Lead 705 ppt 15

1. Chapter 15: Leading
Change and Stress
Management

2. Forces Driving Organizational
Change
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 2

3. Forces Driving Organizational
Change (Cont.)
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4. Forces Driving Organizational
Change (Cont.)
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5. Planned Organizational Change
• Planned change is proactive rather than
reactive
• Managers read the environment they operate in
and determine the needed course of action and
how to get there
• Change can be big (radical) or small
(incremental)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 5

6. Planned Organizational Change
(Cont.)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 6

7. Planned Organizational Change
(Cont.)
• Organizational Subsystems Involved in
Planned Change
• Formal organization
• Social factors
• Technology
• Physical setting
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 7

8. Planned Organizational Change
(Cont.)
• Organizational Development (OD) is a
collection of social psychology methods
employed to improve organizational
effectiveness and employee well-being
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 8

9. Planned Organizational Change
(Cont.)
• Examples of Organizational Development
Interventions
• Survey feedback
• Workout
• Process consultation
• Team building
• Appreciative inquiry (AI)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 9

10. Resistance To Change
• Resistance
• Compliance
• Commitment
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 10

11. Resistance to Change (Cont.)
• Why Do People Resist Change?
• Personal reasons--habit, security, economics, and
fear of the unknown
• Organizational reasons--structural inertia (structure
is too rigid to support the change), group inertia,
threats to expertise, and threats to established
power relationships
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 11

12. Resistance to Change (Cont.)
• How to Overcome Resistance to Change
• Education and communication
• Participation
• Building support and commitment
• Developing positive relationships
• Implementing changes fairly
• Selecting people who accept change
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13. Resistance to Change (Cont.)
• Methods of Last Resort
• Manipulation and co-optation
• Coercion
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14. Leading Change
• Lewin’s Three-Step Model
• Unfreezing, changing, and refreezing
• Uses force-field analysis
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 14

15. Leading Change (Cont.)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 15

16. Leading Change (Cont.)
• Kotter’s Eight-Step Model for Leading Change
• Elaborates on Lewin’s model of change and
provides specific guidelines for changing
organizations
• Each step builds on the previous one
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 16

17. Leading Change (Cont.)
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18. Stress in the Context of
Organizational Change
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19. Stress in the Context of
Organizational Change
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20. What Is Stress?
• Stress is the difference between the demands
(or stressors) placed on people and their ability
to cope with the demands and reach their
goals
• Person–environment (P-E) fit
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 20

21. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Job Strain--the combination of greater
psychological job demands and lower job
control
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 21

22. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Stress Episode “is the generalized, patterned,
unconscious mobilization of the body’s natural
energy resources when confronted with a
demand or stressor” (Quick et al., 1997, p. 3)
• Fight or flight response
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 22

23. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
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24. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Stress and Organizational Performance
• Costs organizations billions of dollars per year
• Reduces productivity and increases accidents
• Relates to lower job satisfaction, organizational
commitment, and job involvement and higher
frustration
• Harms employee health and well-being
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 24

25. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 25

26. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Types of Stress
• Challenge-related stress may be positive, or what is
known as eustress, or “good stress”
• Hindrance-related stress
• Results from constraining job experiences
• Lessens loyalty, increases job search and intentions to
quit, and negatively affects learning
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 26

27. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Sources of Work-Related Stress
• Stressors--situations and events that result in an
employee experiencing job strain.
• Role stress
• Role ambiguity
• Role conflict
• Role overload
• Work–family conflict
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 27

28. What Is Stress? (Cont.)
• Stress is a Global Concern
• Job strain is becoming more prevalent around the
world
• Why?
• Advances in technology
• Continuous industrial revolutions
• Poor pay, working conditions, and long hours in some
countries
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 28

29. Coping
• Coping--changing cognitive and behavioral
efforts to manage external and/or internal
demands taxing or exceeding the resources of
the person
• Behavioral methods (problem-solving)
• Cognitive methods (managing thoughts and
emotions)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 29

30. Coping (Cont.)
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31. Coping (Cont.)
• Social Support
• Help that people receive from others
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32. Preventive Stress Management in
Organizations
• Preventive Stress Management
• Methods that promote health at the workplace and
avoid stress (wellness programs)
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 32

33. Preventive Stress Management in
Organizations
• Employee Assistance Programs
• Organization-Sponsored Counseling
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 33

34. Leadership Implications: Helping
Employees Cope
• Leaders need to show support and have
compassion for their subordinates
• Should take action to reduce employees’
suffering
Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 34

35. Leadership Implications: Helping
Employees Cope (Cont.)
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