The document discusses teams and team processes. It defines what a team is, compares work groups to work teams, and discusses team purpose, development, effectiveness, cohesion, decision-making, challenges, diversity, and leadership implications. Key points include that teams are small groups committed to a common goal, work teams generate coordinated effort for performance greater than individuals, and that trust, clear purpose, cohesion, and effective leadership are important for high performing teams.

1. Chapter 10: Group
Processes And Teams

2. Does Trust Impact Team
Performance?
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3. What Is A Team?
• A team is a small number of people with
complementary skills who are committed to a
common purpose, performance goals, and an
approach for which they hold themselves mutually
accountable
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4. What Is A Team? (Cont.)
• Work Group Versus Work Teams
• Work Group--interacts primarily to share information
and make decisions to help one another perform
within each member’s area of responsibility
• Work Team--generates coordinated effort; individual
efforts result in a level of performance greater than
the sum of individual inputs
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5. What Is A Team? (Cont.)
• Work Group Versus Work Teams (Cont.)
• Work Group
• Interacts to share information with other members of the
group
• Not responsible for a collective work product
• Work Team
• Depend on one another and must interact to create
something that no one person on the team could create
• Create Synergy
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6. Team Purpose
• Why are teams so popular?
• Increased competition forced restructuring for
efficiency and effectiveness
• Teams may:
• Better utilize employee talents
• Be more flexible and responsive to change
• Increase motivation
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7. Team Purpose (Cont.)
• Shared purpose
• Specific goal
• Feedback process
• Team charter
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8. Team Purpose (Cont.)
• Team Norms
• Defined as informal and interpersonal rules that
team members are expected to follow
• May be explicit or implicit
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9. Team Purpose (Cont.)
• Team Charter
• Team purpose are clarified and expectations for
behavior are set forth
• Misunderstandings should be fewer and team
members can be reminded of the group’s norms
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10. Team Purpose (Cont.)
• Team Mental Models
• Team members’ shared, organized understanding
and mental representation of knowledge about key
elements of the team’s relevant environment
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11. Team Purpose (Cont.)
• Team Mental Models
• Serve Three Functions
• Allow team members to interpret information similarly
• Shared expectations concerning the future
• Develop similar reasoning as to why something happens
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12. Team Purpose (Cont.)
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13. Team Development
• Five-Stage Model
• Forming--clarify purpose and ground rules
• Storming--address conflict and maintain focus on
purpose
• Norming--remind followers of ground rules and
address deviations
• Performing--celebrate successes along the way to
reaching the goal
• Adjourning--arrange a celebration to recognize the
team’s accomplishments
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14. Team Development (Cont.)
• Punctuated Equilibrium
• Transition between an earlier phase of inactivity of
a team followed by a second phase of significant
acceleration toward task completion
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15. Team Development (Cont.)
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16. Team Effectiveness
• Leaders must measure output to determine
effectiveness
• Output can be defined differently
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17. Team Effectiveness (Cont.)
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18. Team Effectiveness (Cont.)
• Team Metrics
• Task metrics--the “what” of teamwork
• Process metrics--the “how” of teamwork
• Individual development metrics--the “learning” in
teamwork (how much individuals are developing
new skills and learning from being on the team)
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19. Team Effectiveness (Cont.)
• Team Learning
• Ongoing process through which teams acquire
• Originates at individual level, emerges at team level
• Higher learning orientation
• Psychological safety
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20. Team Effectiveness (Cont.)
• Team Creativity and Innovation
• Processes and outcomes of developing new ideas
for innovation
• Encompasses what team members do behaviorally
• Communication of new ideas
• Positive behaviors of leaders
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21. Cohesion
• Cohesion: Team spirit experienced in high-
performing teams
• Cohesive groups perform better because they
are more motivated and able to organize tasks
around a common goal
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22. Cohesion (Cont.)
• Is Your Group Cohesive?
• How well do members get along with each other
• How well do members stick together
• Would you socialize with the members of your
group outside of class
• How well do members help each other on the
project
• Would you want to remain a member of this group
for future projects or in future courses
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23. Cohesion (Cont.)
• Group Think--conformity-seeking tendency of
the group that results in compromised decision
making
• Symptoms of groupthink are
• Group rationalization
• Direct pressure
• Suppression (keeping silent)
• Illusion of unanimity
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24. Cohesion (Cont.)
• Minimizing Group Think
• Limit group size (≤10)
• Encourage group leaders to actively seek input
from all members and avoid expressing their own
opinions
• Appoint a “devil’s advocate”
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25. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 25
Team Decision-Making

26. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Team Decision-Making Options
• Participation in decisions
• Brainstorming
• Consensus
• Multi-voting
• Nominal group technique
• Stepladder
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27. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Brainstorming
• Separates idea generation from evaluation
• Produces many new ideas
• Stimulates creativity
• Group meets together
• Much group interaction
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28. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Once Brainstorming Is Completed
• Capture all the ideas
• Prioritize them
• Discuss key ideas
• Decide on a course of action
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29. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Consensus--Discussing ideas and deferring
final decision until everyone can say they have
been heard and will support the final decision
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30. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Multi-Voting
• Display the list of options
• Number (or letter) all items
• Decide how many items must be on the final list
• Working individually, each member selects five
items
• Tally the votes
• If a decision is clear, stop
• Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until decision reached
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31. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Nominal Group Technique
• Each team member writes ideas on 3x5 cards
• Each member presents one idea to the team. Cards
collected and redistributed randomly to team first
• Discussion continues until all ideas heard /
recorded
• Team discusses ideas and asks clarification
questions
• Each team member silently ranks ideas
independently. Highest ranking item is team
decision
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32. Team Decision-Making (Cont.)
• Stepladder
• Present the task
• Two-member discussion
• Add one member
• Repeat by adding one member at a time
• Final decision by consensus
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33. Team Challenges
• Social Loafing
• Reduction in motivation and effort when individuals
work collectively compared with when they work
individually or coactively
• Occurs in larger teams
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34. Team Challenges (Cont.)
• Virtual Teams--Team members are
geographically dispersed and meet through
electronic methods
• Unique challenges:
• Take more time to get things done
• Technology problems
• Have Less social support
• Share less information
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35. Team Challenges (Cont.)
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36. Team Diversity
• Challenges of Team Diversity
• Collectivism
• Power Distance
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37. Team Diversity
• Benefits of Team Diversity
• Increase flexibility
• Increase creativity
• Increase problem solving
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38. Leadership Implications
• Team leadership matters
• Empower the team
• Avoid social loafing and groupthink
• Use appropriate team decision-making
methods
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