Turkey Earthquake; Turkey Eq-2023; Shaking Map; Number of aftershocks: Fault line; Construction Mistakes; Design Mistakes; Faulty RCC Design; Thin Columns; No Rebars; No Beams; No Overlap; Insufficient Reinforcment; No Shear Walls; Structural Failure-RCC; Poor Beam-Column Joint; Very Small Dia. rebars; Lake of transverse bars;

1. TURKEY EARTHQUAKE
Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar
Mail: spp.cl@ddu.ac.in
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Technology,
Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad-387001
Gujarat, INDIA

2. Overview of the Earthquake
• On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck
southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria.
• The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of Gaziantep.
• The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) around
the epicenter and in Antakya.
• It was followed by a Mw 7.7 earthquake at 13:24.
• This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from the first.
• There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities.
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes
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3. Turkey earthquake of 2023
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4. Geology of the area
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5. Shake map of a
magnitude 7.8
earthquake in
Turkey
Ref: USGS.com
Mw 7.8 earthquake at 01:17 UTC
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6. Aftershocks
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7. Aftershocks
• Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the Mw 7.8 earthquake and over
30,000 recorded by May 2023.
• An aftershock measuring Mww 6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock.
• There were 25 aftershocks Mw 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor,
according to the USGS.
• More than 12 hours later, the USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater
magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD)
recorded at least 120 total aftershocks.
• A Mww 6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20 February; the
earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting.
• The Mw 7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~350 km (220 mi) of the EAF.
• The Mw 7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb 6.0
aftershocks.
• Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 February.
• Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east-
west trend corresponding to the Çardak Fault for about 170 km (110 mi).
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8. Aftershocks
Ref: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/storymap/index-turkey2023.html
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9. Aftershocks
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10. More details
Map showing faults
active during the
Holocene, the extent of
observed or inferred
surface rupture and the
location of epicenters
for all earthquakes in
the sequence of
magnitude M≥5.0 in
the first 21 days
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11. Deformation Observations and Earthquake Source Modeling
The displacement map
( Reitman et al., 2023 ),
derived from ESA
Sentinel-1 radar image
pairs acquired on
January 28, 2023, and
February 10, 2023, shows
the magnitude of surface
displacements towards
and away from the
satellite. The distinct
linear break between
positive and negative
displacements indicates
the position of faults that
ruptured the Earth’s
surface.
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12. The February 2023 earthquake was
Turkey's deadliest in the past 100 years
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13. Casualties by Turkish province
Province Deaths Injuries
Adana[102] 454 7,450
Adıyaman[103] 8,387 17,499
Batman[104] 0 20
Diyarbakır[105] 414 902
Elazığ[102] 5 379
Gaziantep[106] 3,897 13,325
Hatay[107][108] 23,065 30,762
Kahramanmaraş[109][110] 12,622 9,243
Kilis[111] 74 754
Malatya[112] 1,410 7,300
Mardin[113] 1 0
Osmaniye[114][102] 991 2,224
Şanlıurfa[115] 340 8,919
Unspecified 278 8,427
Total 50,783 107,703
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes
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14. SPECIAL THANKS TO
• Failures of Multistorey Buildings in Turkey and Syria
• Due to the Μ 7.8 and Μ 7.5 Earthquakes
•Structural Collapse and Interpretation
Evangelia GARINI and George GAZETAS
School of Civil Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens
NB. : The presentation published online for Purely Academic purpose, The faculties of various
universities can write a mail to get it in .ppt format for teaching purpose.
Mankind is above everything, Not Copyright.
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15. 15
Based on the following photos, and our experience from the Kocaeli (1999)
earthquake, we draw some conclusions regarding the unprecedented extent of damage.
In addition to the very strong seismic shaking, with PGAs in the order of at least 0.7 g – 1 g,
the following structural deficiencies (that are clearly identified in these photos and are
evident in perhaps all the collapsed buildings) were truly fatal:
1. Very thin columns, but rather thick slabs
2. Very inadequate steel reinforcement (in size and number of longitudinal bars)
3. Transverse reinforcing bars of inadequate density and improperly tied
4. NO beams !! Slabs constracted directly on columns, without continuity of the
longitudinal Rebars, and no proper joints
5. Nowhere to be seen Shear Walls, even in > 10 story buildings
(For comparison, a typical 2-story building in Cephalonia, Greece, is shown ― from
area of similar seismicity as the region inflicted by the 7.8 earthquake.)
an
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16. Turkey
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17. Source: https://en.armradio.am/2023/02/08/turkey-and-syria-quake-toll-nears-8000/
See next slide for details
3
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18. NO BEAMS !
VERY THIN COLUMNS
Numerous buildings without any beam, with small size columns
(inappropriate even for 1-story buildings in a region of moderate seismicity). 4
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19. Creator: Ghaith Alsayed
Credit: AP
See next slide for details 5
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20. NO BEAMS
NO SHEAR WALLS
POOR JOINT,
COLUMN
PENETRATES
THE SLAB
VERY FEW
REBARS, OF
VERY SMALL
DIAMETER 20
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21. Photo: Mahmoud Hassano/Reuters
See next slide for details
21
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22. The slab is effectively
SIMPLY-SUPPORTED, as
just resting on top of the
thin columns !
VERY THIN
COLUMNS
NO Slab–Column
JOINT
22
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23. Source: https://kazibaonline.com/major-earthquakes-kill-2600-people-in-turkey-and-syria/
See next slide for detail
23
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24. Joints fail, as if
there is no
continuity of the
longitudinal
reinforcement
(REBARS).
Essentially, NO
Slab–Column JOINT
10
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25. Turkey
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26. Source: https://en.as.com/latest_news/turkey-and-syria-earthquakes-live-updates-death-toll-nears-100000-
earthquake-map-video-of-magnitude-78-quake-n/
See next slide for details
11
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27. VERY FEW REBARS,
OF VERY SMALL
DIAMETER
27
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28. Photo: ymphotos/Shutterstock
28
See next slide for details
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29. Transverse reinforcement almost effectively non-existing… it was
untied, leading the inadequate longitudinal rebars to buckle. 29
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30. Photo: Suhaib Salem/Reuters
30
See next slide for details
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31. Transverse bars
were un-tied.
Longitudinal
REBARS are of
VERY SMALL
DIAMETER
31
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32. NO BEAMS, POOR (or rather No)
JOINTS !
32
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33. Photo: Mohammed Al-Rifai/AFP/Getty Images
33
See next slide for details
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34. Transverse rebar
Effectively, Lack of
transverse
reinforcement leads
to longitudinal
rebar buckling
The next one 34
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35. Collapsed Building
Another under construction with the same method !!
35
Photo: WHITE HELMETS /REUTERS
See next slide for details
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36. Same building seen from a different angle
36
Photo: WHITE HELMETS /REUTERS
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37. NO BEAMS, POOR JOINTS !
VERY FEW
REBARS OF
VERY SMALL
DIAMETER
37
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38. Source: https://www.rescue.org/article/earthquakes-near-turkish-syrian-border-deepen-crisis
38
See next slide for details
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39. VERY THIN COLUMNS
NO BEAMS
POOR JOINTS
39
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40. See next slide for details
40
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41. Longitudinal REBARS have
penetrated the supported
slab !!
41
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42. Aerial photo shows the destruction in Kahramanmaras, southern Turkey, Wednesday, Feb. 8, 2023. (Photo | AP)
See next slide for details 42
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43. Un-connected
parts of a
column !!
Failed in
SLIDING or
SHEAR (??)
43
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44. NO BEAMS, NO JOINTS, NO SHEAR WALLS
Photo: Twitter/@PAOK_FC29
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45. See next slide for details
An aerial photo from Kahramanmaras, Turkey CREDIT: Ahmet Akpolat/DIA via AP
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46. Inadequate columns cannot
“follow” the above building on
its lateral movement
Notice the deformed
shape of this column !!
31
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47. See next slide for details 32
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48. FEW LONGITUDINAL REBARS,
OF VERY SMALL DIAMETER
Transverse reinforcement ??
48
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49. NO BEAMS !
VERY FEW Longitudinal
REBARS, OF VERY
SMALL DIAMETER
49
NO transverse
reinforcement ??
NO transverse
reinforcement
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50. Rescue efforts in Diyarbakir, Turkey (Aydin Arik/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)
See next slide for details35
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51. NO BEAMS, POOR JOINTS !
51
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52. NO BEAMS, POOR JOINTS !
52
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53. Rubbles of a collapsed building in Idlib, Syria, on February 6. (Aaref Watad/AFP/Getty Images)
Thick Slab
VERY THIN
COLUMNS
53
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54. NO BEAMS, POOR JOINTS !
39
Source: The New York Times
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55. Residents retrieve an injured girl from the rubble of a collapsed building following an earthquake in the town of Jandaris.
NO CONTINUITY OF
REINFORCEMENT,
NO ANCHORING OF
BARS
AFP via Getty Images
40
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56. (Photo by Mohammed AL-RIFAI / AFP)
without any beams, with small size columns
(inappropriate even for 1-story buildings in a
region of moderate seismicity). It is a miracle that
it did not fully collapsed. 41
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57. NO BEAMS,
VERY THIN COLUMNS
See next slide for comparison with a well-designed 2-story building
in the island of Cephalonia, Greece (Design effective A = 0.36 g) 42
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58. VISUAL COMPARISON with an UNDER-CONSTRUCTION 2-STORY
BUILDING in CEPHALONIA, after two Earthquakes in 2014
Large shear walls, strong beams, brick masonry well-confined (with
RC ties around openings and at mid-height).
(See Garini et al, 2017)
43
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59. A woman sits on the rubble of a destroyed building in Nurdagi town on the outskirts of Osmaniye city
southern Turkey, Tuesday, Feb. 7, 2023. (AP Photo/Khalil Hamra)
See next slide for details
44
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60. VERY FEW REBARS OF VERY SMALL DIAMETER
60
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61. Photo: SUHAIB SALEM
Credit: REUTERS
61
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62. NO SLAB–COLUMN JOINT
NO BEAMS
NO BEAMS,
POOR JOINTS !
THICK SLAB
62
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63. https://www.worldvision.org.uk/about/blogs/whats-happening-in-turkey-and-syria/
48
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64. THIN COLUMNS
Forget about transverse
reinforcement !!!
64
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65. Structure seems intact.
Glass windows: unbroken
65
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66. 66
Overturning of a building apparently due to bearing-capacity failure on soft
soil (perhaps with a high water table) under strong seismic moment. No
evident damage in the structure. The glass windows remain unscathed !
Similarly intact appears to be the
foundation slab.
This is reminiscent of ADAPAZARI in the 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) Earthquake !!!
Finally
, a purely GEOTECHNICAL Failure :
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67. What kind of mistakes and
construction errors contribute to the
structural failure of buildings in
earthquakes?
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68. • Structural failures of buildings during earthquakes can result from various mistakes and construction errors.
Understanding these factors is crucial for improving seismic resilience. Here are common mistakes that
contribute to structural failure:
1. Poor Foundation Design:
• Issue: Inadequate or improper foundation design.
• Impact: Weak foundation compromises the building's ability to withstand seismic forces.
2. Inadequate Lateral Load Resistance:
• Issue: Lack of sufficient lateral load resistance mechanisms.
• Impact: Buildings need proper bracing and shear walls to counter lateral forces during an earthquake.
3. Insufficient Reinforcement:
• Issue: Inadequate or improperly placed reinforcement in structural elements.
• Impact: Reinforcement bars are crucial for strengthening concrete; insufficient reinforcement weakens the
structure.
4. Poor Quality Construction Materials:
• Issue: Use of substandard or low-quality construction materials.
• Impact: Inferior materials compromise the overall strength and durability of the structure.
5. Flawed Column-Beam Joints:
• Issue: Weak or poorly designed connections between columns and beams.
• Impact: Joints are critical points; failure at these locations can lead to overall structural collapse.
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69. 6. Soft-Story Configurations:
• Issue: Weak or open first floors in multi-story buildings.
• Impact: Irregularities like soft stories can cause disproportionate movement and failure during earthquakes.
7. Unreinforced Masonry:
• Issue: Lack of reinforcement in masonry walls.
• Impact: Unreinforced masonry is vulnerable to collapse during seismic events.
8. Inadequate Diaphragms:
• Issue: Absence or improper design of horizontal diaphragms.
• Impact: Diaphragms, like floors and roofs, need to transfer lateral loads effectively.
9. Inadequate Connection Details:
• Issue: Poorly designed or executed connections.
• Impact: Connections should be robust to prevent separation or failure during seismic motion.
10. Excessive Building Mass:
• Issue: Overly heavy structures.
• Impact: Excessive mass increases inertia forces, making the building more susceptible to seismic forces.
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70. 11. Inadequate Seismic Retrofitting:
• Issue: Failure to retrofit older buildings to current seismic standards.
• Impact: Older structures may lack features to withstand modern earthquake forces.
12. Improper Construction Sequence:
• Issue: Incorrect construction sequence compromising structural integrity.
• Impact: Sequence matters; errors can lead to weakened sections.
13. Neglect of Soil Conditions:
• Issue: Ignoring local soil conditions in foundation design.
• Impact: Soil amplification or liquefaction can significantly affect a building's stability.
14. Non-Compliance with Building Codes:
• Issue: Failure to adhere to seismic building codes.
• Impact: Building codes are established to enhance seismic resilience; non-compliance increases vulnerability.
15. Inadequate Inspection and Quality Control:
• Issue: Lack of thorough inspection and quality control during construction.
• Impact: Defects and errors may go unnoticed, compromising the structure's safety.
Addressing these issues through improved design, construction practices, and adherence to building codes is
essential to mitigate the risk of structural failure during earthquakes.
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71. Some critical reasons for the collapse of a huge number of buildings
EXTREMELY STRONG GROUND SHAKING, PERHAPS LOCALLY SOIL-AMPLIFIED (see Part B)
DEFFECTIVE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS WITH SEVERAL FATAL TECHNICAL FAULTS, as follows:
1. Very thin columns, but rather thick slabs
2. Very inadequate steel reinforcement (in size and number of longitudinal bars)
3. Transverse reinforcing bars of inadequate density and improperly tied)
4. NO beams !! Slabs directly on columns, without continuity of Rebars, and no proper
connection
5. Nowhere to be seen Shear Walls, even in > 10 story buildings
71
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72. Geotechnical Failures
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73. Railway track
Offset railway in Narlı (located near Pazarck, southeast of Kahramanmaras). Fault strands
appear to run across the railway in the near and middle distance, with left-lateral
displacement. A strong ground motion recording in Pazarck (near this railway).
Source: H. Serdar Akyuz (2023).
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74. Surface rupture at Hassa (located
near Iskenderun in), showing left-
lateral offset of the centreline of the
road. Source: Ozdemir Alpay (2023).
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75. Lateral Spread of Embankment
An extraordinary lateral
spread in an embankment,
triggered by the 2023 Turkey-
Syria earthquakes. Image from
a video posted to Twitter by
@Sabah.
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76. Turkey-Syria earthquake ripped huge chasm in what
was once an olive field near Antakya | ITV News
Valley Formation –due to earthquake
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77. Valley Formation –due to earthquake
300-meter-long, 50-
meter-wide and 40-
meter-deep valley was
formed in an olive
grove in the Altınözü
district of Hatay,
following the Feb. 6
earthquakes, Hatay,
southeastern Türkiye,
Feb. 11, 2023. (DHA
Photo)
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78. Land slide
A view of boulders that rolled over from the mountain onto the rails close to Fevzipaşa
train station, Gaziantep, Türkiye, Feb. 13, 2023. (DHA Photo)
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79. Our SOURCES
1) https://en.armradio.am
2) www.worldvision.org.uk
3) Associated Press: Ghaith Alsayed via AP
, Ahmet Akpolat/DIA, Khalil Hamra
4) Reuters: Umit Bektas, Mahmoud Hassano, Suhaib Salem, WHITE HELMETS
5) Getty Images: Mohammed Al-Rifai/AFP
, Anas Alkharboutli, Aydin Arik/Anadolu Agency, Aaref Watad/AFP
,
AFP via Getty Images,
6) https://kazibaonline.com
7) The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/
8) https://en.as.com
9) Shutterstock: Ymphotos/Shutterstock
10) https://www.rescue.org
11) USGS website: www.usgs.gov
12) Twitter: @PAOK_FC, The_Georgios
13) Garini E., Gazetas G., and Anastasopoulos I. (2017) "Evidence of Significant Forward Rupture Directivity
Aggravated by Soil Response in an MW6 Earthquake, and the Effect on
Monuments ", Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46: 2103–2120. 53
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80. Glossary of terms:
• Aftershock: a smaller earthquake that follows a larger one
• Annotate: add detailed labels to a map, photo, graph, etc.
• Conservative boundary (also called a transform boundary): two plates sliding
horizontally past each other, often bordered by strike-slip faults
• GNI per capita: Gross National Income per person, a measure of a country’s wealth
• Infrastructure: the systems and services needed for a country to work, such as roads,
railways, ports, power and water supplies, hospitals and schools
• Lithosphere: Earth’s rigid outer shell, made up of the crust and the uppermost part of
the mantle
• Magnitude: the size of an earthquake (view the magnitude scale at MTU)
• Plate tectonics: the Earth’s outermost layer is broken into around 12 large and some
small plates that are moving relative to one another
• Seismogram: a graph showing earth tremors recorded on a seismograph
• Tectonic plates: huge, rigid blocks of the lithosphere, generally composed of both
continental and oceanic lithosphere
• Transform boundary see Conservative boundary
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81. Operation Dost (Operation Friend) was the search and rescue operation
initiated by the Government of India to aid Syria and Turkey, after the 2023
Turkey–Syria earthquake devastated both countries on 6 February 2023
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82. Turkey
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The presentation published online for Purely Academic purpose.
The faculties of various universities can write a mail to get it in .ppt format for teaching purpose.
Mankind is above everything, Not Copyright.

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