This document provides information about a genetics course being taught by Dr. Adi Zarei. It includes the instructor's contact information, textbook and course materials, grading breakdown, attendance policy, classroom expectations, and learning outcomes. The course will cover topics such as DNA and RNA structure and function, the cell cycle, types of inheritance, and identifying chromosomes. Students will be evaluated based on exams, homework, quizzes, participation, and lab reports and activities. Regular attendance is required and cell phone use in class will be considered an absence.
Genes, Chromosomes, and Genetic Code: Relevance and ImplicationsJen Gragera
Genes are the thing that determines your unique traits from the inside out. They play an important role in your overall health but they can also make you more susceptible for certain health problems and diseases, in the first place those that run in your family. Most diseases are a result of a combination of multiple factors including dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, it is also possible to develop health problems exclusively due to genetic abnormalities and mutations.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
Genes, Chromosomes, and Genetic Code: Relevance and ImplicationsJen Gragera
Genes are the thing that determines your unique traits from the inside out. They play an important role in your overall health but they can also make you more susceptible for certain health problems and diseases, in the first place those that run in your family. Most diseases are a result of a combination of multiple factors including dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, it is also possible to develop health problems exclusively due to genetic abnormalities and mutations.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
AdiZareiGenetics1
1. Copy rights Dr.M. Fouad and
Dr. Sameer Hassan Qari
Dr. Adi Essam Zarei د.زارع عصام عدي
2. • Instructor: Dr. Adi Zarei
• Room: To be announced later on (TBA)
• WhatsApp: 0564144726
• Email: dradizarei@yahoo.com
• Office Hours: TBA
• Lab location: Check your schedule
3. 1. Textbook:
Introduction ToGenetics Analysis (2018)
Gardner et. al (2013)
Introduction ToGenetics 10th edition.
3. Slides of course
4. Course notes
5. Exams / Quiz
6. Participations
7. Homeworkes
8. Video tutorial
9. Android App.
10. Web site DoctorQari
6. 1. The instructor will mark each student`s
attendance.
2. Students who miss 25% will be dismissed.
3. Dismissal means that students cannot take
any test.
7. 1. Class will start ON TIME!
2. Raise your hand if you have a question or need
to leave.
3. You are encouraged to ask questions during
lecture if you do not understand.
4. Using a cell phone is considered an absence.
5. Only one way to pass this course:
Serious Work
9
8. 12
After the course is completed successfully students must be able to:
1. Explain the structure and function of DNA & RNA
2. Identify the exact structure and function of the cell & living
organisms
3. Track some biological activities of the gene
4. Show the stages of the cell cycle and Meiosis
5. Identification of most important trems in genetics
6. Differentiation between DNA and RNA
7. Explain the specific qualities of each type of inheritance models
8. Classification of mutations
9. The student can identify the karyotype of the chromosomes
9. Final 40 %
Midterm 0 %
Average of Homeworkes 10 %
Average of Quizzes 15 %
Average of Participation 10 %
Labs 25 %(10 Deg. for Reports+15 Deg. for activities)
*If any updating for grading is available, you will be notified
10.
11. • Genetics is the study of heredity
• Hereditary is the transmission of characteristics from one
generation to the next generations
12. Genetics branches
• Medical genetics: refers to the application of genetics to medical
care
• Cytogenetics:
• Molecular genetics:
• Microbial genetics:
• Plant genetics:
• Animal genetics:
• Genomics:
• Proteomics:
Kindly define these definitions
13.
14. •Cell, in biology, the basic
membrane-bound unit that
contains the fundamental
molecules of life and of which all
living things are composed
•All living organisms are composed of
one or more cells
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
15. 1. Cell membrane
• Composed of lipid bilayer
• Protects the interior of the
cell but remains selectively
permeable
• Has embedded proteins that
serve different functions
16. 2.Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is substance of a cell other than that nucleus.
It`s environment of cellular activities, it`s made up of:
• Cytosol: Homogenous & Semi fluid which is include
Cytoskeleton, organic and inorganic materials
(water, salts… etc)
• Organelles
• Ribosomes: Ribosomes are the site of protein
synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth):
Calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid
metabolism
• Mitochondria: Energy production
• Golgi apparatus (complex):
Responsible for the
secretion of cellular products
• Lysosomes: involved in the degradation and
disposal of cellular waste material
17.
18. 3. Nucleus:
• Containing the hereditary material in
the form of chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope: Separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm but still allows
communication through nuclear pores
• Nucleolus: Darkly staining area in the
nucleus.
22. Genome
• A genome is all the genetic information of an
individual.
• Each cell in the body contains the complete
genome.
• Human genome:
• Consists of approximately three billion
DNA base pairs
• Organized IN 23 PAIRS OF
CHROMOSMES:
• 22 autosomes pairs
• One sex chromosomes pair
23.
24. Human genome
• Nuclear genome:
• 23 pair of chromosomes
• Mitochondrial genome
• Single circular double-stranded DNA
Human
Genome
Nuclear
Genome
3300 Mb
Mitochondrial
genome
16.6 kb
25. Proteins
• Proteins are large biological molecules consisting
of one or more polypeptides.
• A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of
amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.
• Proteins differ from one another primarily in their
sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the
nucleotide sequence of their genes
26. DNA
• Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
• The genetic information is stored in DNA
• DNA is a long linear polymer made of simpler units called
nucleotides.
27. Chromosomes
• DNA is packaged in the cells in the form of
chromosomes.
• Each chromosome is made of a single DNA double
helix molecule and associated proteins.
• The packaging of DNA into chromosomes involves
several orders of DNA coiling and folding. This allows
the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell
nucleus.
• Human somatic cells has 23 chromosome
pairs per cell
• 22 pair of autosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes
• In males XY
• In females XX
28.
29. GENE
GENE
• The basic unit of inheritance
• A section of DNA that take a
specific location on a chromosome
and codes for a protein production
• Each gene codes for one protein
30. Traits
• In genetics, a feature of a living thing is
called a "trait".
• Examples
• person's eye-color, height or
weight.
• Blood group
31. Allele
• An allele is one of two or more
versions of a gene
• An individual inherits two alleles for
each gene, one from each parent
• Homozygous: when an
individual's two alleles for a gene
are the same, he or she is said to
be homozygous for that gene
• Heterozygous : when an
individual's two alleles for a gene
are different, he or she is said to
be heterozygous for that gene
35. Genotype
• Genotype, very simply, is the version
of a DNA sequence that an individual
has
• There's a large amount of DNA that we
all have in common--of course, that's
why we're all humans
• But there's also a large amount of
variation in sequence among
individuals
• And those specific differences in
sequence, when usually applied to an
individual gene, are called a genotype
• Genotype is the genetic make-up of an
individual organism
• All of the alleles found in an individual
36. Phenotype
Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
• "Phenotype" simply refers to an observable trait
• "Pheno" simply means "observe" and comes from
the same root as the word "phenomenon“
• And so it's an observable type of an organism, and
it can refer to anything from a common trait, such
as height or hair color, to presence or absence of
a disease
• But it's important to remember that phenotypes
are equally, or even sometimes more greatly
influenced by environmental effects than genetic
effects
• So a phenotype can be directly related to a
genotype, but not necessarily
• There's usually not a one-to-one correlation
between a genotype and a phenotype. There are
almost always environmental influences, such as
what one eats, how much one exercises, how
much one smokes, etc
37.
38. Example
• Gene for eye color has two alleles:
• B = brown eyes
• b = blue eyes
• Each individual has two alleles from two parents
Genotype Phenotype
BB
Bb or bB
bb
40. Genetic Terms
Use library resources to define the
following words and write their
definitions using your own words
– allele:
– genes:
– dominant :
– recessive:
– homozygous:
– heterozygous:
– genotype:
– phenotype:
– Mendelian Inheritance:
41. Mendelian Inheritance
1. The inherited traits are
determined by genes that are
passed from parents to
children.
2. A child inherits two sets of
genes—one from each parent.
3. A trait may not be observable,
but its gene can be passed to
the next generation.
42. Mendelian Inheritance
Each person has 2 copies of every gene—one copy
from father and a second copy from mother. These
copies may come in different variations, known as
alleles, that express different traits.
For example, 2 alleles in the gene for freckles are
inherited from mom and dad:
– allele from mom = has freckles (F)
– allele from dad = no freckles (f)
– child has the inherited gene pair of alleles, Ff
(F allele from mom and f allele from dad).
43.
44. 1. Phenotype is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
45. 2. Allele is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
46. 3. Genome is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
47. 4. Gene is?
A. The observable physical or biochemical
characteristics of an individual organism.
B. A Different versions of the same gene
C. All the genetic information of an individual.
D. The basic unit of inheritance.
48. 5. Large biological molecules consisting of
one or more polypeptides?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
DNA
Lipids
Polysaccharides
49. 6. A long linear polymer
made of simpler units
called nucleotides?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
DNA
Lipids
Polysaccharides
50. 7. In the cell chromosomes
are found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
51. 8. The human cell contain
autosomes?
pairs of
A. 23
B. 22
C. 46
D. 2
E. 44
2 sex
chromosomes
(1 pair)
44
autosomes
(22 pairs)
46 chromosome (23 pairs)