This document discusses geographic ontologies and spatial relationships. It begins with introductions to ontologies, geographic features, and spatial relationships. It then covers topics like GeoOWL, an ontology language for geography, and gazetteers, which are dictionaries of place names. Spatial relationships can be topological, projective, or based on distances. Geographic ontologies aim to represent geographic concepts and features as well as the spatial relationships between them.
All publicly available design research methods captured in 2008, shown across the framework of "finding and discovery," "translative," "evaluative," "analysis," and "generative." compiled from frog design, M3 Design, IDEO, Continuum, IIT, TU Delft, Lextant, Adaptive Path, Smart, NextD, Nokia, RKS, Engage Consortium to name a few.
Courage Center is a Minnesota-based nonprofit rehabilitation and resource center that empowers people with disabilities. It uses a holistic approach across all aspects of life through comprehensive therapies, independent living services, community reintegration programs, and accessible recreation and fitness programs. Courage Center has an inpatient residential program for rehabilitation after brain or spinal cord injury.
20130905_Feng_Chia_GIS_center_geospatial_ontologyDongpo Deng
The document discusses ontologies, which are formal specifications of conceptualizations that provide shared definitions of concepts in a domain and the relationships between them. It provides definitions of ontology from different perspectives including philosophy, computer science, and geospatial domains. It describes some challenges in developing geospatial ontologies due to the complex, unstructured, and context-dependent nature of geographic concepts. Examples of existing geospatial ontologies and vocabularies are also presented.
The document discusses the relationship between spatial representations, urban planning, and digitization. It covers topics like urban models and their role in planning, the impact of new digital data and public participation, and how representations are shifting to incorporate virtual environments. Idealized urban models are giving way to more accurate digital representations incorporating data from sensors, satellites, and ubiquitous digital networks. This allows new forms of public participation in planning processes and more accurate analysis of social and physical urban environments.
The document discusses participatory sensing and smart cities. It describes participatory sensing as an approach where individuals use mobile devices to collect and interpret data about their world. This helps people understand reality through data and change habits. The document advocates for creating communities before building projects. It presents DreamHamar as a network design process that engaged the public. It promotes participatory mapping, open networks, and community participation and sharing to build social cohesion in smart cities.
Giuseppe Roccasalva and Antonio Spinelli on "Responsive parametric Infrastructure. From self consciousness to civi(l)c awareness: Turin renewal working in progress"
Giorgio Limonta on "Representation and analysis of retail phenomena to support
urban planning policies.Some applications of the Kernel Density Estimation method in the Milan area."
All publicly available design research methods captured in 2008, shown across the framework of "finding and discovery," "translative," "evaluative," "analysis," and "generative." compiled from frog design, M3 Design, IDEO, Continuum, IIT, TU Delft, Lextant, Adaptive Path, Smart, NextD, Nokia, RKS, Engage Consortium to name a few.
Courage Center is a Minnesota-based nonprofit rehabilitation and resource center that empowers people with disabilities. It uses a holistic approach across all aspects of life through comprehensive therapies, independent living services, community reintegration programs, and accessible recreation and fitness programs. Courage Center has an inpatient residential program for rehabilitation after brain or spinal cord injury.
20130905_Feng_Chia_GIS_center_geospatial_ontologyDongpo Deng
The document discusses ontologies, which are formal specifications of conceptualizations that provide shared definitions of concepts in a domain and the relationships between them. It provides definitions of ontology from different perspectives including philosophy, computer science, and geospatial domains. It describes some challenges in developing geospatial ontologies due to the complex, unstructured, and context-dependent nature of geographic concepts. Examples of existing geospatial ontologies and vocabularies are also presented.
The document discusses the relationship between spatial representations, urban planning, and digitization. It covers topics like urban models and their role in planning, the impact of new digital data and public participation, and how representations are shifting to incorporate virtual environments. Idealized urban models are giving way to more accurate digital representations incorporating data from sensors, satellites, and ubiquitous digital networks. This allows new forms of public participation in planning processes and more accurate analysis of social and physical urban environments.
The document discusses participatory sensing and smart cities. It describes participatory sensing as an approach where individuals use mobile devices to collect and interpret data about their world. This helps people understand reality through data and change habits. The document advocates for creating communities before building projects. It presents DreamHamar as a network design process that engaged the public. It promotes participatory mapping, open networks, and community participation and sharing to build social cohesion in smart cities.
Giuseppe Roccasalva and Antonio Spinelli on "Responsive parametric Infrastructure. From self consciousness to civi(l)c awareness: Turin renewal working in progress"
Giorgio Limonta on "Representation and analysis of retail phenomena to support
urban planning policies.Some applications of the Kernel Density Estimation method in the Milan area."
Piergiuseppe Pontrandolfi and Antonella Cartolano on "Promoting local development through a new representation and interpretation of the context: the Val d’Agri case"
Francesca Bodano, Luisa Ingaramo and Stefania Sabatino on "The Urban Areas Competitiveness Report (RCAU): an information system to support the JESSICA revolving funds in Italy"
1) The document analyzes mobility patterns and preferences among different demographic segments in European cities. It identifies segments that are most receptive to various smart mobility policies.
2) It finds that female 15-24, female 25-39, and male 25-39 segments are most open to single ticketing, easy transfers between modes, and online ticket purchasing. Male 25-39 and male 55+ prefer new road charging schemes.
3) It maps these receptive segments across neighborhoods in Cagliari, Italy and recommends targeted mobility policies for different areas based on their demographic characteristics and densities.
This document proposes a quantitative approach to computing the image of a city. It begins by discussing how the image of a city is traditionally obtained through qualitative interviews. It then introduces concepts like legibility and imageability that contribute to a city's mental image. The core of the proposal is a multi-step process: 1) organizing city artifacts into layers, 2) ranking artifacts by size, 3) partitioning artifacts into "head" and "tail" groups using the mean size as the threshold, and 4) iteratively applying this partitioning until the distribution of large artifacts is no longer heavy-tailed. This process aims to capture the underlying "scaling pattern" common to cities where there are far more small artifacts than large ones. The
Maltinti, Melis and Annunziata - input2012INPUT 2012
This document presents a new methodology for assessing the vulnerability of road networks using GIS applications. It describes calculating a vulnerability index based on road design characteristics and identifying critical links. The methodology was applied to a road network in Ogliastra, Italy. Maps showed the most vulnerable central links that are on multiple shortest paths and critical for rescue services. Considering population in the exposure index showed more vulnerable municipalities in more populated areas. The methodology effectively evaluates vulnerability in low traffic, low population density areas and can help prioritize road improvements and emergency management.
Sandro Fabbro and Marco Dean on "Regional development strategies: the role of infrastructures and transport. The case of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region in the wider Northeastern Italian macroregion"
Pier Luigi Paolillo, Alberto Benedetti, Giorgio Graj, Luca Terlizzi and Roberto Bisceglie on "The decisions support scenarios in the first phases of the strategic environmental evaluation: the Barzio territory government plan experience"
This document discusses participation and consultation in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) for land use plans. It analyzes the SEA process for city masterplans in several municipalities in Sardinia, Italy. Key points include:
- The SEA Directive and other agreements emphasize the importance of public participation early in the planning process. However, implementation of participation is inconsistent.
- Guidelines for Sardinian municipalities integrated the SEA process into land use planning, but public participation was limited to identification rather than involvement.
- Case studies showed participation mainly involved authorities, with limited public engagement until late in the planning process, contrary to best practices.
- Early and meaningful public participation is important for integrated decision-making
This document discusses the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) conducted for the urban plan of the municipality of Genoa, Italy. It describes the SEA process, which included building environmental knowledge, assessing the plan's impacts, and developing tools like district cards and municipal cards. The goal of the SEA was to integrate environmental considerations into the urban plan to promote sustainability. It analyzed the plan's proposals for transport, urban transformations, and green spaces using geographical information systems. The assessment evaluated impacts on environmental factors and contexts to identify opportunities and critical issues.
This document presents a methodology for developing an expert system to assess the environmental sensitivity of energy systems and create sensitivity maps for the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The methodology involves identifying types of energy plants, sensitivity themes, interference rules between themes and plants, an interference matrix of themes and plant compatibility, researching and organizing sensitivity theme data, and creating overlay maps to identify environmentally sensitive and preferential areas for siting energy plants. The system is intended to support environmental impact assessments and strategic planning.
This document outlines a formative study on designing effective visualization interfaces for planning support systems. The study evaluated nine interface prototypes for a land use planning system called LEAM over three years. Key principles for effective interfaces were derived based on the evaluations. These principles include using appropriate graphic representations and layouts to direct user attention and maintain engagement. Effective graphic representations use proximity and a limited number of attributes to show relationships between different variables. Effective layouts group related drivers and impacts closely, align scales for comparison, and provide motivation and flexibility.
The document announces the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning to be held in Cagliari, Italy from May 10-12, 2012. The conference will focus on planning support tools related to policy analysis, implementation, and evaluation. One session will discuss how volunteered geographic information (VGI) can help bridge the gap between geoinformatics and spatial planning towards geodesign.
Piergiuseppe Pontrandolfi and Antonella Cartolano on "Promoting local development through a new representation and interpretation of the context: the Val d’Agri case"
Francesca Bodano, Luisa Ingaramo and Stefania Sabatino on "The Urban Areas Competitiveness Report (RCAU): an information system to support the JESSICA revolving funds in Italy"
1) The document analyzes mobility patterns and preferences among different demographic segments in European cities. It identifies segments that are most receptive to various smart mobility policies.
2) It finds that female 15-24, female 25-39, and male 25-39 segments are most open to single ticketing, easy transfers between modes, and online ticket purchasing. Male 25-39 and male 55+ prefer new road charging schemes.
3) It maps these receptive segments across neighborhoods in Cagliari, Italy and recommends targeted mobility policies for different areas based on their demographic characteristics and densities.
This document proposes a quantitative approach to computing the image of a city. It begins by discussing how the image of a city is traditionally obtained through qualitative interviews. It then introduces concepts like legibility and imageability that contribute to a city's mental image. The core of the proposal is a multi-step process: 1) organizing city artifacts into layers, 2) ranking artifacts by size, 3) partitioning artifacts into "head" and "tail" groups using the mean size as the threshold, and 4) iteratively applying this partitioning until the distribution of large artifacts is no longer heavy-tailed. This process aims to capture the underlying "scaling pattern" common to cities where there are far more small artifacts than large ones. The
Maltinti, Melis and Annunziata - input2012INPUT 2012
This document presents a new methodology for assessing the vulnerability of road networks using GIS applications. It describes calculating a vulnerability index based on road design characteristics and identifying critical links. The methodology was applied to a road network in Ogliastra, Italy. Maps showed the most vulnerable central links that are on multiple shortest paths and critical for rescue services. Considering population in the exposure index showed more vulnerable municipalities in more populated areas. The methodology effectively evaluates vulnerability in low traffic, low population density areas and can help prioritize road improvements and emergency management.
Sandro Fabbro and Marco Dean on "Regional development strategies: the role of infrastructures and transport. The case of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region in the wider Northeastern Italian macroregion"
Pier Luigi Paolillo, Alberto Benedetti, Giorgio Graj, Luca Terlizzi and Roberto Bisceglie on "The decisions support scenarios in the first phases of the strategic environmental evaluation: the Barzio territory government plan experience"
This document discusses participation and consultation in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) for land use plans. It analyzes the SEA process for city masterplans in several municipalities in Sardinia, Italy. Key points include:
- The SEA Directive and other agreements emphasize the importance of public participation early in the planning process. However, implementation of participation is inconsistent.
- Guidelines for Sardinian municipalities integrated the SEA process into land use planning, but public participation was limited to identification rather than involvement.
- Case studies showed participation mainly involved authorities, with limited public engagement until late in the planning process, contrary to best practices.
- Early and meaningful public participation is important for integrated decision-making
This document discusses the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) conducted for the urban plan of the municipality of Genoa, Italy. It describes the SEA process, which included building environmental knowledge, assessing the plan's impacts, and developing tools like district cards and municipal cards. The goal of the SEA was to integrate environmental considerations into the urban plan to promote sustainability. It analyzed the plan's proposals for transport, urban transformations, and green spaces using geographical information systems. The assessment evaluated impacts on environmental factors and contexts to identify opportunities and critical issues.
This document presents a methodology for developing an expert system to assess the environmental sensitivity of energy systems and create sensitivity maps for the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The methodology involves identifying types of energy plants, sensitivity themes, interference rules between themes and plants, an interference matrix of themes and plant compatibility, researching and organizing sensitivity theme data, and creating overlay maps to identify environmentally sensitive and preferential areas for siting energy plants. The system is intended to support environmental impact assessments and strategic planning.
This document outlines a formative study on designing effective visualization interfaces for planning support systems. The study evaluated nine interface prototypes for a land use planning system called LEAM over three years. Key principles for effective interfaces were derived based on the evaluations. These principles include using appropriate graphic representations and layouts to direct user attention and maintain engagement. Effective graphic representations use proximity and a limited number of attributes to show relationships between different variables. Effective layouts group related drivers and impacts closely, align scales for comparison, and provide motivation and flexibility.
The document announces the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning to be held in Cagliari, Italy from May 10-12, 2012. The conference will focus on planning support tools related to policy analysis, implementation, and evaluation. One session will discuss how volunteered geographic information (VGI) can help bridge the gap between geoinformatics and spatial planning towards geodesign.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Example of ontology
Physical city
Aggregation or
Tesselation Network
Spatial
City-blocks relation Streets
Ontologies for geographic
1 – Introduction
applications
• 1 – Introduction • Oντος = being ; Λογια = discourse
• 2 – Theoretical bases of spatial ontologies • Aristotle: « The study of existing objects »
• 3 – Spatial relationships • Def1: theory of objects and their relations
• 4 – GeoOWL • Def2: theory of entities, especially of entities
• 5 – Gazetteers which exist in a language
• 6 – Conclusions • Def3: explicit specification of
conceptualization (Gruber)
INPUT 2012 1
2. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Guarino’s definition Ontological commitment
• Nicola Guarino : “An ontology is • Usually, several definitions for the same
generally regarded as a designed artifact entity, for instance a horse, a table, etc.
consisting of a specific shared vocabulary •
used to describe entities in some domain • Several agents/shareholders agree to a
of interest, as well as a set of assumptions common definition of an object
about the intended meaning of the terms • Consensus about a definition
in the vocabulary” • Shared vocabulary
Concepts Example about roads
• Distinguish between terms and concepts
• Distance (km or mile) syntactic
• At mathematical level :
• Street or motorways semantic
Ontology = graph between concepts
= semantic network
INPUT 2012 2
3. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
We do have the road file! We do have the road file!
The road
The road file? The road Water Supply
file? Garbage men Postmen
Yes, I’ve it file? Company
Yes, I’ve it Yes, we’ve it
Private roads No Yes ??
Generally
Public roads Yes Yes
yes
Road with
? ? Yes
water supply
Road without
? ? No
Water supply
Total 234 251 241
Beginning of an urban ontoloy Beginning of an urban ontoloy
City Houses Apartments
Land space
Network Habitation Working places
Built space Non-built space Demography Resides Works
Human being
Building etc.
etc.
Spends Recreation
Shops Recreation places
INPUT 2012 3
4. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
2 – Theoretical bases of spatial
Examples about coast
ontologies
• Generic concepts
• Geographic objects
• Spatial relations
• Modeling
Courtesy Jonathan Raper of City University London, GISci 2002 Keynote
About Geographic Ontologies Geographic features
• Two definitions • Geographic features
– Conventional ontologies of geographic features – Crisp boundaries
(with is-a and part-whole relations) – Fuzzy boundaries
– Continuous fields
– Ontologies with spatial relationships between • Modeling
geographic features – Point, line, area volume
– Multi-representations
– Multi-scale
INPUT 2012 4
5. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
CONOSCENZE SPAZIALI E CONOSCENZE GEOGRAFICHE
Geographic Feature Types Fuzzy Geographic Objects
Membership grades (0 – 100 %)
• Geodetic objects
River: Major bed, major bed
• Administrative objects
• Human-made features
• Natural features
100%
– With known boundaries (crisp)
– With unknown boudaries (fuzzy) 80%
– With « no » boundaries (continuous fields) 60%
40%
R. Laurini
Geodetic Objects
Continent
• Theoretical objects onto the geoid
– Equator
Sea
– North and South Poles
– Meridians
– Parallels
Mangrove
• Modeled by points and circles
Jungle • Basis for coordinates
INPUT 2012 5
6. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Administrative objects Human-made features
• No ligitations at boundaries • Made by humans
• Non-connex planar polygons (2D) – Parcels, buildings, streets, bridge, tunnels, etc.
• Often in hierarchical tesselations • Modeled by non-connex polygons (2D) or
– Countries, regions, provinces, cities polyhedra (3D)
– Natural parks • At some scale, roads are linear
• Total coverage of the globe
• At some scale, some objects can disappear
Object geometry Multiple representation
• Only one storing structure Street represented
by a graph
Street represented
by two polylines
• But many layout (mapping) structure issued Traffic
Cadaster
engineer
by generalization officer
• When layout geometry < threshold, then Street
Street
Technical
object will disapear maintenance
engineer
network
engineer
Street represented Street represented
by a surface by a volume
INPUT 2012 6
8. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Main semantic properties
Examples of spatial relations of geographic concepts
Semantic properties
Scope Date
Agent
Duration
Coverage
Size
Shape Frequence
Location
Main semantic relations
Jungert operators (1/2)
of geographic concepts
Semantic Relations
SEPARATION
IS-A A
ADJACENCY
A<B center(A) < center(B) B
IS-PART-OF CONNECTIVITY
A=B center(A) = center(B) AB
HAS-PART OVERLAP
RELATIVE POSITION INTERSECTION
A|B Side by side A B
CONTAINMENT
SOURCE - DESTINATION
EXCLUSION Min(A) > Min (B)
A
PROXIMITY A%B Max(A) < Max (B)
SURROUNDNESS Length(A) < Length(B) B
DIRECTION EXTENSION
INPUT 2012 8
9. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Jungert operators (2/2) Streets
Min(A) = Min (B) A
A[B Length(A) < Length(B) B
Max(A) = Max (B) A
A]B Length(A) < Length(B) B
Min(A) < Min (B) A
AB Length(A) ≤ Length(B) B
Sidewalk Lane Sidewalk
Max(A) > Max (B) A
A/B Length(A) ≤ Length(B) Lane
B
Motorway New spatial relations (2D)
• Horizontally
– Ribbon
Median – Relations
Lanes • End-to-end noted =
• Side-by-side noted II
Emergency lane
Verge/Shoulder
INPUT 2012 9
10. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Motorway Sections
Shoulder
• Example: Motorway
Emer.
– Divided into « sections » End-to-end Lane
Section = = Ribbon Ribbon = =
– Each section divided into « ribbon » Side-by-side
Lane
= Median
Motorway = = Section
= Emerg.
Section = = II Shoulder II II Lane II Median
Lane
II
CONOSCENZE SPAZIALI E CONOSCENZE GEOGRAFICHE
New spatial relations (3D) Mountain
• Vertically
– layer
– Relations
• Bottom-to-top
• Top-to-bottom
• End-to-end
==> Geology
• Side-to-side
Buildings
R. Laurini
INPUT 2012 10
11. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Vegetation layers 4 – GeoOWL
• Fuzzy layers • OWL: Ontology Web Language
• As 3D objects (bottom-to-top) • Geographic ontology based on OWL
• 8 million names for 6.5 million features
• As 2D surfaces (side-by-side)
• Modeling aspect
• Links with avec GeoNames
– Placenames (toponyms)
– Name of features (in English)
Key-concepts of GeoOWL GeoNames
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/_Feature" /> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&gml;/exterior">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/_Geometry" />
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/Point"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/lowerCorner">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/Polygon"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/upperCorner">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/Envelope"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/featurename">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/LineString"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/featuretypetag">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/LinearRing"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/relationshiptag">
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&geo;/where"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo;/point">
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo;/line">
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/pos"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo;/polygon">
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo;/box">
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&gml;/posList">
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo;/elev">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/Point">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/LineString"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo2003;#lat">
<owl:Class rdf:about="&gml;/LinearRing"> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="&geo2003;#long">
INPUT 2012 11
12. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
Sub-classes Excerpt from the list
of geographic concepts
• ontology:A country, state, region
• DTCH ditch a small artificial watercourse dug for draining or irrigating the land
• ontology:H (water bodies) • DTCHD drainage ditch a ditch which serves to drain the land
• DTCHI irrigation ditch a ditch which serves to distribute irrigation water
• ontology:L (parks, areas) • DTCHM ditch mouth(s) an area where a drainage ditch enters a lagoon, lake or bay
• ESTY estuary a funnel-shaped stream mouth or embayment where fresh water mixes with sea water
• ontology:P city, village •
under tidal influences
FISH fishing area a fishing ground, bank or area where fishermen go to catch fish
• FJD fjord a long, narrow, steep-walled, deep-water arm of the sea at high latitudes, usually along
• ontology:R road, railroad mountainous coasts
• FJDS fjords long, narrow, steep-walled, deep-water arms of the sea at high latitudes, usually along
• ontology:S spot, buildings, farms, •
mountainous coasts
FLLS waterfall(s) a perpendicular or very steep descent of the water of a stream
• ontology:T mountain, hill, rock •
•
FLLSX section of waterfall(s)
FLTM mud flat(s) a relatively level area of mud either between high and low tide lines, or subject to
flooding
• ontology:U undersea • FLTT tidal flat(s) a large flat area of mud or sand attached to the shore and alternately covered and
uncovered by the tide
• ontology:V forest, heath • GLCR glacier(s) a mass of ice, usually at high latitudes or high elevations, with sufficient thickness to flow
away from the source area in lobes, tongues, or masses
• GULF gulf a large recess in the coastline, larger than a bay
GeoNames Ontology URI
• Ex. : for Cagliari, there are 2 URI
1: City:
http://www.geonames.org/maps/google_39.207_9.135.html
2: Province:
http://www.geonames.org/maps/google_39.245_9.091.html
– 1 : location
– 2 : information
INPUT 2012 12
14. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
5 – Gazetteers Examples
• Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul
• Gazetteer = dictionary of placenames
• Roma of Romulus and of today
• What to store:
• Cagliari, city or province
– Names with variants along time
• Etc
– Names in different languages
– Geometry (varying)
– Feature type Many-to-many
– Neighbors Placenames Places
– Rivers: confluence
Geonaming Generic tables
• From the coordinates of a place, assigning a name to Names (idn, text)
this place Geographic
– line Category (idc, category-type) Ontology
– area
Geometry (idn, idc, date, not-connected-polygon)
• Problems of linguistics
– multilingual problem
Other-names (idn1, idn2, type, language)
• What name?
– Name in the official language of the country
– Name in the language of the user
– Name in the language of the system
INPUT 2012 14
15. Geographic Ontologies and Spatial Relationships Prof. Robert Laurini
For municipalities For countries
Belongs-to (idn, date, country-name) Population (idn, date, poulation)
Population (idn, date, poulation) Neighbours (idn, (neighbouring-countries)*)
Neighbours (idn, (neighbouring-municipalities)*)
For rivers
Confluence (idn, main-confluent-river-idn)
6 – Conclusions
• Ontologies as tools
• For interoperability
• For clarifying vocabulary
• Difficulties to properly define geographic features
• Semantically
• Geometrically
• Topologically
• Importance of spatial relationships
• Possibly of using new spatial relations
• Links with gazetteers
• Geographic ontologies (with spatial relationships)
INPUT 2012 15