This chapter discusses several theories of leadership: 1) Trait theories propose that leaders possess certain innate personality traits, but research has found no universal traits and traits may better predict behavior in weak situations. 2) Behavioral theories focus on specific leader behaviors that differentiate leaders, such as consideration for subordinates and initiating structure. 3) Contingency theories propose that effective leadership depends on matching a leader's style to situational factors, such as the leader-member relationship and task structure. 4) Situational theories like Hersey and Blanchard's suggest leaders should adapt their directive or supportive style based on follower readiness.

1. o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r e l e v e n t h e d i t i o n

2. Chapter 11 Basic Approaches to Leadership

5. What Is Leadership? Leadership The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Management Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members.

9. Ohio State Studies Initiating Structure The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub-ordinates in the search for goal attainment. Consideration The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinate’s ideas, and regard for their feelings.

10. University of Michigan Studies Employee-Oriented Leader Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members. Production-Oriented Leader One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.

11. The Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton) E X H I B I T 11 –1

12. Scandinavian Studies Development-Oriented Leader One who values experimentation, seeking new ideas, and generating and implementing change. Researchers in Finland and Sweden question whether there are only two dimensions (production-orientation and employee-orientation) that capture the essence of leadership behavior. Their premise is that in a changing world, effective leaders would exhibit development-oriented behavior.

13. Contingency Theories Fiedler’s Contingency Model The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.

14. Fiedler’s Model: Defining the Situation Leader-Member Relations The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Position Power Influence derived from one’s formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. Task Structure The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized.

15. Findings from Fiedler Model E X H I B I T 11 –2

17. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) A contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness. Leader: decreasing need for support and supervision Follower readiness: ability and willingness Unable and Unwilling Unable but Willing Able and Willing Directive High Task and Relationship Orientations Supportive Participative Able and Unwilling Monitoring

18. Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness (Hersey and Blanchard) Willing Unwilling Able Unable Directive High Task and Relationship Orientations Supportive Participative Monitoring Follower Readiness Leadership Styles

19. Leader –Member Exchange Theory Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.

20. Leader-Member Exchange Theory E X H I B I T 11 –3

21. Path-Goal Theory Path-Goal Theory The theory that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide them the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization.

22. The Path-Goal Theory E X H I B I T 11 –4

23. Leader-Participation Model Leader-Participation Model (Vroom and Yetton) A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations.