This document discusses database auditing and security. It begins by summarizing the problems with the flat-file data model, including data redundancy, difficulty updating data, and limited data sharing between users. It then describes how the database approach centralizes data and eliminates these problems through features of database management systems and defining data using different database models. The rest of the document defines key database concepts like entities, attributes, and relationships and provides an overview of hierarchical, network, and relational database models.
The document discusses database concepts including:
1. The relationship between data and information and how computers process data into meaningful information.
2. What a database is and how it allows users to organize, access, and use data through database management systems.
3. The process of conceptual and physical database design including entity-relationship modeling and normalization.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses types of databases and applications, basic definitions, typical DBMS functionality including querying and updating data, and provides an example of a university database. It describes the main characteristics of the database approach, different types of database users, and advantages and limitations of using a DBMS.
This document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It describes types of databases and applications, basic definitions, typical DBMS functionality including querying and updating data, an example of a university database, characteristics of the database approach, database users, advantages of databases, and situations when databases may not be needed.
This document provides an introduction to databases including:
- It defines what a database is and how data is organized into tables with rows and columns.
- It discusses some common database management systems like Microsoft Access, MySQL, and SQL Server.
- It outlines some key components of a database management system environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and people.
- It also briefly mentions some potential disadvantages of database management systems like complexity, size, costs, and performance issues.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and their components. It discusses that a database is a collection of related data representing some aspect of the real world. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to define, construct, manipulate and share databases. The key functions of a DBMS include data definition, data storage, data manipulation such as querying and updating, and sharing data among multiple users. The document also provides examples of database systems and their typical components such as utilities, tools, and centralized and client/server architectures.
Relational databases have pretty much ruled over the IT world for the last 30 years. However, Web 2.0 and the incipient Internet of Things (IoT) are some of the sources of a data explosion that has proved to exceed the limits of what modern relational databases can handle in a growing number of cases. As a result, new technologies had to be developed to handle these new use cases. We generally group these technologies under the umbrella of Big Data. In this two part presentation, we will start by understanding how relational databases have evolved to become the powerhouses they are today. In part 2 we will look at how non SQL databases are tackling the big data problem to scale beyond what relational databases can provide us today.
This document discusses database concepts and architecture. It covers data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It discusses the history of relational, network and hierarchical data models. It also covers the three-level database architecture including the external, conceptual and internal schemas. The architecture supports logical and physical data independence. The document discusses database languages like DDL and DML and different database interfaces and systems.
The document discusses different types of databases and database applications, including numeric/textual databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, data warehouses, and real-time databases. It also defines key database concepts such as database, data, mini-world, and database management system. Database systems are used to store and manage large volumes of structured data and provide functionality for defining data structures, querying and manipulating data, concurrent access, security, and more. Examples of database applications include a university student information system and a large tax filing database.
The document discusses database concepts including:
1. The relationship between data and information and how computers process data into meaningful information.
2. What a database is and how it allows users to organize, access, and use data through database management systems.
3. The process of conceptual and physical database design including entity-relationship modeling and normalization.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses types of databases and applications, basic definitions, typical DBMS functionality including querying and updating data, and provides an example of a university database. It describes the main characteristics of the database approach, different types of database users, and advantages and limitations of using a DBMS.
This document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It describes types of databases and applications, basic definitions, typical DBMS functionality including querying and updating data, an example of a university database, characteristics of the database approach, database users, advantages of databases, and situations when databases may not be needed.
This document provides an introduction to databases including:
- It defines what a database is and how data is organized into tables with rows and columns.
- It discusses some common database management systems like Microsoft Access, MySQL, and SQL Server.
- It outlines some key components of a database management system environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and people.
- It also briefly mentions some potential disadvantages of database management systems like complexity, size, costs, and performance issues.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and their components. It discusses that a database is a collection of related data representing some aspect of the real world. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to define, construct, manipulate and share databases. The key functions of a DBMS include data definition, data storage, data manipulation such as querying and updating, and sharing data among multiple users. The document also provides examples of database systems and their typical components such as utilities, tools, and centralized and client/server architectures.
Relational databases have pretty much ruled over the IT world for the last 30 years. However, Web 2.0 and the incipient Internet of Things (IoT) are some of the sources of a data explosion that has proved to exceed the limits of what modern relational databases can handle in a growing number of cases. As a result, new technologies had to be developed to handle these new use cases. We generally group these technologies under the umbrella of Big Data. In this two part presentation, we will start by understanding how relational databases have evolved to become the powerhouses they are today. In part 2 we will look at how non SQL databases are tackling the big data problem to scale beyond what relational databases can provide us today.
This document discusses database concepts and architecture. It covers data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It discusses the history of relational, network and hierarchical data models. It also covers the three-level database architecture including the external, conceptual and internal schemas. The architecture supports logical and physical data independence. The document discusses database languages like DDL and DML and different database interfaces and systems.
The document discusses different types of databases and database applications, including numeric/textual databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, data warehouses, and real-time databases. It also defines key database concepts such as database, data, mini-world, and database management system. Database systems are used to store and manage large volumes of structured data and provide functionality for defining data structures, querying and manipulating data, concurrent access, security, and more. Examples of database applications include a university student information system and a large tax filing database.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a database systems textbook. It introduces the major parts of the book, including relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, and database architectures. Each chapter is briefly described to give the reader an understanding of what concepts will be discussed in more depth throughout the textbook.
Database design, implementation, and management -chapter02Beni Krisbiantoro
This document provides an overview of data modeling concepts. It discusses the importance of data models for organizing data for different users and as a communication tool. It also describes the basic building blocks of entities, attributes, and relationships. Additionally, it covers the evolution of different data models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity relationship, and object oriented models. It provides examples of hierarchical and network data structures.
The document discusses Amrapali Institute and provides an overview of its database management system course, including:
- The purpose of a database system and advantages of using a DBMS.
- Key concepts covered in the course like data manipulation languages, SQL, data models, database administrators, and database users.
- Examples of database applications in various domains like banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources.
- The role of the database administrator in coordinating the database system and defining the schema and user access permissions.
The document discusses databases and database management systems. It provides examples of common database applications like banking, universities, sales, and airlines. It defines what a database is, the role of a database management system, and examples of DBMS software. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a database system versus a traditional file system to store data. Key benefits of a DBMS include supporting complex queries, controlling redundancy and consistency, handling concurrent access from multiple users, and providing security and data recovery.
This document provides an overview of databases and SQL. It begins with a brief introduction to databases, including what they are, database management systems (DBMS), and relational database management systems (RDBMS). The document then discusses the history and evolution of databases. It introduces MySQL as a popular open source RDBMS and compares its features. The document also covers database concepts and design, including requirement analysis, logical design, and the database life cycle. Finally, it provides an introduction to SQL and an example of using the CREATE TABLE syntax.
A filesystem is the method and data structures an operating system uses to organize files on a disk or partition. It determines how files are arranged and accessed. A traditional filing system has advantages like security and simplicity but disadvantages such as data redundancy, inconsistency, limited sharing, and being program dependent. It can be easier for untrained users but requires more disk space and manual updating compared to electronic systems.
This document introduces databases and database management systems. It discusses the disadvantages of file-based systems, including data duplication, incompatible formats, and fixed queries. A database was created to address these issues by centralizing data storage and control. A database management system provides tools to define, create, maintain and control access to a database. Common examples of databases include those for supermarkets, credit cards, travel agencies, libraries, insurance, and universities.
This document provides an outline for a course on databases and database users. It introduces key concepts about databases including what a database is, database properties, database management systems, actors involved with databases like administrators and designers, advantages of databases over file systems, and common database applications. The outline covers topics that will be taught like introduction to PHP and MySQL, how to code applications with databases, and how to perform common tasks with databases.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terms like database, DBMS, metadata, system catalog, data, and information. It explains the characteristics of the database approach, advantages of using a DBMS over traditional file systems, and implications of the database approach. It also outlines the roles of database administrators and other actors involved with databases. Finally, it discusses some disadvantages of DBMS and circumstances when a DBMS may not be necessary.
Database systems allow for centralized management of shared data through database management systems (DBMS). This document outlines key concepts in database systems including common uses of databases, characteristics of file-based systems, problems with the file approach, definitions of database and DBMS, typical DBMS functions, DBMS components, and advantages/disadvantages of DBMS. It also provides examples of database uses and describes the typical makeup of a database including data, records, fields, and other components.
Database Management System And Design QuestionsSamir Sabry
This document contains 10 questions about database management systems and design. The questions cover topics such as components of the relational database environment, the purpose of database management systems, query languages, data organization hierarchies, data modeling approaches like hierarchical, network and relational schemas, problems with file management systems, data dictionaries, database functions, and transferring data between databases and other programs. The document also provides the answers to each question.
The document provides an overview of database concepts including:
- A database contains files which contain records made up of fields that store data. Maintaining accurate data involves adding, changing, and deleting records while validating entries.
- Databases improve on file processing systems by reducing redundant data and allowing easier sharing of data across departments and users.
- A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, access, and manage a database.
- Popular database models include relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional. Relational databases store data in tables while object-oriented databases store data in objects.
This document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the characteristics and limitations of traditional file-based data storage, how the database approach was developed to address these issues, and defines key database concepts like data definition languages, data manipulation languages, and database views. It also outlines the typical components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel. Finally, it reviews the history of database systems and lists advantages and disadvantages of the DBMS approach.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and the relational database model. It defines what data is, discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage, and describes how databases address these issues. The key aspects covered include the four main types of database management system approaches - hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Relational databases are identified as the preferred approach, with tables containing records made up of fields and attributes being the primary components.
Database Systems - Introduction to Database Design (Chapter 4/1)Vidyasagar Mundroy
This document discusses database design techniques and includes the following key points:
- It introduces database design approaches, which include bottom-up and top-down design. These differ in whether they start with attributes or entity relationships.
- The three phases of database design are discussed: conceptual, which focuses on user requirements; logical, which develops the data model; and physical, which includes implementation details.
- Other topics covered include data modeling, entity relationship modeling, normalization, and the importance of proper database design for application performance, extensibility, data integrity and security.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and history. It discusses how database systems address issues with using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, integrity problems, and concurrent access. The key components of a database system are the database management system (DBMS), data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database design, storage and querying, transaction management, architecture, users, and administrators. The relational model and SQL are introduced as widely used standards. A brief history outlines the evolution from early data processing using tapes and cards to modern database systems.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
This document summarizes the evolution of data management systems over six generations from manual processing to current multi-media databases. It describes how data management began by automating traditional business tasks using punched cards and sequential processing. Today's systems provide infrastructure for distributed data access and increasingly automate access to richer data types like images and video. The next steps involve automating data summarization and anticipating user requests.
The document describes a learning scenario for a writing class on narrative texts for first year senior high school students. It outlines the steps: 1) The teacher greets students and checks readiness; 2) A student reads a sample narrative text aloud and the teacher explains the genre; 3) Students write their own short narrative texts; 4) Some students summarize the lesson and the teacher motivates further study at home; 5) The teacher announces the next lesson and closes the class. The scenario focuses on actively engaging students through reading, writing, summarizing and preparing for future lessons.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a database systems textbook. It introduces the major parts of the book, including relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, and database architectures. Each chapter is briefly described to give the reader an understanding of what concepts will be discussed in more depth throughout the textbook.
Database design, implementation, and management -chapter02Beni Krisbiantoro
This document provides an overview of data modeling concepts. It discusses the importance of data models for organizing data for different users and as a communication tool. It also describes the basic building blocks of entities, attributes, and relationships. Additionally, it covers the evolution of different data models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity relationship, and object oriented models. It provides examples of hierarchical and network data structures.
The document discusses Amrapali Institute and provides an overview of its database management system course, including:
- The purpose of a database system and advantages of using a DBMS.
- Key concepts covered in the course like data manipulation languages, SQL, data models, database administrators, and database users.
- Examples of database applications in various domains like banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources.
- The role of the database administrator in coordinating the database system and defining the schema and user access permissions.
The document discusses databases and database management systems. It provides examples of common database applications like banking, universities, sales, and airlines. It defines what a database is, the role of a database management system, and examples of DBMS software. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a database system versus a traditional file system to store data. Key benefits of a DBMS include supporting complex queries, controlling redundancy and consistency, handling concurrent access from multiple users, and providing security and data recovery.
This document provides an overview of databases and SQL. It begins with a brief introduction to databases, including what they are, database management systems (DBMS), and relational database management systems (RDBMS). The document then discusses the history and evolution of databases. It introduces MySQL as a popular open source RDBMS and compares its features. The document also covers database concepts and design, including requirement analysis, logical design, and the database life cycle. Finally, it provides an introduction to SQL and an example of using the CREATE TABLE syntax.
A filesystem is the method and data structures an operating system uses to organize files on a disk or partition. It determines how files are arranged and accessed. A traditional filing system has advantages like security and simplicity but disadvantages such as data redundancy, inconsistency, limited sharing, and being program dependent. It can be easier for untrained users but requires more disk space and manual updating compared to electronic systems.
This document introduces databases and database management systems. It discusses the disadvantages of file-based systems, including data duplication, incompatible formats, and fixed queries. A database was created to address these issues by centralizing data storage and control. A database management system provides tools to define, create, maintain and control access to a database. Common examples of databases include those for supermarkets, credit cards, travel agencies, libraries, insurance, and universities.
This document provides an outline for a course on databases and database users. It introduces key concepts about databases including what a database is, database properties, database management systems, actors involved with databases like administrators and designers, advantages of databases over file systems, and common database applications. The outline covers topics that will be taught like introduction to PHP and MySQL, how to code applications with databases, and how to perform common tasks with databases.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terms like database, DBMS, metadata, system catalog, data, and information. It explains the characteristics of the database approach, advantages of using a DBMS over traditional file systems, and implications of the database approach. It also outlines the roles of database administrators and other actors involved with databases. Finally, it discusses some disadvantages of DBMS and circumstances when a DBMS may not be necessary.
Database systems allow for centralized management of shared data through database management systems (DBMS). This document outlines key concepts in database systems including common uses of databases, characteristics of file-based systems, problems with the file approach, definitions of database and DBMS, typical DBMS functions, DBMS components, and advantages/disadvantages of DBMS. It also provides examples of database uses and describes the typical makeup of a database including data, records, fields, and other components.
Database Management System And Design QuestionsSamir Sabry
This document contains 10 questions about database management systems and design. The questions cover topics such as components of the relational database environment, the purpose of database management systems, query languages, data organization hierarchies, data modeling approaches like hierarchical, network and relational schemas, problems with file management systems, data dictionaries, database functions, and transferring data between databases and other programs. The document also provides the answers to each question.
The document provides an overview of database concepts including:
- A database contains files which contain records made up of fields that store data. Maintaining accurate data involves adding, changing, and deleting records while validating entries.
- Databases improve on file processing systems by reducing redundant data and allowing easier sharing of data across departments and users.
- A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, access, and manage a database.
- Popular database models include relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional. Relational databases store data in tables while object-oriented databases store data in objects.
This document introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the characteristics and limitations of traditional file-based data storage, how the database approach was developed to address these issues, and defines key database concepts like data definition languages, data manipulation languages, and database views. It also outlines the typical components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel. Finally, it reviews the history of database systems and lists advantages and disadvantages of the DBMS approach.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and the relational database model. It defines what data is, discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage, and describes how databases address these issues. The key aspects covered include the four main types of database management system approaches - hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Relational databases are identified as the preferred approach, with tables containing records made up of fields and attributes being the primary components.
Database Systems - Introduction to Database Design (Chapter 4/1)Vidyasagar Mundroy
This document discusses database design techniques and includes the following key points:
- It introduces database design approaches, which include bottom-up and top-down design. These differ in whether they start with attributes or entity relationships.
- The three phases of database design are discussed: conceptual, which focuses on user requirements; logical, which develops the data model; and physical, which includes implementation details.
- Other topics covered include data modeling, entity relationship modeling, normalization, and the importance of proper database design for application performance, extensibility, data integrity and security.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and history. It discusses how database systems address issues with using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, integrity problems, and concurrent access. The key components of a database system are the database management system (DBMS), data models, data definition and manipulation languages, database design, storage and querying, transaction management, architecture, users, and administrators. The relational model and SQL are introduced as widely used standards. A brief history outlines the evolution from early data processing using tapes and cards to modern database systems.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
This document summarizes the evolution of data management systems over six generations from manual processing to current multi-media databases. It describes how data management began by automating traditional business tasks using punched cards and sequential processing. Today's systems provide infrastructure for distributed data access and increasingly automate access to richer data types like images and video. The next steps involve automating data summarization and anticipating user requests.
The document describes a learning scenario for a writing class on narrative texts for first year senior high school students. It outlines the steps: 1) The teacher greets students and checks readiness; 2) A student reads a sample narrative text aloud and the teacher explains the genre; 3) Students write their own short narrative texts; 4) Some students summarize the lesson and the teacher motivates further study at home; 5) The teacher announces the next lesson and closes the class. The scenario focuses on actively engaging students through reading, writing, summarizing and preparing for future lessons.
This document provides a summary of Roldan Siao's work experience and qualifications. It details his experience working in inventory control, cylinder control, and sales coordination roles for Sharjah Oxygen Company in the UAE from 2009 to present and for Pryce Gases Incorporated in the Philippines from 1995 to 2008. His responsibilities have included physical inventory counts, cylinder tracking, preparing reports, and coordinating with customers. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Commerce from Liceo de Cagayan University in the Philippines.
Comercio internacional.docx interpretacion de la convencion y del contratoHernán Araya Sepúlveda
El documento discute la interpretación de contratos de compraventa internacional bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías (CISG). Explica que la CISG requiere una interpretación de buena fe que promueva la uniformidad y observancia de la buena fe en el comercio internacional. También cubre temas como las obligaciones del vendedor y comprador, entrega de mercaderías y documentos, y pago del precio.
The document provides a summary of Sentinel Integrity Solutions' January monthly newsletter. It discusses cold weather safety tips, highlighting the importance of planning ahead and safety meetings. It encourages employees to prepare for colder weather by renewing materials and participating in safety meetings to share safety concerns and tips. The newsletter also emphasizes teamwork as key to Sentinel's health and safety culture. Employees are asked to provide feedback to improve future newsletters.
This document provides an introduction to the format of British parliamentary debate. It outlines the key components of a parliamentary debate, including the motions or topics that are debated, the order and roles of the eight speakers (prime minister, leader of opposition, etc.), and how debates are evaluated. The main points covered are: (1) Debates involve four teams of two debaters each who are assigned to support or oppose a motion. (2) Speakers present arguments in a set order, with specific roles like defining the motion or rebutting opponents. (3) Points of information can be offered to other speakers. (4) Debates are evaluated based on the strength of arguments rather than speaking ability.
Andrew Kinder is an experienced software developer and web designer with expertise in many programs including HTML, Photoshop, Microsoft Office, and content management systems. He has over 15 years of experience as a business owner and web developer, having created and managed numerous e-commerce sites on platforms such as eBay, Amazon, and Etsy. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Information Technology from the University of Salford in England.
Media Deck - New Mexico Department of TourismSean Arthur
Detailed media deck that our team created and presented for New Mexico's Department of Tourism. I researched Radio, OOH, and TV/Cable Buy and wrote the section on TV/Cable Buy.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Here are 3 potential narrative environments you could create based on Hansel and Gretel:
[1] The woods at night: Create a dark, foreboding forest setting using ominous tree shapes and shadows. Add a small fire or lantern to show Hansel and Gretel wandering lost in the woods.
[2] Inside the witch's house: Illustrate the interior of the witch's candy-covered house, using bright colors and sweets as decoration. Include the witch lurking or Hansel and Gretel trapped.
[3] Hansel and Gretel find their way home: Depict a lighter scene of Hansel and Gretel emerging from the woods at dawn and seeing their home
This document discusses a study conducted on the factors affecting the human resources (HR) department of TCS Regional office in Islamabad. It identifies several internal factors like organizational culture, leadership style, and skills level as well as external factors such as government regulations, economic conditions, and technological change that can influence the HR department. The objectives of the study were to examine the organizational structure of TCS, identify the key factors impacting the HR department, and determine the effect of these factors. Through interviews with managerial staff, the study aims to understand how these internal and external variables shape the role and responsibilities of the HR department.
El documento presenta una introducción al concepto de mina desde perspectivas etimológica, jurídica y geológica. Define mina como excavaciones realizadas para el reconocimiento o beneficio de minerales existentes o que se presume existen en el subsuelo. Explica que las minas tienen características particulares como ser ocultas, agotables y estar formadas por sustancias valiosas mezcladas con otras sin valor. Resume la historia del derecho minero chileno desde la época española hasta la actualidad, destacando los
The document is a resume for Danielle B Watson seeking employment in healthcare. It outlines her objective of finding long-term work where she can grow and provide exceptional customer service. Her skills include strong communication abilities, flexibility, attention to detail, and being hard-working, reliable, and customer-oriented. Her education includes certification as a nursing aide and degrees in phlebotomy. Her work experience includes roles in retail, food service, and home healthcare with responsibilities like customer service, food preparation, stocking, and personal care tasks for patients.
Chapter 4 security part ii auditing database systemsjayussuryawan
This document discusses database systems and auditing databases. It covers the problems with flat file data management that led to database systems, the components and models of databases including hierarchical, network and relational models. It also discusses centralized, partitioned and replicated database deployment, database administration, access controls, backup controls and audit procedures for testing controls.
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines key DBMS concepts like databases, data, schemas, and instances. It describes typical DBMS functionality like defining databases, loading data, querying data, and concurrent access. It introduces data models, DBMS languages, database users, and advantages of the database approach. It also discusses the hierarchical and network data models. The document aims to give an overview of fundamental DBMS concepts and components.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It covers topics such as the introduction to databases, components of a DBMS, and applications of DBMS. It defines a DBMS as a system software used to create and manage databases. A DBMS provides users with tools to define, manipulate, retrieve, and manage data. It also discusses the different types of databases like hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented databases.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database is - a collection of interrelated data organized for efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion. It describes characteristics of the database approach like self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, support of multiple views, and sharing of data. The document also discusses database management systems, advantages and disadvantages of DBMS, types of DBMS like hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented, database architectures, types of databases like centralized and distributed, data models, and defines what a database schema is.
The document discusses database essentials including database management systems, database applications, the purpose of database systems, data models, database languages, database architecture, and the relational data model. Specifically, it defines what a DBMS is, provides examples of common database applications, describes why databases were developed to address limitations of file processing systems, outlines several data models including the relational model, discusses database languages for defining and manipulating data, presents the client-server architecture of database systems, and explains key concepts of the relational model including tables, tuples, attributes, relations, and domains.
The document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of traditional file-based data storage systems, including data duplication, separation, and incompatibility between files. It then describes how a DBMS addresses these issues through a centralized database that can be shared and accessed. Key components of a DBMS environment include hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel to design, manage and use the database. Advantages of DBMS include data consistency and reduced redundancy, while disadvantages include increased complexity, costs and potential impact of failures.
CS3270 - DATABASE SYSTEM - Lecture (1)Dilawar Khan
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a database course, including: understanding database concepts and the relational model, learning SQL for data manipulation and definition, database design techniques like entity-relationship modeling and normalization, and hands-on experience with Microsoft SQL Server. The course objectives are to help students understand databases and DBMS systems, apply relational concepts and SQL, and be able to design database applications. The document also provides an introduction to databases by comparing traditional file-based systems with the database approach.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that a DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate databases for applications. It also discusses some key components of a DBMS environment, including software, hardware, data, procedures, and database access languages like SQL. The document compares traditional file-based data storage with DBMS approaches and outlines some benefits DBMS provide like reduced redundancy, improved data integrity and sharing, and increased accessibility.
Database management system lecture notesUTSAHSINGH2
DBMS provide an organized collection of interrelated data stored and retrieved digitally in a computer system. A DBMS uses SQL to allow users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. It consists of several components including a query processor, data dictionary, runtime database manager and data manager. The three schema architecture separates the logical and physical levels to provide data independence and abstraction.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of interrelated data organized for efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. It also discusses the benefits of using a DBMS compared to file systems such as reduced redundancy, improved consistency and security. The key components of a DBMS architecture are also summarized such as the query processor, data dictionary, storage manager and query evaluation engine.
CP 121 introduces database systems. The lecture covers file-based systems, the database approach, common database uses, users, DBMS components and functions, and advantages and disadvantages of databases. Key points include: File-based systems are limited but the database approach offers data sharing and consistency. A DBMS manages data storage, transactions, integrity, security and more. Database users include administrators, designers, developers and end users who access data through applications.
Attributes are properties or characteristics that describe entities. In the EMPLOYEE entity example, attributes could include:
- Employee ID
- Name
- Date of birth
- Address
- Salary
These attributes describe and provide information about each employee entity instance. Attributes help define and differentiate entity instances from each other.
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their components. It describes DBMS as a set of programs that allow for the storage and retrieval of data. It then discusses the key components of a DBMS including the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction, data models, data independence, data definition and manipulation languages like SQL, and the roles of database administrators and users. The document provides an overview of the architecture and design of database systems.
The document discusses several books on database management systems and their authors. It also provides an overview of key concepts in DBMS including what a database and DBMS are, the purpose of database systems, levels of abstraction, instances and schemas, data independence, different data models, database languages, the roles of database administrators and users.
Chapter-1 Introduction to Database Management SystemsKunal Anand
This chapter discusses the fundamental concepts of DBMS like limitations of the traditional file processing systems, characteristics of the database approach, different types of databases and users, advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
1. The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and provides examples of common database applications like banking, airlines, universities, and more.
2. It then gives examples of university database applications like adding students/courses, registering for classes, assigning grades, and more.
3. Early database applications were built directly on file systems, but DBMS provides advantages like data integrity, security, transaction control, concurrent access, and independence from physical storage.
Utsav Mahendra : Introduction to Database and managemnetUtsav Mahendra
This document provides an overview of database design and management. It discusses what a database management system (DBMS) is and its primary goals of storing and retrieving data. It also describes some common database applications and compares file systems to DBMSs. The document outlines different views of data including data abstraction, instances, and schemas. It introduces several data models including the entity-relationship model and relational model. Finally, it discusses database languages, users, and the role of the database administrator.
01-Database Administration and Management.pdfTOUSEEQHAIDER14
This document provides an introduction and overview of database systems. It discusses the purpose of database systems in addressing issues with file-based data storage like data redundancy, inconsistent data, and difficulty of data access. It also describes database applications, data models, database languages like SQL, database design, database architecture, and the major components of a database system including the storage manager, query processor, and transaction manager.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. Learning Objectives
• Understand the operational problems inherent in the flat-file
approach to data management that gave rise to the database
approach.
• Understand the relationships among the fundamental
component's of the database concept.
• Recognize the defining characteristics of three database
models: hierarchical, network, and relational.
• Understand the operational features and associated risks of
deploying centralized, partitioned, and replicated database
models in the DDP environment.
• Be familiar with the audit objectives and procedures used to
test data management controls.
3. Flat files are data files that contain records with no structured relationships to other
files. The flat-file approach is most often associated with so-called legacy systems. The
flat-file environment promotes a single-user view approach to data management
whereby end users own their data files rather than share them with other users Data
redundancy- replication of essentially the same data in multiple files. It contributes to
three significant problems in the flat-file environment:
• Data storage
• Data updating and
• Currency of information
Task-data dependency user’s inability to obtain additional information as his or her
needs change
Flat-File Approach
5. This replication of essentially the same data in multiple files is called data redundancy
and contributes to three significant problems in the flat-file environment: data storage,
data updating, and currency of information. These and a fourth problem (not specifically
caused by data redundancy) called task-data dependency are discussed next.
• Data Storage
Efficient data management captures and stores data only once and makes this single source
available to all users who need it. In the flat-file environment, this is not possible. To meet
the private data needs of diverse users, organizations must incur the costs of both multiple
collection and multiple storage procedures. Some commonly used data may be duplicated
dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of times within an organization.
• Data Updating
Organizations store a great deal of data on master files and reference files that require periodic
updating to reflect changes. For example, a change to a customer’s name or address must be
reflected in the appropriate master files. When users keep separate and exclusive files, each change
must be made separately for each user. These redundant updating tasks add significantly to the
cost of data management.
6. • Task-Data Dependency
Another problem with the flat-file approach is the user’s inability to obtain
additional information as his or her needs change: this is known as task-data
dependency. In other words, a user’s task is limited and decision making ability
constrained by the data that heor she possesses and controls. Since users in a flat-
file environment act independently, rather than as members of a user community,
establishing a mechanism for the formal data sharing is difficult or impossible.
Therefore, users in this environment tend to satisfy new information needs by
procuring new data files. This takes time, inhibits per-
formance, adds to data redundancy, and drives data management costs even higher.
An organization can overcome the problems associated with flat files by
implement-ing the database approach. The key features of this data management
model are dis-cussed next.
7. Database Approach
• Access to the data resource is controlled by a database management
system (DBMS).
• Centralizes organization’s data into a common database shared by
the user community.
• All users have access to data they need which may overcome flat-
file problems.
• Elimination of data storage problem: No data redundancy.
• Elimination of data updating problem: Single update
procedure eliminates currency of information problem.
• Elimination of task-data dependency problem: Users only
constrained by legitimacy of access needs.
8. Database Model • Elimination of Data Update Problem
Because each data element exists in only one place,
it requires only a single update pro-cedure. This
reduces the time and cost of keeping the database
current.
• Elimination of Currency Problem
A single change to a database attribute is
automatically made available to all users of the
attribute. For example, a customer address change
entered by the billing clerk is imme-diately
reflected in the marketing and product services
views.
• Elimination of Task-Data Dependency
Problem
The most striking difference between the database
model and the flat-file model is the pooling of data
into a common database that is shared by all
organizational users. With access to the full domain
of entity data, changes in user information needs
can be satis-fied without obtaining additional
private data sets. Users are constrained only by the
lim-itations of the data available to the entity and
the legitimacy of their need to access them.
Therefore the database method eliminates the
limited access that flat files, by their na-ture, dictate
to users.
10. DBMS Features and Data
Definition Language
• Program Development – Applications may be created
by programmers and end users.
• Backup and Recovery - Copies made during
processing.
• Database Usage Reporting - Captures statistics on
database usage (who, when, etc.).
• Database Access - Authorizes access to sections of
the database.
• Data definition language used to define the database
to the DBMS on three levels (views).
11. Database Views
• Internal view/ Physical view: Physical arrangement of records in the database.
Describes structures of data records, linkage between files and physical
arrangement and sequence of records in a file. Only one internal view.
• Conceptual view/ Logical view (schema): Describes the entire database logically
and abstractly rather than physically. Only one conceptual view.
• External view/ User view (subschema): Portion of database each user views. May
be many distinct users.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• DML is the proprietary programming language that a particular DBMS uses to
retrieve, process, and store data to / from the database.
• Entire user programs may be written in the DML, or selected DML commands
can be inserted into universal programs, such as COBOL and FORTRAN.
• Can be used to ‘patch’ third party applications to the DBMS
13. Informal Access: Query Language
• Query is an ad hoc access methodology for extracting information
from a database.
– Users can access data via direct query which requires no formal
application programs.
• IBM’s Structured Query Language (SQL) has emerged as the
standard query language.
• Query feature enhances ability to deal with problems that pop-up
but poses an important control issue.
– Must ensure it is not used for unauthorized database access.
16. The Physical Database
• Lowest level and only one in physical form.
• Magnetic sports on metallic coated disks that create a logical
collection of files and records.
• Data structures are bricks and mortar of database.
– Allows records to be located, stored, and retrieved.
– Two components: organization and access methods.
• The organization of a file refers to way records are physically
arranged on the storage device - either sequential or random.
• Access methods are programs used to locate records and to
navigate through the database.
17. Database Terminology
• Entity: Anything organization wants to capture data
about.
• Record Type: Physical database representation of an
entity.
• Occurrence: Related to the number of records of
represented by a particular record type.
• Attributes: Defines entities with values that vary (i.e.
each employee has a different name).
• Database: Set of record types that an organization
needs to support its business processes.
18. Database Terminology
• Entity: Anything organization wants to capture data about.
• Record Type: Physical database representation of an entity.
• Occurrence: Related to the number of records of represented
by a particular record type.
• Attributes: Defines entities with values that vary (i.e. each
employee has a different name).
• Database: Set of record types that an organization needs to
support its business processes.
19. Associations
• Record types that constitute a database exist in relation to
other record types. Three basic record association:
• One-to-one: For every occurrence of Record Type X there is one (or
zero) of Record Type Y.
• One-to-many: For every occurrence of Record Type X, there are zero,
one or many occurrences of Record Type Y.
• Many-to-many: For every occurrence of Record Types X and Y, there
are zero, one or many occurrences of Record Types Y and X,
respectively.
21. The Hierarchical Model
• Basis of earliest DBAs and still in use today.
• Sets that describe relationship between two linked files.
• Each set contains a parent and a child.
• Files at the same level with the same parent are siblings.
• Tree structure with the highest level in the tree being the root segment
and the lowest file in a branch the leaf.
• Also called a navigational database.
• Usefulness of model is limited because no child record can have
more than one parent which leads to data redundancy.
24. The Relational Model
• Difference between this and navigational models is the way
data associations are represented to the user.
• Relational model portrays data in two-dimensional tables with
attributes across the top forming columns.
• Intersecting columns to form rows are tuples which are normalized
arrays of data similar to records in a flat-file system.
• Relations are formed by an attribute common to both tables in
the relation.
26. Centralized Databases in a Distributed
Environment
• Data retained in a central location.
• Remote IT units send requests to central site which processes
requests and transmits data back to the requesting IT units.
• Actual processing of performed at remote IT unit.
• Objective of database approach it to maintain data currency
with can be challenging.
• During processing, account balances pass through a state of
temporary inconsistency where values are incorrect.
• Database lockout procedures prevent multiple simultaneous access to
data preventing potential corruption.
27. Distributed Databases:
Partitioned Databases
• Splits central database into segments distributed to their
primary users.
• Advantages:
• Users’ control increased by having data stored at local sites.
• Improved transaction processing response time.
• Volume of transmitted data between IT units is reduced.
• Reduces potential data loss from a disaster.
• Works best for organizations that require minimal data sharing
among units.
28. The Deadlock Phenomenon
• Occurs when multiple sites lock each other out of the database,
preventing each from processing its transactions.
• Transactions in a “wait” state until locks removed.
• Can result in transactions being incompletely processed and database
being corrupted.
• Deadlock is a permanent condition that must be resolved with
special software that analyzes and resolve conflicts.
• Usually involves terminating one or more transactions to complete
processing of the other in deadlock.
• Preempted transactions must be reinitiated.
30. Distributed Databases:
Replicated Databases
• Effective for situations with a high degree of data sharing, but no
primary user.
• Common data replicated at each site, reducing data traffic between
sites.
• Primary justification to support read-only queries.
• Problem is maintaining current versions of database at each site.
• Since each IT unit processes its own transactions, common data replicated
at each site affected by different transactions and reflect different values.
31. Concurrency Control
• Database concurrency is the presence of complete and accurate data
at all user sites.
• Designers need to employ methods to ensure transactions processed
at each site are accurately reflected in the databases of all the other
sites.
• Commonly used method is to serialize transactions which involves
labeling each transaction by two criteria:
• Special software groups transactions into classes to identify potential
conflicts.
• Second part of control is to time-stamp each transaction.
32. Database Distribution Methods and
the Accountant
• Many issues and trade-offs in distributing databases.
• Basic questions to be addressed:
• Centralized or distributed data?
• If distributed, replicated or partitioned?
• If replicated, total or partial replication?
• If partitioned, what is the allocation of the data segments among the
sites?
• Choices impact organization’s ability to maintain database
integrity, preserve audit trails, and have accurate records.
33. Controlling and Auditing Data
Management Systems
• Controls over data management systems fall into two
categories.
• Access controls are designed to prevent unauthorized
individuals from viewing, retrieving, corrupting or destroying
data.
• Backup controls ensure tat the organization can recover its
database in the event of data loss.
34. Access Controls
• User views (subschema) is a subset of the database that defines
user’s data domain and access.
• Database authorization table contains rules that limit user actions.
• User-defined procedures allow users to create a personal security
program or routine .
• Data encryption procedures protect sensitive data.
• Biometric devices such as fingerprints or retina prints control access
to the database.
• Inference controls should prevent users from inferring, through
query options, specific data values they are unauthorized to access.
36. Audit Procedures for Testing Database
Access Controls
• Verify DBA personnel retain responsibility for authority tables
and designing user views.
• Select a sample of users and verify access privileges are
consistent with job description.
• Evaluate cost and benefits of biometric controls.
• Verify database query controls to prevent unauthorized access
via inference.
• Verify sensitive data are properly encrypted.
37. Backup Controls in the Database
Environment
• Since data sharing is a fundamental objective of the database
approach, environment is vulnerable to damage from
individual users.
• Four needed backup and recovery features:
• Backup feature makes a periodic backup of entire database which is
stored in a secure, remote location.
• Transaction log provides an audit trail of all processed transactions.
• Checkpoint facility suspends all processing while system reconciles
transaction log and database change log against the database.
• Recovery module uses logs and backup files to restart the system after
a failure.
39. Audit Procedures for Testing Database
Access Controls
• Verify backups are performed routinely and frequently.
• Backup policy should balance inconvenience of frequent activity
against business disruption caused by system failure.
• Verify that automatic backup procedures are in place and
functioning and that copies of the database are stored off-site.
40. Cobit 4.1 Excerpt
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
For many enterprises, information and the
technology that supports it represent their most
valuable, but often least understood, assets.
Successful enterprises recognise the benefits
of information technology and use it to drive
their stakeholders’ value. These enterprises
also understand and manage the associated
risks, such as increasing regulatory
compliance and critical dependence of many
business
processes on information technology (IT).
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. COBIT’s General Acceptability
COBIT is based on the analysis and harmonisation of existing IT
standards and good practices and conforms to generally accepted
governance principles. It is positioned at a high level, driven by business
requirements, covers the full range of IT activities, and concentrates on what
should be achieved rather than how to achieve effective governance,
management and control. Therefore, it acts as an integrator of IT
governance practices and appeals to executive management; business and
IT management; governance, assurance and security professionals; and IT
audit and control professionals. It is designed to be complementary to, and
used together with, other standards and good practices. Implementation of
good practices should be consistent with the enterprise’s governance and
control framework, appropriate for the organisation, and integrated with
other methods and practices that are being used. Standards and good
practices are not a panacea.
51. Their effectiveness depends on how they have been implemented and
kept up to date. They are most useful when applied as a set of
principles and as a starting point for tailoring specific procedures. To
avoid practices becoming shelfware, management and staff should
understand what to do, how to do it and why it is important. To achieve
alignment of good practice to business requirements, it is
recommended that COBIT be used at the highest level, providing an
overall control framework based on an IT process model that should
generically suit every enterprise. Specific practices and standards
covering discrete areas can be mapped up to the COBIT framework, thus
providing a hierarchy of guidance materials. COBIT appeals to different
users:
• Executive management—To obtain value from IT investments and
balance risk and control investment in an often unpredictable IT
environment
52. • Business management—To obtain assurance on the management
and control of IT services provided by internal or third parties
• IT management—To provide the IT services that the business
requires to support the business strategy in a controlled and managed
way
• Auditors—To substantiate their opinions and/or provide advice to
management on internal controls
COBIT has been developed and is maintained by an independent, not-
for-profit research institute, drawing on the expertise of its affiliated
association’s members, industry experts, and control and security
professionals. Its content is based on ongoing research into IT good
practice and is continuously maintained, providing an objective and
practical resource for all types of users.