This article emphasizes the vital role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, highlighting their provision of freshwater, support for ecosystems, and essential resources while underscoring the imminent threat of pollution. It introduces World Rivers Day, a global event celebrated annually on the fourth Sunday of September, dedicated to raising awareness about rivers' global significance and advocating for better stewardship.
The event was initiated by Mark Angelo in 2005 and is celebrated worldwide in a decentralized manner. World Rivers Day's objectives include addressing environmental challenges, emphasizing sustainable river management, and promoting collaboration among non-governmental organizations, environmental groups, and local communities to protect and preserve these invaluable water bodies for the planet's health and well-being.
Please visit this very link for Historical News based on Geopolitical viewpoints and rest of this article, https://www.timeprinternews.com
Water: Patterns of Production and ConsumptionAndy Dorn
Global freshwater consumption has risen sixfold since 1900, more than doubling the rate of population growth. Currently, about a third of the world's population lives in areas facing water stress, where consumption exceeds 10% of the total supply. If current trends continue, two-thirds of the global population will face water stress by 2025. The uneven distribution of water resources and increasing human population have exacerbated problems of freshwater availability and accessibility around the world. Many regions, particularly in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, already face water scarcity issues and this problem is projected to worsen in the coming decades without changes to water usage patterns. Freshwater resources in some areas have been severely impacted by human activities like
The lack of transboundary water agreements/institutions between Afghanistan and its northern neighboring countries over the ADRB is significantly affecting the inter-state multilateral cooperation and the status of the water resources. No water resource sharing schemes were ever stipulated. If the Amu Darya River does not manage sustainably, in that case, it can turn over to be the prime cause of tension among the riparian countries connected through historical, cultural, environmental, and economic ties. The potential of interstate conflict and the opportunities of cooperation between the riparian’s on the water is mainly sourced in the state’s national interest. This policy paper’s primary focus is to answer the reasons for Afghanistan’s exclusion from the ADRB and current hydropolitics over the ADRB. It also focuses on inter-state cooperation as a catalyst for settlement water conflicts among the riparian nations. This research suggests that effective and multi-sectorial cooperation on Amu Darya River Basin is imperative rather than water-related conflicts. It put forward that water, energy, trade routes, and other sources of connectivity can bring Afghanistan and CARs together to initiate the potentials that they have. It would also help Amu Darya River Basin equitable and reasonable water resources utilization and help the Aral Sea in sustainable development. Despite the hydro-connectivity, the geo-economics connectivity is also promising in the region.
The document discusses several global environmental issues including hunger, water scarcity, deforestation, desertification, and climate change. Regarding hunger, over 1 billion people are hungry, 16,000 children die daily from hunger, and malnutrition contributes to one-third of child deaths. Water scarcity is exacerbated by population growth and unequal distribution, affecting over 2 billion people without access to clean water. Deforestation rates are high in several countries and contribute significantly to carbon emissions and species loss. Desertification reduces habitable land area as vegetation cover declines. Conflicts over freshwater resources have emerged in many regions.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROSOCIOLOGY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIESIRJET Journal
This document discusses the relationship between water and society from a hydrological perspective. It defines the field of hydro sociology as dealing with the interaction between community activities, governance, and other social factors, and water resources, climate, and hydrology. Some key points made include:
- Water has played a major role in the rise and fall of many ancient civilizations that developed along rivers.
- Most of the world's major religions attribute spiritual or cultural significance to water.
- Water is integral to cultural expression and recreation throughout history.
- Understanding the connections between water and society is important for sustainable development.
Here is a possible 10 mark response to the question:
The need for water can create significant tension and conflict for several key reasons:
Firstly, water is essential for life - it is needed for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and many other daily activities. Where water supplies are limited or uncertain, this puts pressure on access to the resource. Populations and their needs are growing, but water supplies are finite. This mismatch between demand and supply lays the foundations for potential disputes.
Secondly, many of the world's major river basins and aquifers cross international borders, so water resources are often shared between countries. This can make management and allocation extremely challenging. Upstream countries may control flows downstream, and different priorities
The impact of ilisu dam on duhok water intake on tigris riverMehdi Fasihi Harandi
This document discusses the impact of the proposed Ilisu Dam in Turkey on the water intake in Duhok, Iraq from the Tigris River. It provides background on the Tigris River, describing its source and tributaries. It then discusses the concept of water security and factors that impact water security in Iraq such as dam construction, wars, pollution, and lack of long-term water sharing agreements between riparian countries. The document also provides an overview of the proposed Ilisu Dam, noting concerns about how it could allow Turkey to control water flow in the Tigris to the detriment of downstream countries.
Malaysia; Global Warming and Rain Water HarvestingV9X
1) Climate change and global warming have led to rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events like floods and droughts around the world according to the IPCC.
2) An estimated 700 million people currently live in water-stressed areas, and that number is projected to rise to over 3 billion by 2025 as populations grow and weather patterns change.
3) Rainwater harvesting techniques can help balance the water cycle, provide local water sources, and mitigate problems from extreme weather by retaining more rainfall on land through watershed management and rooftop collection systems.
The document discusses several global water security issues including population growth, climate change, and water management strains threatening regional stability. It notes water issues are increasingly relevant globally and intersect with other policy areas. While water wars are likely overblown, changing demographics are challenging historical water sharing norms. The document outlines water conflicts between several countries and regions and the economic and social impacts of water shortages. It provides examples of strategies to address water challenges from industry, governments, and organizations.
Water: Patterns of Production and ConsumptionAndy Dorn
Global freshwater consumption has risen sixfold since 1900, more than doubling the rate of population growth. Currently, about a third of the world's population lives in areas facing water stress, where consumption exceeds 10% of the total supply. If current trends continue, two-thirds of the global population will face water stress by 2025. The uneven distribution of water resources and increasing human population have exacerbated problems of freshwater availability and accessibility around the world. Many regions, particularly in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, already face water scarcity issues and this problem is projected to worsen in the coming decades without changes to water usage patterns. Freshwater resources in some areas have been severely impacted by human activities like
The lack of transboundary water agreements/institutions between Afghanistan and its northern neighboring countries over the ADRB is significantly affecting the inter-state multilateral cooperation and the status of the water resources. No water resource sharing schemes were ever stipulated. If the Amu Darya River does not manage sustainably, in that case, it can turn over to be the prime cause of tension among the riparian countries connected through historical, cultural, environmental, and economic ties. The potential of interstate conflict and the opportunities of cooperation between the riparian’s on the water is mainly sourced in the state’s national interest. This policy paper’s primary focus is to answer the reasons for Afghanistan’s exclusion from the ADRB and current hydropolitics over the ADRB. It also focuses on inter-state cooperation as a catalyst for settlement water conflicts among the riparian nations. This research suggests that effective and multi-sectorial cooperation on Amu Darya River Basin is imperative rather than water-related conflicts. It put forward that water, energy, trade routes, and other sources of connectivity can bring Afghanistan and CARs together to initiate the potentials that they have. It would also help Amu Darya River Basin equitable and reasonable water resources utilization and help the Aral Sea in sustainable development. Despite the hydro-connectivity, the geo-economics connectivity is also promising in the region.
The document discusses several global environmental issues including hunger, water scarcity, deforestation, desertification, and climate change. Regarding hunger, over 1 billion people are hungry, 16,000 children die daily from hunger, and malnutrition contributes to one-third of child deaths. Water scarcity is exacerbated by population growth and unequal distribution, affecting over 2 billion people without access to clean water. Deforestation rates are high in several countries and contribute significantly to carbon emissions and species loss. Desertification reduces habitable land area as vegetation cover declines. Conflicts over freshwater resources have emerged in many regions.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROSOCIOLOGY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIESIRJET Journal
This document discusses the relationship between water and society from a hydrological perspective. It defines the field of hydro sociology as dealing with the interaction between community activities, governance, and other social factors, and water resources, climate, and hydrology. Some key points made include:
- Water has played a major role in the rise and fall of many ancient civilizations that developed along rivers.
- Most of the world's major religions attribute spiritual or cultural significance to water.
- Water is integral to cultural expression and recreation throughout history.
- Understanding the connections between water and society is important for sustainable development.
Here is a possible 10 mark response to the question:
The need for water can create significant tension and conflict for several key reasons:
Firstly, water is essential for life - it is needed for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and many other daily activities. Where water supplies are limited or uncertain, this puts pressure on access to the resource. Populations and their needs are growing, but water supplies are finite. This mismatch between demand and supply lays the foundations for potential disputes.
Secondly, many of the world's major river basins and aquifers cross international borders, so water resources are often shared between countries. This can make management and allocation extremely challenging. Upstream countries may control flows downstream, and different priorities
The impact of ilisu dam on duhok water intake on tigris riverMehdi Fasihi Harandi
This document discusses the impact of the proposed Ilisu Dam in Turkey on the water intake in Duhok, Iraq from the Tigris River. It provides background on the Tigris River, describing its source and tributaries. It then discusses the concept of water security and factors that impact water security in Iraq such as dam construction, wars, pollution, and lack of long-term water sharing agreements between riparian countries. The document also provides an overview of the proposed Ilisu Dam, noting concerns about how it could allow Turkey to control water flow in the Tigris to the detriment of downstream countries.
Malaysia; Global Warming and Rain Water HarvestingV9X
1) Climate change and global warming have led to rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events like floods and droughts around the world according to the IPCC.
2) An estimated 700 million people currently live in water-stressed areas, and that number is projected to rise to over 3 billion by 2025 as populations grow and weather patterns change.
3) Rainwater harvesting techniques can help balance the water cycle, provide local water sources, and mitigate problems from extreme weather by retaining more rainfall on land through watershed management and rooftop collection systems.
The document discusses several global water security issues including population growth, climate change, and water management strains threatening regional stability. It notes water issues are increasingly relevant globally and intersect with other policy areas. While water wars are likely overblown, changing demographics are challenging historical water sharing norms. The document outlines water conflicts between several countries and regions and the economic and social impacts of water shortages. It provides examples of strategies to address water challenges from industry, governments, and organizations.
This presentation talks about the Water Uses, Water Forms and Distribution, Availability, Fresh Water Shortage, Water Use Problems and Conflicts Increase Water Supply, Floods and Drought
It talks about the shortage of water all across the globe. So people should use it effectively without unnecessary wastage.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses water issues in the Nile River Basin. It notes that the Nile Basin is home to over 300 million people across 10 countries, with population growth exacerbating water scarcity. The basin has a history of unilateral actions and conflicts over water usage. However, cooperation through initiatives like the Nile Basin Initiative are important for ensuring water security and equitable management of the river for all countries in the basin. The potential for hydropower and irrigation is large but has remained largely untapped, which could help boost development and food security.
Water is vital for life and development. However, water scarcity is a growing problem in Asia due to increasing populations and changing consumption patterns. Effective water diplomacy and cooperation between countries will be essential to ensure adequate access to water for all. The major rivers of South and East Asia, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Yellow River, flow through multiple countries, so collaborative management and sharing of water resources will be needed to mitigate conflicts and allow sustainable development.
Human civilizations have long depended on rivers for survival, with early civilizations in regions like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China developing along major river valleys. However, as human populations and activities have increased, they have placed growing stress on rivers through activities like water extraction, waste dumping, and infrastructure development. This has degraded river ecosystems and impacted their ability to provide services. Parameters like water flow, sediment levels, pollution, and biodiversity are used to measure a river's health and the human impacts on it. The case of the Yamuna River in India illustrates how urban and industrial waste dumping can turn a major river highly toxic, reducing it to a local extinction of its natural ecosystems. Experts recommend various
The document discusses several key issues related to water security:
1) More than 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and over 2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation, posing major health risks. Water scarcity is often due to poverty, inequality and poor governance rather than availability.
2) Population growth and increased industrial/agricultural demand are exacerbating water stresses, especially transboundary tensions over rivers like the Tigris/Euphrates.
3) Regional cooperation over water management, such as the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, can mitigate conflicts, but many areas still lack adequate legal frameworks for cooperation.
Free-flowing rivers provide important ecological and economic benefits but many have been lost due to dam and infrastructure development. This document examines the state of the world's remaining free-flowing rivers over 1,000km in length. Only a third remain free-flowing, while just 21 connect directly to the sea. Case studies of threatened rivers like the Salween and Madeira are presented. Protection mechanisms are discussed, but urgent action is needed to safeguard the last free-flowing rivers from development.
Running head: LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 1
LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 4
Lake Chad Casestudy
Name:
Institution:
Lake Chad Casestudy
Lake Chad is one of Africa’s fresh water bodies. This water resource is shared by Chad,Nigeria,Niger and Cameroon. This important ecosystem has been experiencing degradation because of natural factors and human activities. This research focuses on the role of human factors in the degradation and the management plans that have been put in place to manage the resource.The unfortunate situation at the lake has been called an ecological catastrophe by the Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO. Some of the human factors that have contributed towards the degradation include damming and irrigation. These two human activities have contributed to the shrinkage of the lake. The growing number of irrigation projects have diverted water sources from the lake, hence the massive degradation. A series of dams constructed across rivers in Nigeria and Chad have also affected the lake because they have interruption the natural flow of water that originally drained in Lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Livestock staging, and overgrazing, has been witnessed in the surrounding areas. There is a lot of competition for greener pastures in the area. It is this competition for resources from the surrounding herders (e.g. to keep them fed and healthy) and current occupants struggling to keep their livelihood alive, that has made the lake vulnerable to further degradation. Human factors have indirectly contributed to drastic climatic changes that have resulted in droughts and high rates of evaporation at the lake (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
The increasing human population has put pressure on this natural resource. The growing population has contributed to unsustainable exploitation and pollution of the Lake. Over 30 million people live within the water catchment area around lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012). With this size population, the water resource is being thwarted into extinction if conservation measures are not implemented. The population has also resorted to intensive fishing in the lake for survival. This overfishing is a major threat to the ecological biodiversity within Lake Chad itself Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Ecological Principles Ignored In The Degradation
Disturbance Principle
According to the disturbance ecological principle, the extent and type of disturbance, determines the characteristics of the ecosystem. In the case of lake Chad, human activities were carried out in total disregard of the potential effects they had on the ecosystem. The population around the lake, exploited resources and disturbed the water balance in the area, therefore furthering the rate of the lake’s deterioration.
The landscape ecological principle was also ignored. The human activitie.
1) The Save Ganga Movement is a non-violent Gandhian movement supported by religious and social leaders in India to clean the Ganges river and ensure access to fresh water.
2) The Ganges river is hugely important to India, providing water to over 500 million people, but it faces threats from pollution.
3) In 2000, the Save Ganga Movement organized a large rally in Delhi attended by political and spiritual leaders to bring awareness to cleaning the Ganges river.
S5c7 chapter 7-facts and figures related to floods in india.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to the floods is mentioned. Reticular canal system for interlinking rivers is a system in which the interlinking canal will intersect the river at the place where the flow of water is not too high or low, thus most of the water generated in one particular river catchment area will be diverted to drought prone areas at the higher level before huge water mass forms and causing the flood.
The document discusses rivers and river ecosystems in Bangladesh. It notes that population growth and urbanization have degraded rivers around Dhaka through increased pollution. Poverty leads to overexploitation of resources like groundwater. Commercial fishing operations overharvest stocks. Agricultural activities and chemicals also negatively impact water quality. The major rivers in Bangladesh include the Brahmaputra, Jamuna, and Ganges, many of which are transboundary and share issues over water sharing with India.
Geographic environment is that part of the terrestrial natural environment
that has been to some extent altered by human beings and which at the
present moment is directly connected with the life and production activity
of society. The natural objects and the phenomena related to them which
surround men constitute the geographical environment. (eg. surface of the
earth, minerals, water, animals, mountains, plants, sun, moon, plains.) The
geographic environment is one of the permanent and necessary conditions
for the development of society. It can accelerate or retard this development,
but it is not the main moving force of society’s development, since the
specific laws of the movement of nature and society, as well as the rates of
movement (changes), are essentially different.
This document discusses several key issues relating to global freshwater access and sustainability. It notes that over 1.2 billion people currently lack access to freshwater, and populations in some countries lack access entirely. Factors like population growth, economic development, and improved standards of living have increased global water consumption. Threats to the water cycle include deforestation, water contamination, overuse of groundwater, and global warming. The document advocates for solutions like rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment, and more efficient agricultural and industrial water use to improve the situation and ensure sustainable development. Water scarcity can also lead to conflicts between nations that share river systems like the Jordan, Nile, and between Israel and Palestine. International cooperation
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
The River Nile delta shallow lakes namely, Edku, Burullus and Manzala are natural wetland ecosystems, connected to fresh water sources at the south and to the open sea at the north. Throughout their relatively short geological and hydrological history, the lakes received unpolluted fresh water from the river Nile.
Flooding is a major issue in South Africa that causes significant damage. Development and poverty exacerbate flood risks, as poor residents and developments in flood-prone areas are most impacted. Engineering solutions are needed to improve flood resilience of buildings and infrastructure.
Suitability of egyptian deserts for sustainable urban developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the suitability of Egyptian deserts for sustainable urban development. It discusses that Egypt has limited arable land and water resources while its population is growing, threatening food security. The study aims to identify how Egyptian deserts could be utilized through development. It notes that most of Egypt's population lives on 4% of the land along the Nile, while deserts make up 96% of the country. The document examines the characteristics of Egypt's Western and Eastern deserts and their potential for development through water access, agriculture, and infrastructure projects. It aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of developing Egypt's deserts sustainably to address the country's land and population challenges.
This presentation has the complete information about the water resources based on the points from environmental science in engineering.The points are made so easy it is very easy to understand.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Similar to World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical Implications
This presentation talks about the Water Uses, Water Forms and Distribution, Availability, Fresh Water Shortage, Water Use Problems and Conflicts Increase Water Supply, Floods and Drought
It talks about the shortage of water all across the globe. So people should use it effectively without unnecessary wastage.
This document provides an overview of water allocation practices in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with reference to future demands on the Ganga River. It notes that the Ganga River basin supports over 400 million people but faces stresses of over-abstraction and pollution. In the upper Ganga stretch, historical canals withdraw large amounts of water for irrigation, while population growth and industrialization have increased domestic and industrial demands. As a result, the upper stretch has become water starved, especially in lean seasons, leaving little water for the river's ecology. The document examines current allocation and future needs to balance human and environmental needs in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses water issues in the Nile River Basin. It notes that the Nile Basin is home to over 300 million people across 10 countries, with population growth exacerbating water scarcity. The basin has a history of unilateral actions and conflicts over water usage. However, cooperation through initiatives like the Nile Basin Initiative are important for ensuring water security and equitable management of the river for all countries in the basin. The potential for hydropower and irrigation is large but has remained largely untapped, which could help boost development and food security.
Water is vital for life and development. However, water scarcity is a growing problem in Asia due to increasing populations and changing consumption patterns. Effective water diplomacy and cooperation between countries will be essential to ensure adequate access to water for all. The major rivers of South and East Asia, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Yellow River, flow through multiple countries, so collaborative management and sharing of water resources will be needed to mitigate conflicts and allow sustainable development.
Human civilizations have long depended on rivers for survival, with early civilizations in regions like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China developing along major river valleys. However, as human populations and activities have increased, they have placed growing stress on rivers through activities like water extraction, waste dumping, and infrastructure development. This has degraded river ecosystems and impacted their ability to provide services. Parameters like water flow, sediment levels, pollution, and biodiversity are used to measure a river's health and the human impacts on it. The case of the Yamuna River in India illustrates how urban and industrial waste dumping can turn a major river highly toxic, reducing it to a local extinction of its natural ecosystems. Experts recommend various
The document discusses several key issues related to water security:
1) More than 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and over 2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation, posing major health risks. Water scarcity is often due to poverty, inequality and poor governance rather than availability.
2) Population growth and increased industrial/agricultural demand are exacerbating water stresses, especially transboundary tensions over rivers like the Tigris/Euphrates.
3) Regional cooperation over water management, such as the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty, can mitigate conflicts, but many areas still lack adequate legal frameworks for cooperation.
Free-flowing rivers provide important ecological and economic benefits but many have been lost due to dam and infrastructure development. This document examines the state of the world's remaining free-flowing rivers over 1,000km in length. Only a third remain free-flowing, while just 21 connect directly to the sea. Case studies of threatened rivers like the Salween and Madeira are presented. Protection mechanisms are discussed, but urgent action is needed to safeguard the last free-flowing rivers from development.
Running head: LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 1
LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 4
Lake Chad Casestudy
Name:
Institution:
Lake Chad Casestudy
Lake Chad is one of Africa’s fresh water bodies. This water resource is shared by Chad,Nigeria,Niger and Cameroon. This important ecosystem has been experiencing degradation because of natural factors and human activities. This research focuses on the role of human factors in the degradation and the management plans that have been put in place to manage the resource.The unfortunate situation at the lake has been called an ecological catastrophe by the Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO. Some of the human factors that have contributed towards the degradation include damming and irrigation. These two human activities have contributed to the shrinkage of the lake. The growing number of irrigation projects have diverted water sources from the lake, hence the massive degradation. A series of dams constructed across rivers in Nigeria and Chad have also affected the lake because they have interruption the natural flow of water that originally drained in Lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Livestock staging, and overgrazing, has been witnessed in the surrounding areas. There is a lot of competition for greener pastures in the area. It is this competition for resources from the surrounding herders (e.g. to keep them fed and healthy) and current occupants struggling to keep their livelihood alive, that has made the lake vulnerable to further degradation. Human factors have indirectly contributed to drastic climatic changes that have resulted in droughts and high rates of evaporation at the lake (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
The increasing human population has put pressure on this natural resource. The growing population has contributed to unsustainable exploitation and pollution of the Lake. Over 30 million people live within the water catchment area around lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012). With this size population, the water resource is being thwarted into extinction if conservation measures are not implemented. The population has also resorted to intensive fishing in the lake for survival. This overfishing is a major threat to the ecological biodiversity within Lake Chad itself Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Ecological Principles Ignored In The Degradation
Disturbance Principle
According to the disturbance ecological principle, the extent and type of disturbance, determines the characteristics of the ecosystem. In the case of lake Chad, human activities were carried out in total disregard of the potential effects they had on the ecosystem. The population around the lake, exploited resources and disturbed the water balance in the area, therefore furthering the rate of the lake’s deterioration.
The landscape ecological principle was also ignored. The human activitie.
1) The Save Ganga Movement is a non-violent Gandhian movement supported by religious and social leaders in India to clean the Ganges river and ensure access to fresh water.
2) The Ganges river is hugely important to India, providing water to over 500 million people, but it faces threats from pollution.
3) In 2000, the Save Ganga Movement organized a large rally in Delhi attended by political and spiritual leaders to bring awareness to cleaning the Ganges river.
S5c7 chapter 7-facts and figures related to floods in india.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to the floods is mentioned. Reticular canal system for interlinking rivers is a system in which the interlinking canal will intersect the river at the place where the flow of water is not too high or low, thus most of the water generated in one particular river catchment area will be diverted to drought prone areas at the higher level before huge water mass forms and causing the flood.
The document discusses rivers and river ecosystems in Bangladesh. It notes that population growth and urbanization have degraded rivers around Dhaka through increased pollution. Poverty leads to overexploitation of resources like groundwater. Commercial fishing operations overharvest stocks. Agricultural activities and chemicals also negatively impact water quality. The major rivers in Bangladesh include the Brahmaputra, Jamuna, and Ganges, many of which are transboundary and share issues over water sharing with India.
Geographic environment is that part of the terrestrial natural environment
that has been to some extent altered by human beings and which at the
present moment is directly connected with the life and production activity
of society. The natural objects and the phenomena related to them which
surround men constitute the geographical environment. (eg. surface of the
earth, minerals, water, animals, mountains, plants, sun, moon, plains.) The
geographic environment is one of the permanent and necessary conditions
for the development of society. It can accelerate or retard this development,
but it is not the main moving force of society’s development, since the
specific laws of the movement of nature and society, as well as the rates of
movement (changes), are essentially different.
This document discusses several key issues relating to global freshwater access and sustainability. It notes that over 1.2 billion people currently lack access to freshwater, and populations in some countries lack access entirely. Factors like population growth, economic development, and improved standards of living have increased global water consumption. Threats to the water cycle include deforestation, water contamination, overuse of groundwater, and global warming. The document advocates for solutions like rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment, and more efficient agricultural and industrial water use to improve the situation and ensure sustainable development. Water scarcity can also lead to conflicts between nations that share river systems like the Jordan, Nile, and between Israel and Palestine. International cooperation
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
The River Nile delta shallow lakes namely, Edku, Burullus and Manzala are natural wetland ecosystems, connected to fresh water sources at the south and to the open sea at the north. Throughout their relatively short geological and hydrological history, the lakes received unpolluted fresh water from the river Nile.
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World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical Implications
1. World Rivers Day: Environmental
Challenges and Geopolitical Implications
Time Printer
September 24, 2023
Image Source: Google, Image By: Pexels
Rivers are unquestionably the lifeblood of our planet, providing vital freshwater, sustaining
ecosystems, and offering resources essential for existence. Plants and animals that live near
rivers and valleys depend on clean water. However, the pollution of these essential waterways
presents a serious threat to our environment and public health, demanding fast action to protect
their invaluable contribution to our world.
World Rivers Day is an annual event celebrated on the fourth Sunday of September. And in
2023, it will be celebrated on September 24. This global observance is dedicated to raising public
awareness about the significance of rivers and waterways worldwide. It serves as a platform to
emphasise the intrinsic value of rivers and strives to enhance public consciousness while
promoting better stewardship of these essential water bodies.
In this article, we will strive to shed light on the importance of rivers worldwide, their
environmental deterioration, and the conflicts and sufferings between different states over the
natural flow of the river.
A Global Initiative for River Conservation:
World Rivers Day, initiated by Canadian river advocate Mark Angelo in 2005, is a decentralised
global observance celebrated worldwide. This day serves as a platform to raise awareness about
the significance of rivers, emphasising their vital roles in supplying freshwater, supporting
ecosystems, and facilitating transportation and recreation. It also addresses the environmental
challenges and conflicts associated with these lifelines, highlighting the importance of
sustainable river management.
2. Image Source: Google, Image By: Flickr
While World Rivers Day is not directly coordinated by a specific UN agency, it actively engages
non-governmental organisations, environmental groups, and local communities in river
conservation efforts. These collaborative initiatives aim to protect and preserve the world's rivers,
recognizing their critical importance to our planet's health and well-being.
Rivers at Risk: Solutions for a Sustainable Future
Rivers are essential sources of freshwater for drinking and agriculture, sustaining billions of lives
globally. They are biodiversity hubs, housing diverse species and serving as vital habitats and
migration routes. Rivers historically facilitated transportation and continue to reduce carbon
emissions through cargo transport. Rivers provide recreational opportunities and attract tourists,
boosting local economies while offering nature-based experiences.
Rivers encounter a multitude of challenges primarily driven by human activities. Pollution
stemming from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources introduces harmful substances like
chemicals, heavy metals, and plastics, posing threats to both aquatic life and human well-being.
The construction of dams, river channelization, and water diversions disrupt natural flow patterns,
adversely affecting ecosystems, sediment transport, and water quality.
3. Image Source: Google, Image By: Wikimedia Commons
Over-extraction, urbanisation, deforestation, and climate change lead to reduced river water
levels and loss of critical habitats. Invasive species and poor land management worsen these
challenges also.
Protecting and restoring rivers involves reducing pollution, restoring natural riverbanks,
promoting sustainable land use, conserving water, and supporting biodiversity through protected
areas and climate action. Engaging communities, advocating, and educating are also key to river
conservation.
Indus Water Treaty: India and Pakistan's Water Diplomacy
The Indus River is one of the most important rivers in South Asia that originates in the Himalayas
and flows through India, Pakistan, and China. The Indus River and its branches are regulated
under the Indus Waters Treaty that was an agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by
the World Bank, governing the use of the Indus River and its branches.
In Karachi on September 19, 1960, the Indus Water Treaty was signed by Indian Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan, granting control of the eastern rivers
(Beas, Ravi, Sutlej) to India and the western rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum) to Pakistan.
While it aims for goodwill and cooperation, Pakistan remains concerned about potential
water-related issues during times of conflict. Despite tensions, the treaty has largely prevented
water wars, relying on legal procedures for dispute resolution. It's considered a successful but
possibly needing updates for climate change challenges.
Farakka Dam's Impact: Devastating Consequences for Bangladesh
4. The Farakka Barrage is a dam positioned on the Hugli River in West Bengal. It was designed
and built by the Hindustan Construction Company. Situated about 18 kilometres from the
Bangladesh border, it is in close proximity to Shibganj.
The construction of the Farakka Barrage (Opened: April 21, 1975) has led to devastating
consequences for Bangladesh, particularly during the dry season, with the Padma River
experiencing almost no water flow. This has resulted in severe water crises in the southern and
western regions, directly impacting over four crore people and causing a decline in biodiversity.
Image Source: Google, Image By: Wikimedia Commons
More than 49 rivers have disappeared from the country's map due to Farakka Barrage, while
around 100 other rivers are rapidly heading towards a similar fate. The remaining rivers are
shrinking, and overall water levels decrease during the dry season, affecting underground water
as well.
The Farakka Barrage has contributed to the alarming rise in arsenic contamination in
Bangladesh's groundwater. Additionally, The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces
destruction due to heightened salinity caused by the dam.
India also bears the brunt, as vast areas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are annually flooded due to
silt buildup. The Farakka Barrage has disrupted the river's natural flow, resulting in environmental
disasters upstream in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and downstream in the Sundarbans.
Recently, Bihar's Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar, raised concerns about the Farakka Barrage’s
impact and called for its removal to address the ongoing issues, although river experts have
been unconvinced of this approach from the beginning.
Disputes over the Flow of the Nile River:
The Nile River Dispute is a long-standing conflict primarily involving Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia,
revolving around access to and utilisation of the Nile's waters. The conflict centres on the Grand
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a massive hydropower project taken by Ethiopia on the
Blue Nile, a major branch of the Nile River. Ethiopia sees the GERD as a critical development
project to meet its energy needs and stimulate economic growth, while Egypt and Sudan are
concerned about potential impacts on their access to water, agriculture, and electricity
generation.
5. The Nile River Basin, covering around 10% of Africa or 3.1 million km², is one of the world's
largest river basins. It stretches for 6,695 kilometres, making it the longest river globally, and is
shared by eleven countries in northeastern Africa.
Around 257 million people, accounting for 53% of the total population in Nile Basin countries,
reside in this region. Egypt has the largest population within the basin, with 85.8 million people,
followed by Uganda with 33.6 million, Ethiopia with 37.6 million, and Sudan with 31.4 million.
Egypt relies heavily on the Nile for its freshwater supply, with over 95% of its water originating
from the river. These complexities have made negotiations over the GERD and Nile water
allocation highly challenging, with ongoing diplomatic efforts and international mediation
attempting to find a mutually acceptable solution to ensure water security for all parties involved.
Jordan River Crisis: The "War over Water" and Regional Conflict
The "War over Water" from 1964 to 1967 involved Israel and its Arab neighbours, mainly Syria
and Jordan, fighting over control of water in the Jordan River area. This tension began after
agreements in 1949 and led to small fights starting in 1953. In 1955, a plan for sharing water,
suggested by the US, didn't get approved, but both sides still followed some of its rules.
The big conflict heated up in 1964 when Arab countries opposed Israel's project to move water
with the National Water Carrier. This led to fights along the borders and an attempt to change the
flow of the Jordan River. Who controlled the water became a big reason for the Six-Day War in
June 1967.
Israel, Jordan, and Palestine have been unable to reach a resolution, and the situation continues
to decline. The dispute over the Jordan River highlights the challenges that arise when countries
share a critical resource like water.
Resource Management Struggles in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin:
In the 1960s, Turkey initiated the GAP project (Southeastern Anatolia Project) to harness the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers through dam construction, leading to water rights disputes with Iraq
and Syria. Challenges in the Euphrates-Tigris basin include declining water quality and quantity,
low water productivity, climate change, and dam building.
These issues have caused significant harm, including environmental damage, urban migration,
and even violent conflicts in Iraq. A Human Rights Watch report delves into the water crisis in
Basra, revealing that over 100,000 Iraqis were hospitalised in 2018 due to unsafe drinking water.
The Euphrates-Tigris basin covers Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, with Iran also part of the Tigris basin.
Turkish dams upstream reduced the Euphrates flow into Syria by 40%, hurting Syria's
agriculture. Unilateral irrigation plans and political tensions have strained relations.
This highlights ongoing problems with water sharing and resource management in the region.
6. Image Source: Google, Image By: UN
Dnieper River: A Shared Resource under Strain
The Dnieper River, originating in Russia's Valdai Hills, flows through Belarus and Ukraine to the
Black Sea. As of April 2022, the UN reported that 6 million Ukrainians faced daily challenges
accessing drinking water, with 1.4 million lacking safe water in the east and 4.6 million having
limited access.
Disputes over the river's flow, primarily due to water diversion for agriculture and industry, persist
among Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Political tensions have hindered resolution, underscoring
the complexities of sharing this vital resource.
Conclusion:
World Rivers Day offers a global platform for promoting the importance of river conservation and
sustainable water management. This annual event aims to inspire individuals to take proactive
measures and become responsible guardians of these invaluable natural resources.
It underscores the principle that access to clean, flowing water should be a universal right. It also
reminds us that the natural flow of rivers has a positive impact on our lives and biodiversity.