Lect 1a - Introduction to Pharmacy Informatics 1a.pdf

1. Drug Information Service
Lect 1a: Introduction to Pharmacy Informatics Ia
Presented by:
Heng Wei Kai
BPharm (Hons), MSc (Pharmacy), RPh. (Mal), APh (Mal), mMPS
Faculty of Pharmacy
AIMST University

2. Acknowledgement
• Dr. Dinesh Kumar Upadhyay for creating previous version of lecture
slide.

3. Topic 1a:
Database and its role in
pharmaceutical information

4. Topic Learning Outcome
At the end of the topic, the students shall be able to:
1. describe database management system and its types.
2. understand database design, data abstraction, database entity
relationship and its application pharmaceutical information.

5. Pharmacy Informatics
• Informatics refers to the use of computers to manage data and
information.
• Pharmacy informatics focuses on the use of information, information
systems, and automation technology to ensure safe and effective
medication usage.
• All pharmacists are affected by the electronic information systems
that make up pharmacy informatics in virtually every aspect of practice.
• Examples: Patient records, medication administration and usage
information, insurance information, as well as laboratory tests and
results are just a few of the categories of information that are managed
in electronic environments.

6. What is Database (DB)??
• Database is an organized collection of data, which can be used
either alone or combined for multiple purposes.
• Database Management systems (DBMS) is a collection of programs
that enables to store, modify and extract information from database.
• Characteristics of DBMS:
• Performance
• Store large volume of data
• Share data (access)
• Provide security (authorization)
• Remove redundancy (duplication)
• Provide concurrent access (different users at the same time)

7. Database Management Systems

8. DBMS

9. Type of DBMS
1. Hierarchical DBMS
2. Network DBMS
3. Relational DBMS
4. Object Oriented DBMS

10. Hierarchical DBMS

11. Hierarchical DBMS
• It is a data model where the data is organized like a tree.
• This model is based on parent/child relationship.
• Each parent can have many children but each children has one parent (one-
to-many relationship).
• In order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database, the whole tree needs
to be traversed starting from the root node.
• It is useful for a certain type of data storage, but it is not extremely
versatile. Its limitations mean that it is confined to some very specific
uses.
• For example, where each individual person in a company may report to a
given department, the department can be used as a parent record and the
individual employees will represent secondary records, each of which links
back to that one parent record in a hierarchical structure.

12. Network DBMS

13. Network DBMS
• This model is designed to solve the hierarchical database model’s
problem specifically the lack of flexibility.
• In this model, instead of only allowing each child to have one parent, this
model allow each child to have multiple parents (many-to-many
relationship). → form a web-like structure.
• The main advantage of a network database is that it allows for a more
natural modeling of relationships between records or entities, as opposed
to the hierarchical model.
• However, the relational database model has started to win over both the
network and the hierarchical models because its added flexibility and
productivity has become more evident as hardware technology has become
faster.

14. Relational DBMS

15. Relational DBMS

16. Relational DBMS
• Most popular database model for commercial applications.
• A relational database (RDB) is a collective set of multiple data sets
organized by tables, records and columns.
• Data in organized in Tables (or relations). A table is made up of rows (also
called record or tuple) and columns (also called a field or attribute).
• It use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard user
application that provides an easy programming interface for database
interaction.
• RDB performs "select", "project" and "join" database operations, where
select is used for data retrieval, project identifies data attributes, and join
combines relations.

17. Relational DBMS
Advantage of Relational RBMS:
• Easy extendability, as new data may be added without modifying
existing records. This is also known as scalability.
• New technology performance, power and flexibility with multiple
data requirement capabilities.
• Data security, which is critical when data sharing is based on privacy.
For example, management may share certain data privileges and
access and block employees from other data, such as confidential
salary or benefit information.

18. Object Oriented DBMS:

19. Object Oriented DBMS:

20. Object Oriented DBMS:
• The main feature of object-oriented databases is allowing the
definition of objects, which are different from normal database
objects.
• Objects, in an object-oriented database, reference the ability to
develop a product, then define and name it. The object can then be
referenced, or called later, as a unit without having to go into its
complexities.

21. Database design
• It is important to design the database in such a way that:
• A specific item can be reached easily
• The database can respond to the user’s different questions easily
• The database occupies minimum storage space
• The database contains no unnecessary data
• Data can be added and updated easily without causing mistakes.
• Steps in Data base design:
• Requirement analysis: What does the user want?
• Conceptual database design: Defining the entities and attributes, and the
relationships between these (called entity-relation model)
• Physical database design: Implementation of the conceptual design using a
database Management System

22. Data Abstraction
• Data abstraction is the reduction of a
particular body of data to a simplified
representation of the whole.
• Level of data abstraction:
• Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction
describes how data are actually stored.
• Logical level: The next-higher level of data
abstraction, describes what data are stored in
database and what relationship among those data.
• View level: The highest level of data abstraction
describes only part of entire database.

23. Instance and Schemes
• The collection of database at a particular moment is called the
instance of database.
• The overall design of the database is called database scheme.
Relationships:
• Connect two or more entity sets.
• Represented by diamond.

24. Multiplicity of Relationships

25. Example of Entity-Relationship model:
• An entity is represented as rectangle in an E-R diagram
• Two entities – student and college – Many to one relationship

26. Hospital Database E-R Relationship

27. Hospital Database E-R Relationship

28. Data Administration
• A high-level function that is responsible for the overall management of data resources
in an organization with standards.
Data Administration Functions:
• Data Policies, procedures, standards
• Planning
• Data conflict (ownership) resolution
• Managing the information repository
• Internal marketing of DA concepts
• Selection of DBMS and software tools
• Installing/upgrading DBMS
• Turning database performance
• Improving query processing performance
• Managing data security, privacy and integrity
• Data backup and recovery

29. Data Warehouse
• The data warehouse is a stable, read-only database that combines
information from separate system into, easy-to use location.

30. Purpose of Pharmacy drug database
• Pharmacy drug database refers to the collection and compilation of
data related to various drugs that can be used by physicians and other
healthcare professionals to ensure provision of best pharmaceutical
services to the patients.
• Database management system for pharmacy can be used to locate
and find the medicines that exist in the pharmacy.
• Example: If a costumer need a cough elixir, the pharmacist can
locate the cough elixir by using database in the pharmacist's
computer

31. Pharmacoinformatics
• Discipline where technology interact with any aspects of drug
delivery, from the basic sciences to the clinical use of medications in
individuals and populations.
• The work of pharmacoinformatics can be divided into two categories:
a) Scientific aspects – deals with the drug discovery and development activities
b) Service aspects – this aspects are more patient centric

32. Healthcare Informatics
The major component of healthcare informatics are;
• Hospital Information Systems (HIS): A comprehensive, integrated
information system designed to manage the administrative, financial
and clinical aspects of a hospital.
• Electronic Healthcare Record (EHR) Systems: EHRs are real-time,
patient-centered records that make information available instantly and
securely to authorized users.
• Decision Support Systems (DSS): In choosing potential medications
for a condition.

33. Healthcare Informatics

34. Applications of Pharmacoinformatics
• Pharmacoinformatics has been involved in the following areas of
pharmaceutical practice:
• Research and development: In researching and developing new drugs and in the
process
• Patient profiling: To keep track record of patient’s medication (present and past
prescription) and allergies, can be extracted from computer system.
• Decision support: In choosing potential medications for a condition; In offering
alternatives based on PMH and non-pharmacological conditions such as cost; In
listing of indications and contraindications
• Medication Information System (MIS): Offers health information about
medications including composition, uses, risks, side effects and food & drug
interactions
• Telepharmacy: Pharmaceutical care through the use of computer system, to the
patients at remote locations by a pharmacist.