Law unit1notes2b
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Criminal laws regulate public conduct and can only be brought by the government against individuals charged with committing crimes. Prosecutors such as District or Assistant District Attorneys represent the state by bringing charges against defendants. Criminal charges can result in jail time, fines, or probation for felonies and misdemeanors. Civil laws regulate relations between individuals and are addressed through lawsuits between two or more parties regarding issues like contracts, negligence, and damages.
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This document discusses two types of justice: distributive justice and retributive justice. Distributive justice involves allocating limited goods based on principles to determine what goods, who receives them, and why. Retributive justice allocates punishment for crimes based on substantive and procedural justice. Substantive justice examines outcomes, while procedural justice examines the process followed. The document then discusses the rule of law as a key component of procedural justice in liberal democracies, providing checks on government power, equality before the law, and formal legal structures.
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Law unit1notes
The document discusses key concepts related to law and the legal system. It defines law as rules made by government to regulate society, and jurisprudence as the study of law and legal philosophy. It emphasizes the importance of the rule of law for effective government, noting that laws must be known in advance and created democratically, and people cannot be punished for rules made up after the fact. It also establishes that no one, including the President, is above the law. Generally, laws reflect a society's shared values, though not everything seen as immoral is necessarily illegal.
Supreme court cases landmark
The document summarizes several important Supreme Court cases that established or clarified rights in US schools and society. Key cases included Tinker v. Des Moines which established students' free speech rights, New Jersey v. TLO which allowed student searches based on reasonable suspicion, and Brown v. Board of Education which overturned racial segregation in public schools.
Unit 11 notes
The document outlines several rights guaranteed by the 5th and 6th Amendments of the US Constitution including: the right against self-incrimination; the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury; the right to confront witnesses; the right to compulsory process to obtain witnesses; and the right to assistance of counsel. It also discusses that the rights apply to criminal prosecutions and trials, with exceptions such as cases arising from the military.
Current event example
Angel Nieves pled guilty to third-degree murder and was sentenced to 25 to 60 years in prison for killing Rafael Del Valle during an attempted robbery at a mini market in North Philadelphia in 2012. Nieves and another man attempted to rob the store but were confronted by the owner, who pulled a gun. Del Valle, an employee, then chased after one of the robbers but was shot by Nieves from behind. Nieves' accomplice's trial is still ongoing.
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The document lists several rights protected by the US Constitution, including freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly; the right to bear arms; protection from unlawful searches and seizures; due process rights for those accused of crimes including the right to an attorney; the prohibition on double jeopardy and excessive bail; and the fact that Congress cannot establish an official religion. It then asks true/false questions about some of these rights, which are answered correctly.
Unit 12 notes2
Sentencing is the punishment given to those convicted of crimes, and is usually determined by judges. There are several sentencing options including probation, home confinement, fines, restitution, imprisonment, and in some states, capital punishment. When determining a sentence, judges consider aggravating and mitigating circumstances. The main purposes of punishment are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Reentry to society after incarceration is difficult and reducing recidivism is a major challenge.
Unit 9 notes
The document discusses legal procedures related to arrests, searches and seizures, and interrogations. It outlines the requirements for arrest warrants and probable cause for arrests. It describes the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures and the requirements for search warrants. It also discusses the Miranda Rights required to be read to suspects before interrogation to protect against self-incrimination.
Unit 10 notes 1
After an arrest, a defendant goes through an initial court appearance where a judge sets bail and may appoint an attorney. While awaiting trial, a defendant can be released after paying bail or on their own recognizance. Some states require a preliminary hearing where the prosecutor must show probable cause that a crime was committed, while other states use a grand jury to issue an indictment. Prior to trial, the defendant and their attorney can file pretrial motions such as requesting more time to prepare, a change of venue, or suppressing certain evidence. At arraignment, the defendant enters a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest.
Unit 6 notes 2
This document outlines and defines six criminal acts: suicide, assault, battery, stalking, rape, and statutory rape. Suicide is taking one's own life, while assault is any attempt or threat of physical attack and battery is unlawful physical contact without consent. Stalking involves repeatedly following or harassing someone causing them to fear for their safety. Rape is sexual intercourse without consent, and statutory rape involves intercourse between an adult and minor depending on state laws regarding age of consent.
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Unit 3 notes 1
1. There are several ways to find a lawyer, but personal recommendation is best. You can also search online directories which provide general information.
2. It is important to ask about fees upfront, as lawyers may charge hourly rates from $50-$1000, require retainers, or take contingency fees which are usually 30-40% of a settlement.
3. The attorney-client relationship is built on trust, as anything a client tells their lawyer is confidential under attorney-client privilege, along with doctor-patient and priest-church member privileges. A lawyer's job is to provide good legal advice regarding issues like whether to sue or accept offers.
911 timeline
Over several decades, from the 1979 Iranian hostage crisis to attacks in the 2010s, the United States has experienced numerous terrorist attacks and incidents of violence. These include the bombing of the US embassy and marine barracks in Lebanon in 1983, the Pan Am 103 bombing in 1988, the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and the September 11th, 2001 hijacking of four airplanes and attacks on the World Trade Center towers and Pentagon that killed nearly 3,000 people. Subsequent attacks include the 2012 Benghazi consulate attack and hostage executions by ISIS in the mid-2010s.
Current event example 2017
- Temple University student Jenna Burleigh went missing in the early hours of August 31 near campus. She was last seen with former Temple student Joshua Hupperterz around 2am.
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Unit 5 notes 2
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Below are the relevant state and federal criminal statutes applicable to the robbery.
State Code
If any person commit robbery by partial strangulation, or suffocation, or by striking or beating, or by other violence to the person, or by assault or otherwise putting a person in fear of serious bodily harm, or by the threat or presenting of firearms, or other deadly weapon or instrumentality whatsoever, he shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by confinement in a state correctional facility for life or any term not less than five years.
United States Code Section (18 U.S.C. 2114):
(a) Assault.— A person who assaults any person having lawful charge, control, or custody of any mail matter or of any money or other property of the United States, with intent to rob, steal, or purloin such mail matter, money, or other property of the United States, or robs or attempts to rob any such person of mail matter, or of any money, or other property of the United States, shall, for the first offense, be imprisoned not more than ten years; and if in effecting or attempting to effect such robbery he wounds the person having custody of such mail, money, or other property of the United States, or puts his life in jeopardy by the use of a dangerous weapon, or for a subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned not more than twenty-five years.
(b)
Receipt, Possession, Concealment, or Disposal of Property.— A person who receives, possesses, conceals, or disposes of any money or other property that has been obtained in violation of this section, knowing the same to have been unlawfully obtained, shall be imprisoned not m.
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- 2. Criminal Laws: They regulate public conduct and can only be brought by the government against a person charged with committing a crime.
- 3. Prosecutor: District Attorney (DA) or Assistant District Attorney (ADA) represents the state by bringing charges against the defendant
- 4. Pressing Charges: When the government makes a claim of wrongdoing; accuse or blame Once a person brings their claim before a law enforcement agency, the state will decide whether there is enough evidence for an arrest If a victim would like to drop charges against the defendant, the prosecutor may still proceed with the charges
- 5. Criminal Charges may result in jail time, fines, penalties and probation Two types of crimes: Felony- more serious crime, usually more than one year in jail (murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, etc.) Misdemeanor- Less serious crime, either no jail time or sentence is less than one year
- 6. Civil Laws: Regulate relations between people (marriage, divorce, contracts, real estate, negligence, etc.)
- 7. Lawsuit: A civil action in court between two or more people Damages: Money asked for or awarded to a plaintiff in a lawsuit as a result of the defendant’s actions
- 8. Compensatory- Money paid for physical/emotional harm that resulted in lost wages, medical bills, damage of property, pain and suffering Punitive: Awards totaling more than the damage caused to punish the defendant for their behavior and as a warning for others to not do the same Nominal: Not a lot of money, awarded to prove that the plaintiff’s claim was justified, even if they cannot prove economic harm