Layout intro
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Layout involves arranging equipment and work areas to minimize costs while meeting production needs. A good layout considers space requirements, material flow, and costs of movement. It also aims to improve productivity, worker safety, and utilization of equipment and space. Layout decisions are important because they significantly impact costs and efficiency over the long-term.
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1. Authority refers to the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. It is the relationship between superiors who make decisions and subordinates who are expected to accept them.
2. There are different types of authority, including legal/formal authority given by law, traditional authority based on social relationships, and charismatic authority based on personality.
3. Delegation of authority is allowing someone to act on your behalf by performing tasks available to you, with the delegate having limited powers within the delegation policy. Effective delegation involves determining duties, authorizing action, and creating obligations.
Controlling
Controlling is the process of monitoring organizational activities to ensure they are accomplished as planned and taking corrective actions for any deviations. It is a forward-looking, continuous process exercised at all levels that helps ensure better performance, coordination, efficiency and effectiveness through establishing standards, measuring performance against those standards, and taking corrective action when needed. There are various techniques for controlling, including budgetary control, cost control, production planning and control, and non-budgetary techniques like return on investment analysis and management audits.
Acceptance sampling
Acceptance sampling is a quality control process used to determine if a sample of items meets certain standards, and whether to accept or reject the full lot. It helps balance the risks of accepting low quality products (consumer risk) versus rejecting high quality products (producer risk). Acceptance sampling can be applied at input, output, or process stages to monitor quality and make adjustments. A typical plan involves setting sample size, acceptance number, and deciding whether to accept or reject the full lot based on comparing defective items found to the acceptance number.
Net marketplace
There are four main types of B2B e-commerce marketplaces: e-distributors, e-procurement exchanges, consortia, and private industrial networks. E-distributors provide catalogs of manufacturers' products for spot purchasing of indirect goods. E-procurement exchanges connect hundreds of suppliers for contractual purchasing of indirect goods. Consortia are industry-owned vertical markets that enable long-term contractual purchasing directly from a limited set of business partners. Private industrial networks bring together a small number of strategic partners to collaborate on highly efficient supply chains.
Quality
Quality refers to the ability of a product or service to meet customer needs and expectations. There are several tools and techniques used to ensure quality, including ISO 9000 quality standards, quality control processes, quality circles, and different types of inspection. Statistical process control uses control charts to monitor quality and identify when a process is out of control. Control charts can be used for variables, which measure quantitative characteristics, or attributes, which classify items as defective or not.
Quality
Quality refers to the ability of a product or service to meet customer needs and expectations. There are several techniques used to ensure quality, including ISO 9000 quality standards, quality control processes, quality circles, and inspection processes. Control charts are used to monitor quality and identify when a process is out of control by plotting metrics like mean, range, defects per unit, or number of defects over time. Control charts can be for variables, to monitor measurable characteristics, or attributes, to monitor pass/fail outcomes.
Just in time
Just-in-time (JIT) inventory control aims to reduce in-process inventory by having materials arrive just as they are needed in manufacturing. JIT is most successful for repetitive manufacturing companies that can accurately forecast sales and produce standardized products from reliable vendors on schedule. Key elements of JIT include eliminating waste, problem solving, reducing inventory, and purchasing materials just in time for production through small, frequent lots.
Services
Services are intangible products that are simultaneously produced and consumed, such as by a doctor or accountant. Services have the nature of being intangible, heterogeneous as no two are the same, inseparable as they are produced and consumed together, and perishable as they cannot be stored. The service development process involves business strategy development, idea generation, concept development, business analysis, service development and testing often with customers or employees, market testing by offering to employees, and commercialization with post-evaluation.
Tqm
Total quality management focuses on customer focus, continuous improvement, and teamwork. Its core concepts include quality for profit, getting it right the first time, acceptable quality levels, cost of quality, involving everyone, and synergy through teamwork. The elements of a TQM program include training everyone in quality, defining quality at the source, employee participation, continuous improvement, preventive maintenance, involving suppliers, and gaining top management commitment.
Scm
Supply chain management involves coordinating all parties involved in fulfilling customer requests, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. The objective is to maximize overall profit by generating revenue from customers that exceeds costs incurred along the entire supply chain. An effective supply chain manages product, information, and fund flows to have the right products in the right quantities available at the minimal cost. A simple example supply chain for bread shows the value added at each stage from farmer to grocery store. Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, information, and resources between the point of origin and consumption, integrating transportation, inventory, and warehousing to add time and place value.
Maintenance management
Maintenance management involves effectively planning and executing tasks to maintain equipment, assets, and facilities. The objectives of maintenance management are to maintain production assets and facilities in safe working condition, enhance existing assets to achieve environmental standards, and renovate and modify existing facilities. There are three main types of maintenance management: predictive maintenance which replaces items at fixed intervals based on monitoring, preventive maintenance which relies on average lifespans for scheduling, and corrective maintenance which fixes things after failure. The maintenance management process involves planning maintenance across production, scheduling work to minimize losses, executing work safely and with quality, and analyzing each phase's performance.
Production planning and control
This document outlines the key responsibilities of production planning and control which include preparing budgets and schedules, determining manufacturing methods, specifying equipment needs, designing tools, estimating material and labor requirements, planning production routes and schedules, assigning workloads, dispatching work orders, supervising production, inspecting outputs, and taking corrective actions as needed.
Material management
Material management involves planning, directing, and coordinating activities related to materials and inventory. It aims to control material flow in relation to demand and price changes. The objectives of material management are to select materials with low operating costs and high quality, receive and control materials safely, issue materials with proper authorization, identify and reduce surplus stocks, minimize storage and control costs, purchase best quality items, and minimize waste during material handling.
Material management
Material management involves planning, directing, and coordinating activities related to materials and inventory. It aims to control material flow in relation to demand changes and prices. The objectives of material management are to select materials with low operating costs and good quality, receive and control materials safely, issue materials with proper authorization, identify and reduce surplus stocks, minimize storage and control costs, purchase best quality items, and minimize waste during material handling.
Material management
Material management involves planning, directing, and coordinating activities related to materials and inventory. It aims to control material flow in relation to demand and price changes. The objectives of material management are to select materials with low operating costs and good quality, receive and control materials safely, issue materials with proper authorization, identify and reduce surplus stocks, minimize storage and control costs, purchase best quality items, and minimize waste during material handling.
Job recruitment
The document discusses the job recruitment process, which involves finding and attracting qualified applicants. It begins when a company seeks new recruits and ends when applications are submitted, resulting in a pool of candidates to select new employees from. The purposes of recruitment are to determine current and future staffing needs, attract a large applicant pool at low cost, and increase selection success by screening candidates. Sources of recruitment include internal promotions/transfers and external options like ads, agencies, exchanges, educational institutions, and recommendations. Methods of recruitment are direct contact with candidates, indirect advertising, and using third parties.
Performance appraisal
Performance management involves evaluating employees based on agreed upon performance standards and goals in order to ensure employees are working towards organizational objectives. It includes defining employee goals and expectations, developing employee capabilities, evaluating performance, and rewarding employees. Effective performance management requires setting measurable goals for employees, evaluating employees based on achieving those goals, and ensuring employee goals align with broader organizational goals. Feedback should be provided to employees on their performance and areas for improvement.
Selection
The document discusses the selection process for hiring employees. It describes selection as dividing applicants into suitable and unsuitable candidates based on matching their qualifications to job requirements. The key steps of the selection process include preliminary interviews, application forms, selection tests, employment interviews, reference checks, and medical examinations. Selection tests evaluate aptitude, skills, knowledge, personality, and other traits. Interviews allow verification of information and evaluation of a candidate's qualifications and characteristics. Different types of interviews, like structured and stress interviews, are discussed. Common errors in interviewing like halo effects and stereotyping are also outlined.
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Layout intro
- 6. The Need for Layout Decisions Inefficient operations For Example: High Cost Bottlenecks Changes in the design of products or services The introduction of new products or services Accidents Safety hazards
- 7. The Need for Layout Designs (Cont’d) Changes in environmental or other legal requirements Changes in volume of output or mix of products Changes in methods and equipment Morale problems