Maize and sorghum, both belonging to the grass family Poaceae, are vital cereal crops grown worldwide. Unfortunately, they are susceptible to a variety of pests that can significantly reduce yield. These pests can be broadly categorized into insects, diseases, and weeds.
Insects:
Insects are some of the most common pests of maize and sorghum. Here are some of the major insect pests:
Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda):This highly destructive caterpillar feeds on the leaves and stalks of maize and sorghum, causing significant yield losses. It is native to the Americas but has spread to Africa and Asia in recent years.Maize Stem Borer (Busseola fusca):This moth larva tunnels into the stems of maize and sorghum, weakening the plants and reducing grain production. It is a major pest in Africa.Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata):The maggot of this fly feeds on the growing point of sorghum seedlings, killing or stunting the plants. It is a major pest in Asia and Africa.Sorghum Midge (Contarinia sorghicola):This tiny fly lays eggs in the developing sorghum flowers, damaging the seeds and reducing grain yield. It is a major pest in North America and Asia.Diseases:
Maize and sorghum are also susceptible to a number of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Some of the most important diseases include:
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND):This devastating viral disease can cause complete crop failure in maize. It is transmitted by thrips and is a major threat to food security in AfricaNorthern Corn Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum):This fungal disease causes large, dead lesions on maize leaves, reducing photosynthesis and grain yield. It is a major disease in North America and Europe..Sorghum Grain Mold (Fusarium spp.):This fungal disease infects sorghum kernels during grain development, producing mycotoxins that can be harmful to humans and animals. It is a major disease in all sorghum-growing regions.Weeds:
Weeds compete with maize and sorghum for water, nutrients, and sunlight, reducing crop yield. Some of the most common weeds affecting these crops include:
Pigweed (Amaranthus spp.):This fast-growing summer annual weed can quickly outcompete maize and sorghum seedlings.pen_spark
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense):This perennial grass is a close relative of sorghum and can be a difficult weed to control.Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.):These perennial weeds reproduce by tubers and can be very difficult to eradicate.By understanding the different types of pests that can attack maize and sorghum, farmers can develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to minimize crop losses. IPM strategies can include crop rotation, resistant varieties, biological control, and the judicious use of pesticides.
This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms like dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, pesticides, and biological control agents. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as key pests, describing identification, damage symptoms, and recommended management practices.
This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms which include dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, biocontrol agents, and pesticides. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as pests, giving identification and listing control measures for each.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It describes the sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) and sorghum stem borer (Chilo partellus) in detail. For the shoot fly, it outlines the life stages, symptoms of damage as dead hearts, and management through early sowing, seed treatment, and insecticide sprays. For the stem borer, it provides information on the adult moth and larvae, symptoms such as dead hearts and tunneling, and integrated pest management practices including intercropping, light traps, and insecticide applications.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect amaranthus and moringa plants, including the amaranthus stem weevil, amaranthus caterpillar, pod fly of moringa, bud worm of moringa, and leaf caterpillar of moringa. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, host plants, nature of damage caused, life cycle stages from egg to adult, and recommended management practices such as collecting and destroying infected plant parts, using light traps, and applying specified insecticides.
This document provides information on various pests that affect cotton crops, including jassids, aphids, thrips, bollworms, mites, and others. It describes the identification, life cycle, host plants, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, and management practices for each pest. The key pests discussed are jassids, aphids, thrips, spotted/pink bollworms, American bollworm, red cotton bug, and mites. Management involves both preventive and curative methods like clean-up campaigns, biological control agents, and chemical control with insecticides timed to critical thresholds.
The document discusses several pests that affect maize crops, including stem borer (Chilo partellus), shoot fly (Atherigona orientalis), pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens), corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera), and corn aphid (Rhapalosiphum maidis). It provides details on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management recommendations for each pest. In particular, it emphasizes that stem borer is a serious pest that bores into maize stems, causing dead hearts and yield losses. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and insecticide applications.
This document summarizes the major insect pests that affect oilseed crops grown in Karnataka, India, focusing on groundnut. It identifies 10-15 economically important insect pest species for groundnut, including the groundnut leaf miner, hairy caterpillars, tobacco caterpillar, gram pod borer, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, pod bugs, termites, white grubs, ants, pod borers, and stem borers. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and control measures for each of these pest species. Annual losses to groundnut insect pests in India are estimated at Rs. 1500 million.
This document discusses several pests that affect pulses (legumes) such as pigeonpea, urd bean, mung bean, chickpea, lentil, and pea. It describes the biology, identification, damage symptoms and management of major pests like the gram pod borer, spotted pod borer, red gram pod fly, plume moth, whitefly, stem fly, leaf minor, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, bean aphid, and gram cutworm. It provides details on the life cycle, host range, morphology of immature and adult stages, and integrated pest management strategies for each.
This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms like dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, pesticides, and biological control agents. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as key pests, describing identification, damage symptoms, and recommended management practices.
This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms which include dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, biocontrol agents, and pesticides. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as pests, giving identification and listing control measures for each.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It describes the sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) and sorghum stem borer (Chilo partellus) in detail. For the shoot fly, it outlines the life stages, symptoms of damage as dead hearts, and management through early sowing, seed treatment, and insecticide sprays. For the stem borer, it provides information on the adult moth and larvae, symptoms such as dead hearts and tunneling, and integrated pest management practices including intercropping, light traps, and insecticide applications.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect amaranthus and moringa plants, including the amaranthus stem weevil, amaranthus caterpillar, pod fly of moringa, bud worm of moringa, and leaf caterpillar of moringa. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, host plants, nature of damage caused, life cycle stages from egg to adult, and recommended management practices such as collecting and destroying infected plant parts, using light traps, and applying specified insecticides.
This document provides information on various pests that affect cotton crops, including jassids, aphids, thrips, bollworms, mites, and others. It describes the identification, life cycle, host plants, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, and management practices for each pest. The key pests discussed are jassids, aphids, thrips, spotted/pink bollworms, American bollworm, red cotton bug, and mites. Management involves both preventive and curative methods like clean-up campaigns, biological control agents, and chemical control with insecticides timed to critical thresholds.
The document discusses several pests that affect maize crops, including stem borer (Chilo partellus), shoot fly (Atherigona orientalis), pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens), corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera), and corn aphid (Rhapalosiphum maidis). It provides details on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management recommendations for each pest. In particular, it emphasizes that stem borer is a serious pest that bores into maize stems, causing dead hearts and yield losses. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and insecticide applications.
This document summarizes the major insect pests that affect oilseed crops grown in Karnataka, India, focusing on groundnut. It identifies 10-15 economically important insect pest species for groundnut, including the groundnut leaf miner, hairy caterpillars, tobacco caterpillar, gram pod borer, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, pod bugs, termites, white grubs, ants, pod borers, and stem borers. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and control measures for each of these pest species. Annual losses to groundnut insect pests in India are estimated at Rs. 1500 million.
This document discusses several pests that affect pulses (legumes) such as pigeonpea, urd bean, mung bean, chickpea, lentil, and pea. It describes the biology, identification, damage symptoms and management of major pests like the gram pod borer, spotted pod borer, red gram pod fly, plume moth, whitefly, stem fly, leaf minor, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, bean aphid, and gram cutworm. It provides details on the life cycle, host range, morphology of immature and adult stages, and integrated pest management strategies for each.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that damage maize, wheat, and ragi crops in India. For maize, it outlines 6 key pests including the maize shoot fly, stem borers like the pink stem borer and Chilo partellus, cob worms, and aphids.
2. It provides details on the life cycle, symptoms of damage, and control methods for these major maize pests. Pink stem borer and Chilo partellus are described as particularly destructive stem borers that tunnel into stems and cause 'dead heart' symptoms.
3. For wheat, it lists pink stem borer, Chilo partellus, ear head
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
This document discusses the turmeric plant and one of its major pests, the turmeric shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis). It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management of the shoot borer pest. It notes that the shoot borer larvae bore into and feed on the turmeric shoots and rhizomes, reducing yields. For management, the document recommends using resistant varieties, natural enemies, proper sanitation, and chemical pesticide sprays timed to control populations.
Recent Advances in Integrated Pest Management of SorghumRAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document describes 12 insect pests that affect sorghum crops. It provides details on the appearance, lifecycle and damage caused by each pest, which includes stem borers, shoot flies, caterpillars, aphids, beetles and others. It also discusses integrated pest management strategies for sorghum like cultural, mechanical, nutrient and host plant resistance methods.
3 Insect pests of Maize damage symptomsssKiranHebballi
1. Maize is attacked by over 130 insect pests, but the most serious are stem borers like the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) and pink borer (Sesamia inferens).
2. Stem borers bore into the stem, causing 'dead hearts' and yield losses of 26.7-80.4% for C. partellus and 25.7-78.9% for S. inferens.
3. Other major pests include the sorghum shootfly, armyworm, cutworm, corn leaf aphid, and cob worm (Helicoverpa armigera) which feeds on silk and developing grains, damaging yields
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies suggested for various pests include intercropping, use of resistant varieties, light traps, and insecticide applications. The document concludes by listing some references used to compile the information on oilseed pest management.
The cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is common in agriculture areas throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Its larvae feed on cabbage and other cruciferous plants like broccoli and cauliflower. The adult butterfly lays pale yellow eggs on the underside of host plant leaves. The eggs hatch into yellow or green larvae with black heads. The larvae feed voraciously and can defoliate entire plants. The pest completes 3-5 generations annually. Control methods include removing larvae by hand, using biological controls like parasitic wasps, and spraying insecticides.
Cotton sucking Insect pests and Integrated management.pdfmuhammad1562002
Cotton sucking pests are a group of insects that feed on the sap of cotton plants, causing damage to the crops and reducing yield. These pests can include aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers, among others. They use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract nutrients from the plant tissues, particularly from the leaves, stems, and buds of cotton plants.
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that can be green, black, brown, or pink in color. They reproduce rapidly, and their populations can quickly build up on cotton plants, leading to stunted growth and distorted leaves. Whiteflies are tiny insects with white wings that resemble tiny moths. They often gather on the undersides of leaves and can cause yellowing, wilting, and premature leaf drop. Leafhoppers are small, wedge-shaped insects that can transmit diseases to cotton plants while feeding.
These pests not only directly damage the cotton plants by feeding on them but can also transmit viruses and diseases, further compromising the health and yield of the crop.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect cotton crops in India, including leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, thrips, bollworms, and others.
2. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies for the main sucking pests and bollworms. Integrated Pest Management approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls are recommended.
3. Several key insect pests can cause over 50% crop loss to cotton. Proper identification of pests and timely implementation of controls are important to reduce yield impacts and maximize cotton production in India.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
The ppt is about the pests that attack various fruit crops like mango, banana, citrus and cashew. In the ppt, the life cycle of the insects, the damage caused by them to the crops and the measures to control them are described.
The document discusses various insect pests that affect cotton crops in India. It identifies 14-15 major pests, including sucking pests like the cotton leafhopper and aphids, bollworms like the American bollworm and spotted bollworm, and defoliators such as the cotton whitefly. These pests can cause up to 60% crop loss. The document provides details on the identification, lifecycles, damage symptoms, and control of these major cotton insect pests. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides, which can lead to resistance and resurgence of pests.
This document provides information on the biology, lifecycle, damage, monitoring, and management of three caterpillar pests that attack tomatoes and peppers: the tomato fruitworm, beet armyworm, and southern armyworm. It describes the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of each species. It outlines their wide host ranges, preference for solanaceous crops, and ability to damage fruits and render them unmarketable. Monitoring and action thresholds are provided based on scouting for eggs and larvae. Cultural, chemical, and biological control tactics are described to manage these pests, with an emphasis on conservation biological control.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that damage maize, wheat, and ragi crops in India. For maize, it outlines 6 key pests including the maize shoot fly, stem borers like the pink stem borer and Chilo partellus, cob worms, and aphids.
2. It provides details on the life cycle, symptoms of damage, and control methods for these major maize pests. Pink stem borer and Chilo partellus are described as particularly destructive stem borers that tunnel into stems and cause 'dead heart' symptoms.
3. For wheat, it lists pink stem borer, Chilo partellus, ear head
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
This document discusses the turmeric plant and one of its major pests, the turmeric shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis). It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management of the shoot borer pest. It notes that the shoot borer larvae bore into and feed on the turmeric shoots and rhizomes, reducing yields. For management, the document recommends using resistant varieties, natural enemies, proper sanitation, and chemical pesticide sprays timed to control populations.
Recent Advances in Integrated Pest Management of SorghumRAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document describes 12 insect pests that affect sorghum crops. It provides details on the appearance, lifecycle and damage caused by each pest, which includes stem borers, shoot flies, caterpillars, aphids, beetles and others. It also discusses integrated pest management strategies for sorghum like cultural, mechanical, nutrient and host plant resistance methods.
3 Insect pests of Maize damage symptomsssKiranHebballi
1. Maize is attacked by over 130 insect pests, but the most serious are stem borers like the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) and pink borer (Sesamia inferens).
2. Stem borers bore into the stem, causing 'dead hearts' and yield losses of 26.7-80.4% for C. partellus and 25.7-78.9% for S. inferens.
3. Other major pests include the sorghum shootfly, armyworm, cutworm, corn leaf aphid, and cob worm (Helicoverpa armigera) which feeds on silk and developing grains, damaging yields
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies suggested for various pests include intercropping, use of resistant varieties, light traps, and insecticide applications. The document concludes by listing some references used to compile the information on oilseed pest management.
The cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is common in agriculture areas throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Its larvae feed on cabbage and other cruciferous plants like broccoli and cauliflower. The adult butterfly lays pale yellow eggs on the underside of host plant leaves. The eggs hatch into yellow or green larvae with black heads. The larvae feed voraciously and can defoliate entire plants. The pest completes 3-5 generations annually. Control methods include removing larvae by hand, using biological controls like parasitic wasps, and spraying insecticides.
Cotton sucking Insect pests and Integrated management.pdfmuhammad1562002
Cotton sucking pests are a group of insects that feed on the sap of cotton plants, causing damage to the crops and reducing yield. These pests can include aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers, among others. They use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract nutrients from the plant tissues, particularly from the leaves, stems, and buds of cotton plants.
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that can be green, black, brown, or pink in color. They reproduce rapidly, and their populations can quickly build up on cotton plants, leading to stunted growth and distorted leaves. Whiteflies are tiny insects with white wings that resemble tiny moths. They often gather on the undersides of leaves and can cause yellowing, wilting, and premature leaf drop. Leafhoppers are small, wedge-shaped insects that can transmit diseases to cotton plants while feeding.
These pests not only directly damage the cotton plants by feeding on them but can also transmit viruses and diseases, further compromising the health and yield of the crop.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect cotton crops in India, including leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, thrips, bollworms, and others.
2. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies for the main sucking pests and bollworms. Integrated Pest Management approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls are recommended.
3. Several key insect pests can cause over 50% crop loss to cotton. Proper identification of pests and timely implementation of controls are important to reduce yield impacts and maximize cotton production in India.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
The ppt is about the pests that attack various fruit crops like mango, banana, citrus and cashew. In the ppt, the life cycle of the insects, the damage caused by them to the crops and the measures to control them are described.
The document discusses various insect pests that affect cotton crops in India. It identifies 14-15 major pests, including sucking pests like the cotton leafhopper and aphids, bollworms like the American bollworm and spotted bollworm, and defoliators such as the cotton whitefly. These pests can cause up to 60% crop loss. The document provides details on the identification, lifecycles, damage symptoms, and control of these major cotton insect pests. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides, which can lead to resistance and resurgence of pests.
This document provides information on the biology, lifecycle, damage, monitoring, and management of three caterpillar pests that attack tomatoes and peppers: the tomato fruitworm, beet armyworm, and southern armyworm. It describes the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of each species. It outlines their wide host ranges, preference for solanaceous crops, and ability to damage fruits and render them unmarketable. Monitoring and action thresholds are provided based on scouting for eggs and larvae. Cultural, chemical, and biological control tactics are described to manage these pests, with an emphasis on conservation biological control.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
4. Stem borer
Chilo partellus, Pyralideae: Lepidoptera
Hosts: Maize, sorghum, Sudan grass, Sarkanda, Sugarcane
Identification:
Adult
•Moth’s appearance: brown in colour
•Length: average of 25 mm across the
spread wings
•Female moths are larger than the males.
•The moths are nocturnal and only live for a
period of three days no more.
•25-40% of young plants are destroyed
Front wings: double row of black spots
near outer margin
Hind wing: smoky
5. Eggs: Whitish and later on change to
orange yellow to black before hatching
Flat, oval and scale like in shape
eggs in batches on the under surface of leaves
near the midribs (bunches of 20 eggs)
Larva: Four longitudinal stripes on body of
full grown larva (20-25 mm long with black head)
Pupa: cylindrical, brownish yellow and turns
to reddish brown
Affected Plant Stages
All stages.
www.infonet-biovision.org
The female moth lays an average of 300-500
eggs.
Two thirds of the eggs are laid on the
upper surface of the leaf and the remainder on the
underside
6. Active Breeds: March-April to Sept.- Oct
Inactive period:
Rest of period ;Hibernates in stubbles, stalks or unshelled cobs as
larva Nov-Feb
Period of damage: April-August
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in
7. Damage:
•Newly hatched larva feed on leaves and leave behind holes
•Later on larva forms tunnels in the stem and kills the central shoot in
form of dead heart
•At ear formation, larva enters from its base and makes tunnel in
centre of cob and feeds on grain as well
•Red mining in the midrib
•Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes.
•Tender folded leaves have parallel “shot hole”
•Affected parts of stem may show internally tunnelling of caterpillars
•No dead heart when plant is attacked at later stages
9. Control:
Destroy the stubbles of maize and sorghum
Use of light traps
Collect and destroy the egg clusters
Chemicals
Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Carbofuran,
Carbosulfan, neem products
Trichogramma spp.
Cultural practices
•Crop Monitoring
•Crop sanitation: removal of stem, stubbles
•Intercropping and habitat management
(Cowpea)
•Trap crop:
•Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare sudanense),
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
10. Biological control:
▪ Egg parasitoid:
▪ Trichogramma chilonis are egg parasitoid @ 25
cards/acre with 500 eggs per card
▪ Apenteles flavipes and Stenobracon sp. are larval
parasatoid
▪ Larval and pupal parasitoid: Isotima javensis
▪ The spraying must be synchronized with the egg-laying
of these broods to obtain the maximum control of the
pest
12. Chemical control:
•Carbofuran 10-15kg/acre (Soil application followed by light
irrigation)
•Cartap 13-15kg/acre (Soil application followed by light
irrigation)
Chemical Control:
•Voliam Flexi ( Thiamethoxam + Chlorantraniliprole) 25
WG @ 80 ml
•Carbofuran 3G @ 8-10 kg per acre borers in maize and
sugarcane
•Cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 9 kg / Acre
•Chlorpyrifos 40 EC @ 600-850 ml / Acre
13. Maize Jassid ( Leaf hopper)
Zygina spp. Cicaldellidae: Homoptera
•Leaf feeding insect
•Major pest of Maize
•Widely distributed throughout
maize growing areas
Food: Maize and sorghum
Conditions: Poor growing conditions for the
crop, long intervals between harvests and
spells of hot, dry weather.
•Transmit diseases such as viral disease
•Maize leafhopper transmits wallaby ear virus in
maize.
www.dpi.qld.gov.au
14. Active period: March-Oct
Inactive period: Nov-March
Period of damage: march-April
Mode of Damage:
•Both adult and nymph feed on either side of leaves.
•Suck plant material
•Feeding leaves has white streak or whitish dots which dry
up that affect crop yield.
Control:
Nitenpyram, Flonicamide,
Deltaphos, Actara
Adult: Yellowish appearance, hind
wings bluish
Egg: light yellow green and turns to
yellow green
Nymph: 5 nymphal instar
15. Sorghum Shoot Fly
(Atherigona soccata) Rondani, Diptera, Muscidae
www.infonet-biovision.org
Alternative hosts: Maize, Finger millet, Bullrush millet, Rice, Wheat, Several species
of grasses
16. Identification:
Adult fly =4 mm
Looks like a small house fly
Head and thorax of female are pale grey
Abdomen is yellowish with paired brown patches
Male is more blackish
17. Damage:
Insects attacks on young crop.. In six leaf stage
•Eggs laid on underside of leaf
•Maggots bore in the base of young shoot
•Killing the growing point and youngest leaf
•Maggots crawl up and reach base of leaf blade to enter in shoot
•Leaf turns brown and withers to make dead heart
•Seldom attack after 6 leaf stage
•Tillers are produced in older plants and mature later than main
crop.
•Total loss of yield= approx. 60 %
Control
Resistant varieties
Seed treatment against
shoot fly
