This chapter discusses the nature and meaning of crime. It defines a crime as an act punishable by law that violates social norms. Societal factors help determine what is considered a criminal act, and the definition of crimes can change over time as new offenses emerge. Criminal law aims to protect communities by imposing sanctions on offenders through the court system. For an accused person to be found guilty, the prosecution must generally prove they committed the act and intended to commit it.

1. Chapter 1 The nature of crime

11. Type of offence Examples Offences against the person Homicide, assault, sexual assault Offences against the sovereign Treason, sedition Economic offences Property offences, white-collar crime, computer offences Drug offences Trafficking, possession, use Driving offences Speeding, drink driving, negligent driving Public order offences Offensive conduct, obstructing traffic, affray, bomb hoaxes Preliminary offences Attempts, conspiracy Regulatory offences Breach of water restrictions, fire restrictions or public transport rules

21. Summary offence Indictable offence • a less serious offence that is tried by a magistrate in the Local Court • a more serious offence (such as murder, rape or robbery) tried by a judge and jury • the judgment and punishment are determined by a magistrate • the judgment is determined by a jury and the punishment is determined by the judge • the charge is usually laid by a police officer or government officer • the charge is brought by a public prosecutor working for the state • punishment is usually less severe, like a fine or good behaviour bond • the punishment will usually result in imprisonment or a hefty fine