other
Lack of Central Power
Ibrahim Lody dominated partially Panjub, Ganga-jamna, Doyab
• Invitation of Doulot Khan lody, ruler of Lahore to invade India
• The extreme desire of Babur after capturing Kabul to conquer
India
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Figure 04: Babur’s route to India from Fargana
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Figure 04: First battle of Panipath
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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India from Babur’s Perspective
“Hindustan is a country that has few pleasures to recommend it ……
The people have … no ingenuity or mechanical invention in planning or
executing their handicraft works
no skill or knowledge in design or architecture …….
no grapes no melons, no good fruits, no ice or cold water …. ….
There is an excessive quantity of earth and dust flying about”
“But a convenience of Hindustan is that
the workmen of every profession and trade are innumerable and
without end”
Babur, the First Mughal in India

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Mughal Dynasty
Ruler Reign Notes
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
Babur
(1526 – 1530) Founder of Mughal Empire
Nasir-ud-din Muhammad
Humayun
(1530 –1540) Ascended and Exiled
Nasir-ud-din Muhammad
Humayun
(1555 -1556) Recaptured Delhi
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
Akbar
(1556 –1605) The King of Builders
Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim
Jahangir
(1605 –1627)
Introduced marbel as a buildig
material of Mughals
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram
Shah-Jahan
( 1627–1658 ) Built Taj Mahal
Muhy-ud-din Muhammad
Aurangzeb
(1658 –1707)
Ensured largest territory under
Mughals

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Mughal Dynasty
Babur (1526-30)
Humayun 1530-56) Kamran Hindan Ashkary
Akbar 1556-1605) Md. Hakim
Jahangir (1605-1627) Murad Daniel
Khasru Parvez Shahjahan (1627-1658) Shahriar
Dara Suza Aurangazeb (1658-1707) Murad

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Mughal Dynasty
Figure 05: Regions ruled by the Mughals

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Bagh-I-Nilufar (Lotus Garden)
Dholpur, Rajasthan-1527-29 AD
50 km south of Agra, atop the red sandstone ridge that looms high
above the CHAMBAL river.
A centrally large Lotus-shaped pool and other pools.
Symmetrical garden divided into four quarters by course of running
water – introduced by Babur in India
A mosque, bath, well, 26 rock spouts, water courses, stone platform.
Melon brought from Kabul
Grapes were introduced
Grafted trees
Flower of various color

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Bagh-I Hasht Bihisht (Garden of Eight Paradises)
Agara 1527 AD
Located at the East bank of Jamuna river
Served main residence and court
Timurid-Persian Scheme – garden subdivided into four quarters by
raised walkway and canals
Regularly ordered and symmetrical
Included bath, a large tank, and audience hall and a private dwelling
• Persian water wheel with deep steeped wells called ‘Baolis’
• Bath pipe with hot and cold water- inside such bath the heat
and flying dust are shut out.