This document outlines six main categories of second language (L2) learning strategies: cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, memory-related strategies, compensatory strategies, affective strategies, and social strategies. Cognitive strategies include reasoning deductively, note-taking, summarizing, synthesizing, outlining, and practicing structures and sounds formally. Metacognitive strategies involve identifying one's own learning style and needs, planning tasks, gathering materials, arranging study spaces and schedules, monitoring mistakes, and evaluating success. Memory-related strategies comprise semantic mapping, using images, body movement, and locations.

2. LEARNING STRATEGIES

3. SIX MAIN CATEGORIES OF L2
LEARNING STRATEGIES

4. COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Reasoning deductively: This is a top-down strategy leading from general
to specific.
Note-taking
Summarizing
Synthesizing
Outlining
Reorganizing
Practicing structures and sounds formally

5. METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Identifying one's own learning style preferences and needs.
Planning for an L2 task.
Gathering and organizing materials.
Arranging a study space and schedule.
Monitoring mistakes.
Evaluating task sucess.
Evaluating the success of any type of learning strategy.

6. MEMORY-RELATED STRATEGIES
Semantic mapping
Images
Body movement
Location

7. COMPENSATORY STRATEGIES
Guessing from context.
Using synonyms and “talking around” the missin
Using gestures.

8. AFFECTIVE STRATEGIES
Identifying one's mood and anxiety level.
Talking about feelings.
Rewarding oneself for good performance.
Using deep breathing.
Positive self-talk.

9. SOCIAL STRATEGIES
•Asking questions to get verification.
•Asking for clarification of a confusing point.
•Asking for help in doing a language task.
•Talking with a native speaker.
•Exploring cultural and social norms.

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