The document summarizes several theories of leadership, including: trait theories, which propose that certain personality traits differentiate leaders from non-leaders; behavioral theories, which argue that leadership can be learned through behaviors; contingency theories like Fiedler's model that leadership effectiveness depends on matching leader style to the situation; and situational theories like path-goal theory that the leader's role is to help followers achieve goals. It also discusses leader-member exchange theory and Vroom and Yetton's leader-participation model.

1. o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o
r
stephen p. robbins

2. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentation
by Charlie Cook
Basic Approaches
to Leadership

3. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–3
After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:
1. Contrast leadership and management.
2. Summarize the conclusions of trait theories.
3. Identify the limitations of behavioral theories.
4. Describe Fiedler’s contingency model.
5. Explain Hersey and Blanchard’s situational
theory.
6. Summarize leader-member exchange theory.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

4. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–4
After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:
7. Describe the path-goal theory.
8. Identify the situational variables in the leader-
participation model.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES(cont’d)

5. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–5
What Is Leadership?What Is Leadership?
Leadership
The ability to influence a
group toward the
achievement of goals.
Management
Use of authority inherent
in designated formal rank
to obtain compliance from
organizational members.

6. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–6
Trait TheoriesTrait Theories
Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits::
• Ambition and energyAmbition and energy
• The desire to leadThe desire to lead
• Honest and integrityHonest and integrity
• Self-confidenceSelf-confidence
• IntelligenceIntelligence
• High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring
• Job-relevantJob-relevant
knowledgeknowledge
Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits::
• Ambition and energyAmbition and energy
• The desire to leadThe desire to lead
• Honest and integrityHonest and integrity
• Self-confidenceSelf-confidence
• IntelligenceIntelligence
• High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring
• Job-relevantJob-relevant
knowledgeknowledge
Traits Theories of
Leadership
Theories that consider
personality, social,
physical, or intellectual
traits to differentiate
leaders from nonleaders.

7. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–7
Trait TheoriesTrait Theories
LimitationsLimitations::
• No universal traits found that predictNo universal traits found that predict
leadership in all situations.leadership in all situations.
• Traits predict behavior better in “weak”Traits predict behavior better in “weak”
than “strong” situations.than “strong” situations.
• Unclear evidence of the cause and effectUnclear evidence of the cause and effect
of relationship of leadership and traits.of relationship of leadership and traits.
• Better predictor of the appearance ofBetter predictor of the appearance of
leadership than distinguishing effectiveleadership than distinguishing effective
and ineffective leaders.and ineffective leaders.
LimitationsLimitations::
• No universal traits found that predictNo universal traits found that predict
leadership in all situations.leadership in all situations.
• Traits predict behavior better in “weak”Traits predict behavior better in “weak”
than “strong” situations.than “strong” situations.
• Unclear evidence of the cause and effectUnclear evidence of the cause and effect
of relationship of leadership and traits.of relationship of leadership and traits.
• Better predictor of the appearance ofBetter predictor of the appearance of
leadership than distinguishing effectiveleadership than distinguishing effective
and ineffective leaders.and ineffective leaders.

8. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–8
Behavioral TheoriesBehavioral Theories
• Trait theory:Trait theory:
Leaders are born, not made.Leaders are born, not made.
• Behavioral theory:Behavioral theory:
Leadership traits can be taught.Leadership traits can be taught.
• Trait theory:Trait theory:
Leaders are born, not made.Leaders are born, not made.
• Behavioral theory:Behavioral theory:
Leadership traits can be taught.Leadership traits can be taught.
Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors
differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

9. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved. 11–9
Ohio State StudiesOhio State Studies
Initiating Structure
The extent to which a leader is
likely to define and structure his
or her role and those of sub-
ordinates in the search for goal
attainment.
Consideration
The extent to which a leader is likely to have job
relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect
for subordinate’s ideas, and regard for their feelings.

10. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
10
University of Michigan StudiesUniversity of Michigan Studies
Employee-Oriented Leader
Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a
personal interest in the needs of employees and
accepting individual differences among members.
Production-Oriented Leader
One who emphasizes technical
or task aspects of the job.

11. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
11
The
Managerial
Grid
(Blake and Mouton)
The
Managerial
Grid
(Blake and Mouton)
E X H I B I T 11–1
E X H I B I T 11–1

12. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
12
Scandinavian StudiesScandinavian Studies
Development-Oriented Leader
One who values experimentation,
seeking new ideas, and generating
and implementing change.
Researchers in Finland and Sweden
question whether there are only two
dimensions (production-orientation
and employee-orientation) that
capture the essence of leadership
behavior. Their premise is that in a
changing world, effective leaders
would exhibit development-oriented
behavior.

13. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
13
Contingency TheoriesContingency Theories
Fiedler’s Contingency Model
The theory that effective groups depend on a proper
match between a leader’s style of interacting with
subordinates and the degree to which the situation
gives control and influence to the leader.
Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC)
Questionnaire
An instrument that purports to
measure whether a person is task-
or relationship-oriented.

14. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
14
Fiedler’s Model: Defining the SituationFiedler’s Model: Defining the Situation
Leader-Member Relations
The degree of confidence, trust, and respect
subordinates have in their leader.
Position Power
Influence derived from one’s formal structural
position in the organization; includes power to hire,
fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases.
Task Structure
The degree to which the job assignments are
procedurized.

15. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
15
Findings from Fiedler ModelFindings from Fiedler Model
E X H I B I T 11–2
E X H I B I T 11–2

16. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
16
Cognitive Resource TheoryCognitive Resource Theory
Research Support:
• Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership
roles under high stress than do more intelligent
individuals.
• Less experienced people perform better in leadership
roles under low stress than do more experienced people.
Research Support:
• Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership
roles under high stress than do more intelligent
individuals.
• Less experienced people perform better in leadership
roles under low stress than do more experienced people.
Cognitive Resource Theory
A theory of leadership that states that stress can
unfavorably affect a situation and that intelligence
and experience can lessen the influence of stress on
the leader.

17. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
17
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership
Theory
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership
Theory
Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)
A contingency theory that focuses on followers’
readiness.
Leader: decreasing need
for support and supervision
Follower readiness:
ability and willingness
Unable andUnable and
UnwillingUnwilling
Unable butUnable but
WillingWilling
Able andAble and
WillingWilling
DirectiveDirective High Task and RelationshipHigh Task and Relationship
OrientationsOrientations
SupportiveSupportive
ParticipativeParticipative
Able andAble and
UnwillingUnwilling
MonitoringMonitoring

18. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
18
Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness
(Hersey and Blanchard)
Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness
(Hersey and Blanchard)
WillingUnwilling
Able
Unable DirectiveDirective
High TaskHigh Task
andand
RelationshipRelationship
OrientationsOrientations
SupportiveSupportive
ParticipativeParticipative MonitoringMonitoring
Follower
Readiness
LeadershipLeadership
StylesStyles

19. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
19
Leader–Member Exchange TheoryLeader–Member Exchange Theory
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and
subordinates with in-group status will have higher
performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job
satisfaction.

20. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
20
Leader-Member Exchange TheoryLeader-Member Exchange Theory
E X H I B I T 11–3
E X H I B I T 11–3

21. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
21
Path-Goal TheoryPath-Goal Theory
Path-Goal Theory
The theory that it is the leader’s job
to assist followers in attaining their
goals and to provide them the
necessary direction and/or support
to ensure that their goals are
compatible with the overall
objectives of the group or
organization.

22. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
22
The Path-Goal TheoryThe Path-Goal Theory
E X H I B I T 1–4
E X H I B I T 1–4

23. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
23
Leader-Participation ModelLeader-Participation Model
Leader-Participation Model (Vroom and Yetton)
A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to
determine the form and amount of participative
decision making in different situations.

24. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
11–
24
Contingency Variables in the Revised
Leader-Participation Model
Contingency Variables in the Revised
Leader-Participation Model
E X H I B I T 11–5
E X H I B I T 11–5
1. Importance of the decision
2. Importance of obtaining follower commitment to the decision
3. Whether the leader has sufficient information to make a good decision
4. How well structured the problem is
5. Whether an autocratic decision would receive follower commitment
6. Whether followers “buy into” the organization’s goals
7. Whether there is likely to be conflict among followers over solution
alternatives
8. Whether followers have the necessary information to make a good decision
9. Time constraints on the leader that may limit follower involvement
10. Whether costs to bring geographically dispersed members together is
justified
11. Importance to the leader of minimizing the time it takes to make the decision
12. Importance of using participation as a tool for developing follower decision
skills