The paper looks at the institutional arrangements put in place by the Kaduna State Government in Nigeria for water resources management and assess the level of preparedness to ensure that nobody is left behind in access to safe water in the State.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Water Problem, water Savings, water needs, water wastage and their obstacles RebekahSamuel2
Discuss the problems of water, saving of water, needs of
water, wastage of water, and also discuss the obstacles in
the way of water saving, water shortage and how to
improve the water resources in Pakistan?
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Water Problem, water Savings, water needs, water wastage and their obstacles RebekahSamuel2
Discuss the problems of water, saving of water, needs of
water, wastage of water, and also discuss the obstacles in
the way of water saving, water shortage and how to
improve the water resources in Pakistan?
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Covering Natural Disaster Losses for Water Utilities - An insurance mutual fo...CAWASA
The Caribbean region is highly prone to climate hazards and has a history of being adversely impacted by weather related events, resulting in significant losses and damages.
Most of the Caribbean islands lie within the North Atlantic “hurricane belt,” with the major climatic events affecting the region being tropical depressions and cyclones, which generate strong winds, and rainstorms that cause flooding, landslides, and storm surges.
Corin de Frietas presents on 3 August 2010 at Minas International.
There are predictions that water is “the new oil” – some are even saying the next big war will be fought over water. What most people don’t know is that water is already a major driver of many well-publicized conflicts across the world – from Darfur to the Israeli/Palestinian situation – as well as many disputes that get considerably less attention in the media – like the “water wars” in the western United States.
With global climate change predictions, the outlook is increasingly dire, making it key to develop a better understanding of elements that foster more integrated, sustainable, and democratic water governance in order to promote cooperation and avoid future conflict over this finite and invaluable resource.
This Minas International talk will help us understand the power of water and the integral role it will play in the future. We’ll learn who makes decisions about your water and how essentially everything you do can in someway be linked to water politics. We’ll also learn about Corin’s research into water governance in Belo Horizonte and Brazil.
Corin de Freitas is a 2009-2010 Fulbright U.S. Student Fellow researching water governance in the Rio das Velhas Basin. She grew up in the beautiful but water-scarce US state of Colorado, where she first was introduced to the notion of water as the nexus of all human needs and activities – from public health tto environmental sustainability to economic growth to food security. Since then, she has been exploring governance, conflict, and cooperation through the lens of water. This Septemeber, she will continue her research in Vancouver Canada at the University of British Columbia.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Covering Natural Disaster Losses for Water Utilities - An insurance mutual fo...CAWASA
The Caribbean region is highly prone to climate hazards and has a history of being adversely impacted by weather related events, resulting in significant losses and damages.
Most of the Caribbean islands lie within the North Atlantic “hurricane belt,” with the major climatic events affecting the region being tropical depressions and cyclones, which generate strong winds, and rainstorms that cause flooding, landslides, and storm surges.
Corin de Frietas presents on 3 August 2010 at Minas International.
There are predictions that water is “the new oil” – some are even saying the next big war will be fought over water. What most people don’t know is that water is already a major driver of many well-publicized conflicts across the world – from Darfur to the Israeli/Palestinian situation – as well as many disputes that get considerably less attention in the media – like the “water wars” in the western United States.
With global climate change predictions, the outlook is increasingly dire, making it key to develop a better understanding of elements that foster more integrated, sustainable, and democratic water governance in order to promote cooperation and avoid future conflict over this finite and invaluable resource.
This Minas International talk will help us understand the power of water and the integral role it will play in the future. We’ll learn who makes decisions about your water and how essentially everything you do can in someway be linked to water politics. We’ll also learn about Corin’s research into water governance in Belo Horizonte and Brazil.
Corin de Freitas is a 2009-2010 Fulbright U.S. Student Fellow researching water governance in the Rio das Velhas Basin. She grew up in the beautiful but water-scarce US state of Colorado, where she first was introduced to the notion of water as the nexus of all human needs and activities – from public health tto environmental sustainability to economic growth to food security. Since then, she has been exploring governance, conflict, and cooperation through the lens of water. This Septemeber, she will continue her research in Vancouver Canada at the University of British Columbia.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical ImplicationsTIME PRINTER
This article emphasizes the vital role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, highlighting their provision of freshwater, support for ecosystems, and essential resources while underscoring the imminent threat of pollution. It introduces World Rivers Day, a global event celebrated annually on the fourth Sunday of September, dedicated to raising awareness about rivers' global significance and advocating for better stewardship.
The event was initiated by Mark Angelo in 2005 and is celebrated worldwide in a decentralized manner. World Rivers Day's objectives include addressing environmental challenges, emphasizing sustainable river management, and promoting collaboration among non-governmental organizations, environmental groups, and local communities to protect and preserve these invaluable water bodies for the planet's health and well-being.
Please visit this very link for Historical News based on Geopolitical viewpoints and rest of this article, https://www.timeprinternews.com
In 2010, the UN General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation.
Everyone has the right to sufficient, continuous, safe, acceptable, physically accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use.
Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water.
The above target is tracked with the indicator of “safely managed drinking water services” - drinking water from an improved water source that is located on-premises, available when needed, and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination.
Similar to Leaving nobody behind in access to safe water how prepared is kaduna state (20)
Hydromet Monitoring System in HJKYB.pptDogara Bashir
A report of a rapid assessment of the existing hydrological and meteorological measurement stations in the Hadejia-Jama'are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin (HJKYB), Nigeria.
Assessment of the 2015 Kaduna Flood.pptxDogara Bashir
This is a presentation of the report of an assessment studies on the devastating flood that occured on 19th to 21st September 2015 in Kaduna Metropolis and environs. The assessment was conducted by the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria and the report was presented to the Kaduna State Government.
Institutional and Financial Arrangements for Urban Sanitation Services Delive...Dogara Bashir
Proposed institutional arrangements for urban faecal sludge management (FSM) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. In addition, 5 financing models for effective urban FSM are given for consideration and adaptation.
Capacity development reform in wrm in nigeriaDogara Bashir
The paper presents two capacity building initiatives of the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria as part of the national reform program in capacity development in the water resources sector.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Leaving nobody behind in access to safe water how prepared is kaduna state
1. D. Bashir
Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory
Commission
IN ACCESS TO SAFE WATER:
HOW PREPARED IS KADUNA STATE?
LEAVING NOBODY BEHIND
Paper presented at a Symposium Organized as part of the 2019 World Water
Day Celebrations by Kaduna State Ministry of Water Resources at
Command Guest House, Kaduna on 21st March, 2019
2. 1. Introduction
2. Access to Water as a Human Right
3. Key Issues Under Consideration
4. What Needs to be Done
5. Features of WASH in Kaduna State
6. Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State
7. Regulating the Water Sector in Kaduna State
8. Status of WASH Sector in Kaduna State
9. Way Forward
Outline of Presentation
2
3. World Water Day is an international day designated by the
United Nations to celebrate freshwater.
This was recommended at the 1992 United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio
de Janeiro and was approved by the United Nations General
Assembly by designating 22 March as the World Water Day.
World Water Day is held annually as a means of focusing
attention on the importance of freshwater and advocating for
its sustainable management.
The Day also provides opportunity to learn more about water
related issues, be inspired to tell others and take action to
make a difference.
The theme of 2019 World Water Day is 'Leaving No One
Behind'.
Introduction
3
4. The theme of 2019 World Water Day (Leaving No One Behind)
is an adaptation of the central promise of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development: as sustainable development
progresses, everyone must benefit .
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) includes a target to
ensure availability and sustainable management of water for
all by 2030. By definition, this means leaving no one behind.
Billions of people are still living without safe water in their
households, schools, workplaces, farms and factories.
Marginalized groups – women, children, refugees, indigenous
peoples, disabled people and many others – are often
overlooked, and sometimes face discrimination, as they try to
access and manage the safe water they need.
Introduction…
4
5. ‘Safe water’ is a ‘safely managed drinking water service’ that
provides water that is accessible on the premises, available
when needed, and free from contamination1;
Access to water underpins public health and is therefore
critical to sustainable development and a stable and
prosperous world;
In 2010, the UN recognized “the right to safe and clean drinking
water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the
full enjoyment of life and all human rights2;
The human right to water entitles everyone, without
discrimination, to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically
accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use;
This includes water for drinking, personal sanitation, food
preparation, and personal and household hygiene3.
Access to Water as a Human Right
5
6. Key Issues Under Consideration
2.1 billion people live without safe water at home4;
One in four primary schools have no drinking water
service, with pupils using unprotected sources or going
thirsty5;
More than 700 children under five years of age die every
day from diarrhoea linked to unsafe water and poor
sanitation6;
Globally, 80% of the people who have to use unsafe and
unprotected water sources live in rural areas7;
Women and girls are responsible for water collection in
eight out of ten households with water off-premises8;
Over 800 women die every day from complications in
pregnancy and childbirth9;
6
7. For the 68.5 million people who have been forced to flee
their homes, accessing safe water services is highly
problematic10,11;
Around 159 million people collect their drinking water
from surface water, such as ponds and streams12;
Around 4 billion people - nearly two-thirds of the world’s
population - experience severe water scarcity during at
least one month of the year13;
700 million people worldwide could be displaced by
intense water scarcity by 203014;
The wealthier generally receive high levels of WASH
services at (often very) low cost, whereas the poor pay a
much higher price for a service of similar or lesser quality15.
Key Issues Under Consideration…
7
8. How People are Left Behind Without
Safe Water
Some of the factors that militate against access to safe
water are:
• Sex and gender,
• Race, religion, caste, and nationality,
• Disability, age and health status;
• economic and social status;
Other factors, that affect marginalized groups through
impacts on water include:
• environmental degradation,
• climate change,
• population growth,
• conflict,
• forced displacement and migration.
8
9. To ‘leave no one behind’:
Efforts must be focused towards including people who
have been marginalized or ignored;
Water services must meet the needs of marginalized
groups and their voices must be heard in decision-
making processes;
Regulatory and legal frameworks must recognise the
right to water for all people, and
sufficient funding must be fairly and effectively targeted
at those who need it most.
What Needs to be Done
9
10. How Prepared is Kaduna State?
10
Enabling
Environment
Assessment
Information
Allocation tools
Policies
Legislation
Strategies
Organizational
Framework
Institutional
Capacity Building
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY SOCIAL EQUITY
How prepared Kaduna State is would depend on how much
its WASH Sector is aligned to the provisions of the IWRM
Framework
11. Features of Kaduna State
Kaduna In North West Geo-political Zone
Capital in Kaduna City, Kaduna North LGA
Capital of defunct Northern Nigeria
Land Mass 46,051 km2
≈ 5% Land Area of Nigeria
Coordinates Between Lat. 90 03”N and 110 32”N &
Between Long. 60 05”E and 800 38”E
Population 3rd most populous State in Nigeria
6,113,503 (2006 Census)
8,767,304 (2018 estimates at projected
3.05% growth)
People Diverse people spread in:
23 LGAs,
46 Dev. Areas,
255 Political Wards
32 Autonomous Traditional Institutions
Christianity and Islam as Major Religions
11
12. Features of Kaduna State…
Climatic Patterns
Altitude (asl) = 638 m
Ave. Temp. = 24.9 oC
Annual Rainfall = 1050 mm
Altitude (asl) = 613 m
Ave. Temp. = 25.2 oC
Ann. Rainfall = 1211 mm
Altitude (asl) = 740 m
Ave. Temp. = 24.4 oC
Ann. Rainfall = 1540 mm
12
13. Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
o Identified surface water bodies in the State include:
Streams 3,098 units, Rivers 196 units, Ponds 26 units,
Lakes 24 units and Dams 9 units;
o Most of the Local Government Areas are having pots of
either ponds, lakes and dams except Sanga, Kaura,
Lere, Jaba, Markafi, Zaria and Kaduna South where
traces of these features could not be found;
o 69 major rivers are identified across the LGAs in the
State except in Jaba, Kaduna North, Kaduna South,
Kudan and Sabon Gari where no such rivers could be
identified;
o These 69 rivers identified are rivers that originate from
the LGA and/or enters the State through the LGA.
13
14. Ponds Lakes Dams Rivers Identified Rivers
Birnin Gwari
4 3 1 10
R. Araga, R. Damari, R. Kogin-Bagwoma, R. Koriga,
R. Kura, R. Kureta, R. Kusheriki, R. Kwingi, R.
Mariga, R. Shiwaka
Chikun 4 4 1 8
R. Babban-Udawa, R. Godani, R. Gunugu, R. Jugo,
R. Kada Taba, R. Romi, R. Shapedna, R. Uba
Giwa 1 0 0 3 R. Gazara, R. Iyaka, R. Tubo
Igabi 4 6 2 3 R. Labar, R. Likarbu, R. Rigasa
Ikara 0 1 0 2 R. Bauda, R. Tiga
Jaba 0 0 0 0
Jema'a 4 1 0 3 R. Assow, R. Mada, R. Okwa
Kachia 0 1 0 7
R. Abron, R. Babban-Kogi, R. Deidei, R. Dinya, R.
Kasan-Kogi, R. Lai, R. Sarkin-Pawa
Kaduna North 1 0 0 0
Kaduna South 0 0 0 0
Kajuru 1 2 0 4 R. Gurara, R. Iyna, R. Rubu, R. Tapa,
Kagarko 1 0 0 1 R. Iri
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
Major Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State…
14
15. Ponds Lakes Dams Rivers Identified Rivers
Kaura 0 0 0 1 R. Kogun
Kauru 3 1 0 3 R. Kabari, R. Kadi, R. Kutsheri
Kubau 2 0 0 6
R. Galma, R. Kaciwirgi, R. Kwanderri, R. Maiwa, R.
Mantunku, R. Matsachik
Kudan 0 0 1 0
Lere 0 0 0 5
R. Dalgagu, R. Gora, R. Kaduna, R. Karami, R.
Rahama
Makarfi 0 0 0 2 R. Gimi, R. Shika
Sabon Gari 0 2 3 0
Sanga 0 0 0 4 R. Gudi, R. Karma, R. Sanga, R. Toep
Soba 0 3 1 1 R. Kinkaba
Zangon Kataf 1 0 0 5
R. Babana, R. Gantan, R. Kachia, R. Ohwang, R.
Wawa Rafi
Zaria 0 0 0 1 R. Saye
Total 26 24 9 69
Source: NASRDA (2008). Surface Water Mapping of Kaduna State Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS. A Study Report by The Nigeriasat Imageries and
Consultancy Services Ltd, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road, Abuja. December, 2008
Surface Water Bodies in Kaduna State…
15
21. 21
Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State
The Kaduna State Government reviewed the 2013 State
Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (KSWSSP) to align it
with IWRM principles, address some identified gaps and
capture the current thrust of Government that included:
a) Review of the sector service delivery targets;
b) Institutionalization of participation by the private sector and
communities in sectoral development strategies;
c) Adoption of the cost sharing arrangement for capital
investment and operations and maintenance between the
tiers of government;
d) Incorporation of a robust pro-poor policy that allows for
targeted subsidy to allow for timely exit in the sector;
22. 22
e) Designation of the Kaduna State Water Board (to be renamed
as Kaduna State Water Corporation (KSWC)) as the urban
water infrastructure asset holder on behalf of Government;
f) Designation of the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
(RUWASSA) as the agency responsible for rural and small-
town water supply;
g) Establishment of a Water Services Regulatory Commission to
regulate operations in the sector and promote all State and
Federal water policies and strategies and enforcement of laws;
and
h) Assigning the Kaduna State Ministry of Water Resources to be
in-charge of policy formulation and sector co-ordination.
Water Sector Reforms in Kaduna State…
23. 23
Legal Framework for Sustainable
Management of the Water Sector
Based on the provisions of the 2015 KSWSS Policy,
the Kaduna State Government developed a
composite law for the establishment and operations
of three vital water sector agencies.
On 25th May, 2016, the Executive Governor of Kaduna
State signed into law, the Kaduna State Water Supply
and Sanitation Law, 2016; Law No. 11 of 2016 of
Kaduna State of Nigeria.
24. 24
Objectives of the KSWSS Law 2016
The general objectives of the Kaduna State Water Supply and
Sanitation Law, 2016 are to provide for:
a) the right of access to basic water supply and basic sanitation
necessary to secure sufficient water and an environment not
harmful to human health or well-being;
b) the setting of standards and norms for service provision and
standards for tariffs in respect of water and sanitation services;
c) the preparation and adoption of water services development
plans by the Ministry responsible for water resources in
accordance with this Law;
d) a regulatory framework for water services institutions and other
water service providers;
e) the establishment of state water supply service delivery
agencies, their powers and duties, and of state steering
committees;
25. 25
f) the formulation, monitoring and review of the Kaduna State Water
Sanitation and Hygiene Policy for the water and sanitation sector;
g) coordination of intervention in water and Sanitation delivery by
Federal, State and Local Governments as well as other non-
governmental agencies and bodies;
h) the gathering and dissemination of information in a State
information system;
i) the accountability of water and sanitation service providers;
j) the promotion of effective water resource management and
conservation particularly for water within the constitutional
authority of the State; and
k) collaboration of the sector institutions with other national and state
agencies in the development of water and sanitation services in
accordance with the National Water Policy, the State Water Sector
Master Plan and this Law.
Objectives of the KSWSS Law 2016...
26. a) The goal of regulating the water sector is ensuring
sustainable provision of water, adequate in quantity and
quality to the various water users including the ecosystem;
b) The Water Supply and Sanitation Law, 2016 established the
Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory Commission and
places on it the responsibility of regulating the water sector
in the State so that residents can have better access to safe
water
c) For the Commission to execute its mandates, certain
working tools must be put in place. Consequently, one of its
key take-off activity is the development and production of
regulatory tools
26
Regulating the Water Sector in Kaduna State
27. 27
The Commission had gone far in the development of the
following Start-off Regulations, Standards and Guidelines :
a) Regulations on Quality of Service of Water Utilities – drafted;
b) Regulations and Guidelines for Reservoir Operation and Utilization
in Kaduna State – drafted;
c) Regulations on Groundwater Exploitation in Kaduna State – drafted;
d) Occupational Code for Borehole Drillers in Kaduna State – drafted;
e) Occupational Code for Package Water Production and Vending in
Kaduna State – drafted;
f) Guidelines for Establishment and Operations of Water Users
Associations (WUAs) in Kaduna State; and
g) Guidelines for Establishment and Operations of Water Consumers
Associations (WCAs) in Kaduna State.
Development of Start-off Regulatory Tools
28. 28
Status of WASH Sector in Kaduna State
With the reforms in the WASH sector embarked in 2015 by the
current administration in Kaduna State, the sector has been
properly positioned for sustainable WASH services delivery;
The WASH sector reforms are fully compliant with IWRM
principles;
The enabling environment are substantially provided as the
policy and legislation are in place and are in conformity with
IWRM principles;
The institutional arrangements provided by the enabling
WASH policy and legislation are IWRM compliant and the
institutions are established;
Most of the coordination mechanisms are set up;
Regulations, guidelines and Codes to guide WASH services
delivery are being developed;
29. 29
Way Forward
The current administration in Kaduna State has provided the
enabling environment for sustainable WASH services
delivery;
However, part of the institutional roles and most of the
management instruments in the IWRM framework are yet to
be provided;
To consolidate the reforms in the WASH sector and ensure
that “no one is left behind” in access to safe WASH services,
the following are recommended:
a) Embark on capacity development of the WASH
institutions;
b) Carry out comprehensive water resources assessment
and water demand assessment in the State;
30. 30
Way Forward…
c) Strengthen and regularize the functions of the coordination
mechanisms such as:
i. The State WASH Steering Committee
ii. Water Sector Management Committee
iii. Water Sector Technical Committee
d) To effectively involve all WASH sector stakeholders, expedite
actions to develop guidelines for the establishment and
operations of:
i. Water Consumers Associations (WCAs) in Kaduna State,
ii. Water Users Associations (WUAs) in Kaduna State, and
iii. Water Sector CSOs in Kaduna State
e) Develop and implement effective funding regimes for the
WASH sector agencies to subsidize WASH services to the
marginalized groups.
32. 1. WHO/UNICEF: https://washdata.org/monitoring/drinking-water
2. UN (2010): A/RES/64/292 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010:
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64/292
3. OHCHR, UN Habitat, WHO: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet35en.pdf
4. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
5. UNICEF (2018) WASH in Schools: Global baseline report 2018: https://data.unicef.org/resources/wash-in-schools/
6. Calculation made in 2018 based on data from UNICEF: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/
7. WHO (2017) Safely managed drinking water - thematic report on drinking water 2017: https://data.unicef.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/03/safely-managed-drinking-water-JMP-2017-1.pdf
8. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
9. UNICEF: https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/
10. UNHCR (2017) Global Trends Report: Forced Displacement in 2017: https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf
11. WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme)/UN-Water (2019) The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind
12. WHO/UNICEF (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/
13. Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2016), Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advanced, Vol. 2, No. 2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933676
14. Global Water Institute (2013) Future water (in)security: facts, figures and predictions:
https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/27b53d18-6069-45f7-a1bd-d5a48bc80322/downloads/1c2meuvon_105010.pdf
15. WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme)/UN-Water (2019) The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind
References
32