Slides cover definition of tree data structure with examples, related terminologies, accessors methods, query methods, generic methods, traversal algorithms (preorder, postorder, inorder) traversal, Binary tree, Binary tree implementation using linked list and array, Binary search
Slides cover definition of tree data structure with examples, related terminologies, accessors methods, query methods, generic methods, traversal algorithms (preorder, postorder, inorder) traversal, Binary tree, Binary tree implementation using linked list and array, Binary search
a. Concept and Definition
b. Binary Tree
c. Introduction and application
d. Operation
e. Types of Binary Tree
• Complete
• Strictly
• Almost Complete
f. Huffman algorithm
g. Binary Search Tree
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Searching
h. Tree Traversal
• Pre-order traversal
• In-order traversal
• Post-order traversal
Slides at myblog
http://www.ashimlamichhane.com.np/2016/07/tree-slide-for-data-structure-and-algorithm/
Assignments at github
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/tree/dev/Assignments/assignment_7
a. Concept and Definition
b. Binary Tree
c. Introduction and application
d. Operation
e. Types of Binary Tree
• Complete
• Strictly
• Almost Complete
f. Huffman algorithm
g. Binary Search Tree
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Searching
h. Tree Traversal
• Pre-order traversal
• In-order traversal
• Post-order traversal
Slides at myblog
http://www.ashimlamichhane.com.np/2016/07/tree-slide-for-data-structure-and-algorithm/
Assignments at github
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/tree/dev/Assignments/assignment_7
This Presentation will Clear the idea of non linear Data Structure and implementation of Tree by using array and pointer and also Explain the concept of Binary Search Tree (BST) with example
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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1. 1
Trees
„
trees
„
binary trees
„
data structures for trees
2. 2
Trees: Definitions
„A is the root node.
„
B is parent of D & E.
„
A is ancestor of D & E.
„
D and E are descendants of A.
„
C is the sibling of B
„
D and E are the children of B.
„
D, E, F, G, Iare leaves.
3. 3
Trees: Definitions (2)
„A, B, C, H are internal nodes
„
The depth (level)of E is 2
„
The heightof the tree is 3
„
The degreeof node B is 2
level 0
level 1
level 2
level 3
4. 4
Trees
A tree represents a hierarchy, for e.g. the organization structure of a corporation
Or table of contents of a book
6. 6
Binary Tree
„An ordered treeis one in which the children of each node are ordered.
„
Binary tree:ordered tree with all nodes having at most 2 children.
7. 7
Recursive definition of binary tree
A binary tree is either a
„
leaf or
„
An internal node (the root) and one/two binary trees (left subtree and/or right subtree).
10. 10
Complete Binary tree
…level i has 2inodes
…
In a tree of height h
…
leaves are at level h
…
No. of leaves is 2h
…
No. of internal nodes = 1+2+22+…+2h-1= 2h-1
…
No of internal nodes = no of leaves -1
…
Total no. of nodes is 2h+1-1 = n
…
In a tree of n nodes
…
No of leaves is (n+1)/2
…
Height = log2(no of leaves)
11. 11
Binary Tree
„A Binary tree can be obtained from an appropriate complete binary tree by pruning
12. 12
Minimum height of a binary tree
„A binary tree of height h has
…
At most 2inodes at level i
…
At most 1+2+22+…+2h= 2h+1-1 nodes
„
If the tree has n nodes then
…
n <= 2h+1-1
…
Hence h >= log2(n+1)/2
13. 13
Maximum height of a binary tree
„A binary tree on n nodes has height at most n-1
„
This is obtained when every node (except the leaf) has exactly one child
14. 14
No of leaves in a binary tree
„no of leaves <= 1+ no of internal nodes.
„
Proof: by induction on no of internal nodes
…
Tree with 1 node has a leaf but no internal node.
…
Assume stmt is true for tree with k-1 internal nodes.
…
A tree with k internal nodes has k1internal nodes in left subtree and (k-k1-1) internal nodes in right subtree.
…
No of leaves <= (k1+1)+(k-k1) = k+1
15. 15
leaves in a binary tree (2)
For a binary tree on n nodes
„
No of leaves + no of internal nodes = n
„
No of leaves <= no of internal nodes + 1
„
Hence, no of leaves <= (n+1)/2
„
Minimum no of leaves is 1
17. 17
ADTs for Binary Trees
„accessor methods: leftChild(p), rightChild(p), sibling(p)
„
update methods:
…
expandExternal(p), removeAboveExternal(p)
…
other application specific methods
18. 18
The Node Structure
Each node in the tree
contains
…
key[x] –key
…
left[x] –pointer to left child
…
right[x] –pt. to right child
…
p[x] –pt. to parent node