Leaf Chromatography
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This document explains leaf chromatography and the pigments found in leaves. It provides instructions for performing leaf chromatography to separate and view the different pigments. During leaf chromatography, alcohol is used to extract pigments from crushed leaves on a coffee filter. Different pigment bands appear on the filter over time, including orange carotenoids, yellow xanthophylls, blue-green chlorophyll A, and greenish-yellow chlorophyll B. Chromatography separates mixtures and is used in scientific research, food processing, forensics, and quality control.
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Paper chromatography of spinach leaf
This document describes a biology project on paper chromatography submitted by Abhay Panchal of Class XI B. The project investigates the separation of chlorophyll pigments from spinach leaves using paper chromatography. It provides details on the theory, materials, procedure, advantages and disadvantages of the paper chromatography technique. The student expresses thanks to their teacher and principal for guidance and for the opportunity to conduct this research project.
Chromatography lab report biology
Plants absorb light in order to carry out photosynthesis. This light is absorbed by chloroplasts in plant cells. Through photosynthesis, plants synthesize their own food.
Paper chromatography is normally used to separate mixtures of different molecules since capillary action happens and allows the molecules of each pigment to attract to one another and to the paper and thus, move up the paper (“Lab Report On Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Biology Essay”).
The pigments include Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Xanthophyll, and Carotene.
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The Rf values can be compared between different plant species to compare the pigments found in them.
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2) An overview of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
3) The structures of leaves and chloroplasts that are important sites for photosynthesis.
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Resources and Assignments
Multimedia Resources
None
Required Assignments
Lesson 5 Lab 5
Required Materials
From the Lab Kit:
· 1test tube
· 4 strips of chromatography paper
· 10 mL syringe
· 2 Phenol red tablets
· Test tube stopper
· 2 Micropipettes
· 2 paper clips
· Rubber band
· 100 mL graduated cylinder
· Mortar and pestle
· Bag of sand (about 2 teaspoons)
· Goggles
· Metric ruler
· Hole punch
· Straw
· Forceps
Student Supplied:
· Acetone (either nail polish remover or acetone from paint section of a hardware or home improvement store)(Acetone is flammable so be certain to keep it away from open flames.)
· Light source (lamp with 75W or greater light bulb)
· Scissors
· 1/4 teaspoon baking soda
· 2 cups plus 50 mL distilled water
· Liquid dish soap
· 10 Spinach leaves (large, standard-sized leaves; do not use small, baby spinach leaves)
· 1 large glass jar with lid
· Paper towel
· 2 Glass bowls
· 2 Cups or Glasses (4 oz.)
· Hairdryer
· Pencil
· Stopwatch or clock
· Tape
· Marker or Pen
Focusing Your Learning
Lab Objectives
By the end of this lab, you should be able to:
1. Study the nature of light and its effect on biological systems.
2. Provide the chemical reaction for photosynthesis.
3. State the importance of pigments to photosynthesis.
4. List variables which affect the rate of photosynthesis.
5. Describe the separation of photosynthetic pigments by chromatography.
6. State the purpose of determining Rf values.
7. Calculate Rf values.
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- 2. Introduction • Photosynthesis, is the process by which the plants convert the light energy given by the sun to chemical food energy. • Brightly coloured pigments in leaves are essential to the first steps of light absorption, with chlorophyll being the most important pigment. • There are two types of Chlorophyll- Chlorophyll A which is bluish-green and Chlorophyll B which is yellowish green.
- 3. • During most of the growing season, leaves contain more chlorophyll than any other pigment, making them appear green. • In the fall, however, chlorophyll begins to break down, and the other pigments, which have been there all along, are finally revealed: we see pretty yellow and orange fall leaves. • The yellow pigments in leaves are called xanthophylls, and the orange pigments are called carotenoids.
- 4. CHROMATOGRAPHY • The process by which all the hidden pigments of a leaf can be seen is called Leaf Chromatography. • Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium, through which different parts of the mixture will move at different rates. • Chromatography works because different substances in a mixture have different degrees of solubility.
- 5. •Aim– To see the hidden pigments in a leaf. • Materials - 1. Soft green leaves (if no leaves are available, fresh spinach works fine, too) 2. Scissors 3. Mortar and pestle or food processor 4. Glass or ceramic cup 5. Isopropyl alcohol (or acetone in nail polish remover, but be careful— acetone -creates more fumes) 6. Flat coffee filters 7. Tape 8. Pencil or straw
- 6. 1. Use the scissors to cut up enough leaves to make a ¼ cup of pieces. Crush the leaves.
- 7. 2. Pour enough acetone over the leaves to cover them. Cover the cup and leave for 2 hours.
- 8. 3. Put the filter paper in the cup and leave for half an hour. 4. Different coloured bands should become evident along the strip.
- 9. After 1hr. After 2hr. Overnight.
- 10. • Your results may vary depending on the types of leaves that you chose and how careful your leaf chromatography technique was. You might also not see all the pigments. • An orange-coloured band is likely to be near the top. Below that, you should see a yellowish band, a blue-green band, and a greenish-yellowish band, respectively.
- 12. Leaf Pigments • A tree’s leaves are orange and yellow even in summer. Most leaves include the pigments of all three colours • The pigment chlorophyll (the pigment that makes the leaves green) is a much stronger pigment than the others. It covers the yellow (xanthophyll) and orange (carotene) pigments that are natural to a tree’s leaves. • But, come fall, a tree’s leaves produce less chlorophyll.
- 13. •Xanthophylls- these are yellow coloured pigments that widely occur in nature and make one of the two major divisions of the carotenoid group. • •Carotenes-these are the orange coloured pigments in the carotenoid group of plant pigments.
- 14. APPLICATIONS OF LEAF CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CHROMATOGRAPHY■ Chromatography is a method for separating individual plant pigments. It is widely used in scientific research in bio technology area. ■ It is also used in food processing industry to separate out pigments. Pigments are used as natural food colouring agent and helps long life of the food product. The organic nature of plant pigments provides health benefits and nutritional advantage to diet ■ Chromatography plays a part in the realms of forensics, food regulation, athlete testing and even quality control in our favourite alcoholic drinks. ■ It is also used to separate any amount of quantities ranging from micrograms in laboratories to tons in chemical plants. ■ It is also used in removal of pesticides and insecticides like DDT in ground water with help of thin layer chromatograph
- 15. Bibliography • www.hometrainingtools.com • https://en.wikipedia.org • http://www5.bluevalleyk12.org/ • www.education.com