Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The garden city introduced the use of green belts that have served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management. Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community dimensions. The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.

1. GARDEN CITY-
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

2. GARDEN CITY
CONCEPT
According to the definition given by Garden Cities & Town
Planning Association in 1919 ,
“A Garden City is a Town designed for healthy living and
industry; of a size that makes possible a full measure of
social life, surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land
being in public ownership or held in trust for the community.”
Sir Ebenezer Howard is universally recognized as the father of the
new towns (or garden cities) movement
Each a self-sufficient entity—not a dormitory suburb—of
30,000 population •
Each ringed by an agricultural belt

3. WHAT INFLUENCED SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
TO MAKE GARDEN CITIES / ARISE OF THE
PROBLEM ?
➢ London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in
the throws of industrialization, and the cities were
exerting massive forces on the labour markets of
the time.
➢ Massive immigration from the countryside to the
cities was taking place with London.
➢ This situation was unsustainable and political
commentators of all parties sought “how best to
provide the proper antidote against the greatest
danger of modern existence ”
➢ To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate
people with the countryside.
➢ He disliked the way modern cities were being
developed, so he came up with the solutions

4. The Three Magnets
• He offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying
the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement
and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and
low rents).
• He believed that “Human society and the beauty of nature
are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his
solution “the two magnets must be made one”.
Garden city movement had The Three Magnets to address
the question ‘Where will the people go?’
the choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town Country’.

5. 1. Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high wages, social
opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of ‘Country Magnet’ is in natural beauty,
fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing out of nature, offered isolation of crowds and distance from
work. But it came at a cost of foul air, costly drainage, murky sky and slums.
2. Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low wages and lack of
drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of amusements and general decay.
3. Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim of providing benefits
of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields of easy access, low rent, high
wages and field of enterprise. Thus, the solution was found in a combination of the advantages of
Town and Country – the ‘Town – Country Magnet’ – it was proposed as a town in the Country, and
having within it the amenities of natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness. Thus advantages of the
Town – Country are seed to be free from the disadvantages of either.

6. ORIGIN OF GARDEN CITY
➔ Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained
communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing
proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
➔ The garden city introduced the use of green belts that have
served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and
rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation,
pollution minimization, and growth management.
➔ Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social
and community dimensions.
➔ The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial
estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a
comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.

7. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
➔ Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.
➔ Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards
that radiated from the central park/garden.
➔ Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre,
Museum etc. ) are placed around the central garden.
➔ The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as
an arcade for indoor shops and winter gardens.
➔ The streets for houses are formed by a series of
concentric ringed tree lined avenues.
➔ Distance between each ring vary between 3-5 km.
➔ A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run
in the center of concentric rings , houses the schools and
churches and acts as a continuous public park.
➔ All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed
at the peripheral ring of the city.
➔ The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer
to the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess
transport on the city streets are reduced and the city is
connected to the rest of the nation.

8. Garden City Datas
➔ Central City: Area: 12000
acres.
➔ Population : 58000 people
➔ Agglomeration Cities: Area:
9000 acres
➔ Population: 32000 people
➔ Distance between central
main city and the
agglomeration: ~10km .

9. Some of the important
features of Garden City
are –
● 1000 acres of towns designed for
healthy living and industry
● 5000 acres if permanent green belt
which surrounds the whole town
● Density of 12 families per acre
● A large central park having public
buildings.
● limited size of approx 32000 people,
planned in advance and land in single
ownership to eliminate overcrowding.

11. Main Components of Garden City Concept
1. Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient size to
provide the services, variety of occupations, and level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of
modern society.
2. Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work,
shops, social centers, and each other and also near open country.
3. Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit houses with private gardens, adequate
space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways.
4. Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved
permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural
center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation.
5. Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme, and functional
zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for
individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design.
6. Neighbourhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and social entity.
7. Unified land ownership: with the whole iste, including the agricultural zone, under quasr- public or trust
ownership, enabling planning control through leasehold covenants capturing land value for the community.
8. Progressive municipal and co-operative enterprise without abandoning a general individual freedom in
industry and trade.

12. Garden cities examples as a result of garden city movement
Letchworth Garden City –
➔ The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry
Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the
competition to build the first garden city.
➔ It is 34 miles away from London. It has an area of 5000
acres with 3000 acres of green belt.
➔ It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to check the
invasion of urban areas i.e. the sprawling. It showed
Howard’s general principles, including the communal
ownership of the land and the permanent green belt has
been carried through.
➔ It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open
spaces and a spirited community life. A great attention
was paid to landscaping and planting
Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden
City, both in Hertfordshire, England.
➔ Its plan was based on a population of 30000 with a living
area of 1250 acres and 2500 acres of rural green belt.
➔ Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small
enough which required no vehicular transportation.
➔ Industries were connected to the central city by rapid
transportation

13. WELWYN, UNITED KINGDOM
It was the second Garden City founded by Sir Ebenezer
Howard and designed by Louis De Soissons in 1920 and
was located 20 miles from Kings Cross. It was designed
for a 4000 population in 2400 acres. It was a town
visually pleasing and was efficient technically and was
human in scale.
● It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000
population
● Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall
● Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo
Georgian town center
● Every road had a wide grass verge

14. ● Letchworth gradually drew more residents as a result
of its ability to attract manufacturing through low
taxes, inexpensive rents, and more space.
● Despite Howard's best efforts, property prices in this
garden city could not remain affordable for
working-class residents.
● Although Letchworth was widely regarded as a
success, it did not immediately stimulate government
investment in the next generation of garden cities.
● Near 1919, out of frustration, Howard purchased
property in Welwyn to house the second garden city.
● To oversee the construction, the Welwyn Garden City
Corporation was founded.
● However, despite being only 20 miles from London,
Welwyn did not become self-sufficient.
● Letchworth and Welwyn remained the only garden
cities until the end of the 1930s.
Only the first two garden towns possessed the
concept of a garden city, which had economic
and social advantages that urban aggregation
had eliminated. It was regarded as a
"marriage of town and country in an
increasingly cohesive urban and regional
pattern." These new town towns provide a
more pleasant environment than the crowded
and filthy quarters of previous cities. The
movement was successful in underlining the
importance of urban planning policies, which
led to the New Town movement.
Failure of Garden cities: Conclusion on garden city movement

15. REFERENCES
https://planningtank.com/planning-theory/garden-cit
y-movement
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46134/46134-h/461
34-h.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City

16. THANK YOU