Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
Installing, Programming & Commissioning of Power System Protection Relays and...Living Online
The continuity of the electrical power supply is very important to consumers especially in the industrial sector. Protection relays are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of the power. A good understanding of their application, operation and maintenance is critical for operating and maintenance personnel.
In this workshop, you will gain a thorough understanding of the capabilities of power system protection relays and how they fit into the overall distribution network. The practical sessions covering the calculation of fault currents, selection of appropriate relays and relay coordination as well as hands-on practice in configuring and setting of some of the commonly used types of protection relays used in industry will give you an excellent understanding. Simulation software and real relays (but at safe voltages) will be used to give the participants practical experience in setting up and configuring the various power parameters. Both electro-mechanical and microprocessor relays will be used to demonstrate the key configuration settings required and the major differences in the approach adopted between these two classes of relays.
The strengths and weaknesses of the latest microprocessor (or numerical) relays as compared to the older electromechanical relays will be outlined. You will also gain a solid appreciation of how the modern relay communicates not only to the central SCADA system but also between themselves resulting in a truly multifunctional system which includes protection, control and monitoring. Finally, you will gain a solid understanding of issues of reliability and security for the modern relay.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/installing-programming-and-commissioning-power-system-protection-relays-and-hardware-31
Electric Fences with Automated Monitoring SystemDilshan Jayakody
Electric Fences are designed to create an electrical circuit when touched by person (or animal). The circuit proposed in this article releases 10kV electrical pulses to the fence-line and monitor the line status. This entire system is design to drive using 25V (5A) single-rail DC power source (using 5A power supply unit or pair of 12.6V Lead Acid batteries) .
Main controller of this system is Microchip PIC12F675 – 8bit microcontroller. All the line monitoring, pulse generation and alarm system controlling is performed by this microcontroller.
JMV’s highly efficient Data line Surge Protection Device are designed to widely used in server equipments, router, working stations (intranet) HUB and board band.
Source(s): http://www.jmv.co.in/surge-protection/
Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
Installing, Programming & Commissioning of Power System Protection Relays and...Living Online
The continuity of the electrical power supply is very important to consumers especially in the industrial sector. Protection relays are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of the power. A good understanding of their application, operation and maintenance is critical for operating and maintenance personnel.
In this workshop, you will gain a thorough understanding of the capabilities of power system protection relays and how they fit into the overall distribution network. The practical sessions covering the calculation of fault currents, selection of appropriate relays and relay coordination as well as hands-on practice in configuring and setting of some of the commonly used types of protection relays used in industry will give you an excellent understanding. Simulation software and real relays (but at safe voltages) will be used to give the participants practical experience in setting up and configuring the various power parameters. Both electro-mechanical and microprocessor relays will be used to demonstrate the key configuration settings required and the major differences in the approach adopted between these two classes of relays.
The strengths and weaknesses of the latest microprocessor (or numerical) relays as compared to the older electromechanical relays will be outlined. You will also gain a solid appreciation of how the modern relay communicates not only to the central SCADA system but also between themselves resulting in a truly multifunctional system which includes protection, control and monitoring. Finally, you will gain a solid understanding of issues of reliability and security for the modern relay.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/installing-programming-and-commissioning-power-system-protection-relays-and-hardware-31
Electric Fences with Automated Monitoring SystemDilshan Jayakody
Electric Fences are designed to create an electrical circuit when touched by person (or animal). The circuit proposed in this article releases 10kV electrical pulses to the fence-line and monitor the line status. This entire system is design to drive using 25V (5A) single-rail DC power source (using 5A power supply unit or pair of 12.6V Lead Acid batteries) .
Main controller of this system is Microchip PIC12F675 – 8bit microcontroller. All the line monitoring, pulse generation and alarm system controlling is performed by this microcontroller.
JMV’s highly efficient Data line Surge Protection Device are designed to widely used in server equipments, router, working stations (intranet) HUB and board band.
Source(s): http://www.jmv.co.in/surge-protection/
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
This Presentation gives information on How Generator in Power Plants are protected with State of art technologies. Also provide information how latest Power System Protection technologies are more reliable operation.
This presentation represents Power system Protection & Transient Stability introduction.
Protection systems must be designed with both primary protection and backup protection in case primary protection devices fail
There are several common protection schemes; multiple overlapping schemes are usually used
To avoid inadvertent tripping for faults on other transmission lines, impedance relays usually have several zones of protectionIn order to study the transient response of a power system we need to develop models for the generator valid during the transient time frame of several seconds following a system disturbance
Aşırı Gerilim Koruma nasıl gerçekleşir, iç yıldırımlık sistemlerinin önemi nedir, parafudr seçimi nasıl yapılır.
Detaylar:http://www.yilkomer.com/asiri-gerilim-koruma/
These slides presents the different challenges and issues related to DG integration to Micro-grid distribution systems. The possible solutions are also presented. Later of the class I will try to upload the mathematical presentations and simulation results related to each protection scheme. However, your suggestions are always welcome.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
1. EEE812: ADVANCED POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION
Distributed Generation: Impact on
Protection
Content prepared by Dr Campbell Booth
University of Strathclyde
2. Overview
Conventional distribution networks and protection -
summary
How distribution network are changing (active distribution
networks, DG, potential for islanded operation)
Potential issues for future networks
– Protection “blinding”, false tripping/coordination problems (several examples)
– DG ride-through
– Converter-interfaced sources
– Use of DC for distribution?
– Fault current limitation
Protection solutions?
3.
4. Distributed Generation Basics
Technologies
Small and Large scale combined heat and power units
Energy from waste units
Wind Farms
Tidal and wave energy units
Stand-by generators (diesel)
Types of generating units
Self-excited asynchronous generator
Mains-excited asynchronous generator
Power factor corrected asynchronous generator
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
Synchronous generator
Inverter connected Synchronous Generator (Wind)
Inverter connected DC source (fuel cell, PV)
5. Distributed Generation Basics
Main reasons for Distributed Generation
Reduction of gaseous emissions (mainly CO2)
Diversification of energy sources
Ease of finding sites for smaller generators
Short construction times
Potentially reduced transmission losses
Increased efficiency with combined Heat and Power
(CHP) units
6. Conventional distribution networks
Operated radially
Designed for unidirectional power flow
11 kV
POWER FLOW DIRECTION
Protected with over-current protection relays, reclosers
and fuses
7. How distribution networks are changing
– Increase of distributed generation:
– Wind
– Hydro
– Biomass
– Photovoltaic
– Wave/Tidal
– others
– Introduction of network automation
– Connection of energy storage
8. Active distribution networks
Fault current magnitudes and directions becomes unpredictable,
potentially causing problems:
11 kV
– false tripping of feeders;
– lack of coordination between protection devices;
– other problems.
10. Protection of Distribution Networks
132/33kV
Distance, differential (some), overcurrent
11kV/415V
Overcurrent, reclosers, sectionalisers, fuses, RCDs
Remember, majority of faults transient – fuses should only operate if
fault is permanent
Typically, faults are isolated very quickly by reclosers, multiple
reclose attempts are attempted, and if fault is permanent and
downstream of fuses, fuses ultimately melt while system is in
reclosed state
Reclose is then successful
If permanent fault between recloser and fuse, then recloser will lock-
out after pre-defined number of attempts
Automatic sectionalisers/smart links sometimes used
12. Protection of distribution networks
(MV/LV)
Distribution network protection is
based on overcurrent protection,
reclosers and fuses (and
sectionalisers)
In rural overhead distribution
networks, >80% of faults are
temporary and auto reclosure
automation is adopted.
CBT1-11
CBT1-33
CBT2-11
CBT2-33
B33kV
B11kV
SpurA1
SpurA2
SpurA3
SpurA4
SpurA5
SpurA6
SpurA7
SpurA8
SpurB1
SpurB2
SpurB3
SpurB4
SpurB5
R-A R-B
PMAR-A
PMAR-B
Feeder
A
Feeder
B
SpurA9
SpurA10
SpurA1
13. Transient fault
Recloser will
successfully reclose
Permanent fault
Recloser will reclose
multiple times (with
variable delays before
re-opening) and fuse will
melt before max
reclosures attempted
Sectionalisers/“smart
links” may be used
instead of, or to “save”
fuses
Gers and Holmes
“Protection of
Electricity
Distribution
Networks”,
IEE Power &
Energy Series 47
Protection of distribution networks
(MV/LV)
14. Gers and Holmes
“Protection of Electricity
Distribution Networks”,
IEE Power & Energy Series 47
Protection of distribution networks
(MV/LV)
15. B
A C
Permanent Fault
PMAR
(fast/delayed
interruptions
and reclosures)
Sectionaliser
(counts number of
overcurrents/interruptions
- opens after certain number)
Fuse
IDMT
(with auto-reclose)
PMAR
Sectionaliser
Fuse
IDMT Start
Open
Count 1
1 “shot”
Reset
Open
Count 1
1 “shot”
Reset
Close
Count 1
2 “shots”
Start
Open
Count 2
2 “shots”
Reset
Open
Count 2
2 “shots”
Reset
Close
Count 2
melt
Reset
Close
Reset
melted
t
Fault inception
1
2
0
Protection of distribution networks
(MV/LV)
17. Protection of distribution networks
(MV/LV)
Sectionalisers may be used instead of or in
conjunction with fuses (“fuse savers”)
http://www.hubbellpowersystems.com/catalogs/switching/10D-Elec_Sect.pdf
19. B
A C
Operate (quickly)
Operate
(after a delay)
Don’t operate
V
V=IZ
With DG at B
No DG
DG fault
contribution
14MVA
Fault Behaviour – with DG
Source
(Grid)
11kV 30MVA Source (Zsource= j4.03W) j1W impedance to fault (ZAB=j0.2W)
20. Equivalent circuit – no DG
j4.03W
j0.8W
j0.2W
If Z from source to fault = j1W
(j0.2W for first feeder + j0.8 W for second
feeder):
Ifault= Igrid = Vph/Z = 6351/5.03 = 1263A
VB = 1263x0.8=1010V
VA = 1263x1=1263V
Grid
V
V=I/Z
With DG at B
No DG
B
A
21. Equivalent circuit – with DG
j4.03W
0.8W
j0.2W
j8.64W
Z from sources to fault =
j4.23//j8.64 + j0.8 = j3.64W
Ifault = Vph/Z = 6351/3.64 = 1745A
Igrid = (8.64)/(4.23+8.64) x1745
= 1171A
IDG = (4.23)/(4.23+8.64) x1745
= 574A
VB = 1745x0.8=1396V
VA = VB + (1171x0.2) =1630V
Grid DG
V
V=I/Z
With DG at B
No DG
B
A
22. Protection issues - “blinding”
t
If
Fault current as measured at
upstream relay with no
downstream DG
23. Protection issues - “blinding”
Under very high DG penetrations and very low grid infeed, infeed from
grid could be markedly reduced, therefore increasing risk of feeder
protection “blinding” (slow or non-operation of relay at A for backup
scenario in this case).
Problem? Probably not significant in interconnected system – but in
islanded mode?
t
If
Fault current as measured at
upstream relay with no
downstream DG
t
If
Fault current as measured at
upstream relay with significant
downstream DG
27. B
A C
Source
(Grid)
V=0
D
E
If protection at D is non-directional
overcurrent, then if contribution from
DG at E exceeds setting on D,
potential for mal-operation
In this case, if Ithreshold<500A at D,
potential for D to trip unnecessarily
Fault current=5000A
(4500+500)A
Infeed=500A
Z=0.6W
Z=0.8W
Infeed=
4500A
Protection issues – feeder protection
maloperation
30. 2
1 3
DG
If(at 2 and 3)
Protection issues - DG impact on
instantaneous (“high set”) protection
31. Use of directional relays
to provide correct protection
operation on parallel feeders
From NPAG: - chapter 9
Sensitive and fast acting
directional protection here
(Ithreshold=10% of rated
line current)
Looks “up”
into line
– prevents R2
operating
for this fault
Protection issues - DG impact on
directional protection
32. DG on load
side – R’2
(and possibly
R2) might
maloperate?
Protection issues - DG impact on
directional protection
33. DG on load side – R’1 R’2 (and possibly R1 and R2) might maloperate?
Even under load conditions – back-feed if DG>local load?
Protection issues - DG impact on
directional protection
34. Use of overcurrent
relays for protection
of ring mains
From NPAG: -
chapter 9
Fault as shown:
R5’ operates after 1.7
(R6’ after 2.1)
R2 after 0.5
(R3 after 0.9)
Protection
issues - DG
impact on
directional
protection
35. Additional DG
contribution may
result in
coordination
problems?
R1’ will operate
for this scenario?
Protection
issues - DG
impact on
directional
protection
Use of overcurrent
relays for protection
of ring mains
From NPAG: -
chapter 9
36. Impact on section
switches/fuses/…?
Blinding/maloperation/impact on automation/auto-
reclose/sectionaliser logic?
Possible problems if DG penetration/fault contribution
is high?
Performance in islanded mode – if permitted?
B
A C
PMAR Sectionaliser
Fuse
IDMT
