The document discusses evidence from NTSB reports that indicates extremely high temperatures likely occurred at local hotspots in certain GS Yuasa battery cells during a thermal runaway incident, as shown by the presence of perfect stainless steel microspheres which form at temperatures above 3,000o C and imply local hotspots exceeded this temperature.
A Study on Liquid Dielectric Breakdown in Micro-EDM DischargeSantosh Verma
The growing interest in applications of micro-nano scale devices in many applications diversified the market demand towards batch production of multi material micro parts. Therefore, innovative integration and development of knowledge base for scaling up of production by precision manufacturing technologies to ensure effective industrial utilization has become the primary focused area of micro-nano scale manufacturing research. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method which is known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the work piece and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which are in the range of 50 µm -100 µm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Estimation of cooling requirement of magnets in the multi cusp plasma deviceeSAT Journals
Abstract The need for energy generation from clean sources like nuclear fusion has given rise to increased research in the Plasma and its characteristic properties. Multi-cusp Plasma Device installed at the IPR is one of the device used to study the plasma characteristics wherein quiescent plasma is generated. An optimized design of water cooling system is necessary to ensure the removal of heat losses and keep the electromagnets of the plasma device under the safe operating conditions of temperature and thermal stresses by passage of flow of water, thereby increasing the life cycle of the device. The project focuses on the fluid flow analysis for the heat transfer of generated heat in the magnet due to the continuous supply of electricity. The aim of this project is to determine the performance and working attributes of the cooling system used. The design and evaluation of the cooling system are executed on the basis of analytical calculations and actual experimentation work on the device. Key Words: Chiller requirement, cooling requirement, electromagnet cooling, fluid flow analysis, Multi-cusp plasma device, pressure drop, pump requirement, water cooling
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Liquid Dielectric Breakdown in Micro-EDM DischargeSantosh Verma
The growing interest in applications of micro-nano scale devices in many applications diversified the market demand towards batch production of multi material micro parts. Therefore, innovative integration and development of knowledge base for scaling up of production by precision manufacturing technologies to ensure effective industrial utilization has become the primary focused area of micro-nano scale manufacturing research. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method which is known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the work piece and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which are in the range of 50 µm -100 µm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Estimation of cooling requirement of magnets in the multi cusp plasma deviceeSAT Journals
Abstract The need for energy generation from clean sources like nuclear fusion has given rise to increased research in the Plasma and its characteristic properties. Multi-cusp Plasma Device installed at the IPR is one of the device used to study the plasma characteristics wherein quiescent plasma is generated. An optimized design of water cooling system is necessary to ensure the removal of heat losses and keep the electromagnets of the plasma device under the safe operating conditions of temperature and thermal stresses by passage of flow of water, thereby increasing the life cycle of the device. The project focuses on the fluid flow analysis for the heat transfer of generated heat in the magnet due to the continuous supply of electricity. The aim of this project is to determine the performance and working attributes of the cooling system used. The design and evaluation of the cooling system are executed on the basis of analytical calculations and actual experimentation work on the device. Key Words: Chiller requirement, cooling requirement, electromagnet cooling, fluid flow analysis, Multi-cusp plasma device, pressure drop, pump requirement, water cooling
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This Application Note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is a very expensive technique that cannot usually compete in cost terms with techniques such as resistance or infrared heating.
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
Theory of induction heating by stead fast engineerssteadfast123
Theory of induction heating by stead fast engineers. Find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace
for your sourcing needs.
Induction Heating – Operation, Applications and Case Studies - Presentation S...Leonardo ENERGY
The industrial process heating applications that use electrotechnologies have been found to improve product quality, productivity, energy efficiency, reduce energy intensity and have many other non-energy benefits. Induction technology is another electrotechnology based heating method for heating electrical conductive materials. It involves sending an alternating current (AC) through a copper coil which surrounds the material to be heated or melted. When a metal is placed inside the coil and enters the magnetic field, circulating eddy currents are induced within the metal. The resistance of the metal to the flow of the eddy currents causes the metal to heat up. In this webcast, the operation principles of induction heating technology used for both heating and melting, its applications and EPRI case studies will be presented. The information of vendors as well as other links to reference materials will be presented at the end.
This technique works by generating ions or electrically
charged atoms using electrodes placed close to one
another on a computer chip. Generated ions are passed
from electrode to electrode, with collisions between ions
and neutral air atoms propelling the air forward in what is
called the corona wind effect – the process that cools.
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-NTSB Logan Dreamliner Runaway Data S...Lewis Larsen
NTSB’s experimental data implies that the local temperature of the battery casing’s Type 304 stainless steel hotspots directly exposed to the internal short’s arc plasma didn’t just get to the melting point of such steel (~1,482 degrees C) --- instead these local areas got all the way up to the boiling point of stainless (> 3,000 degrees Centigrade), were turned into a gaseous vapor (expanding in volume by >50,000 x in the process of vaporizing); solid steel then recondensed from hot metallic vapor in the form of perfect nanoscale steel spheres as portions of the super-hot metallic Fe-alloy vapor quench-cooled. We will now briefly review some high points and conclusions concerning this important factual data:
Almost nothing can withstand enormous, star-surface-like local temperatures created by arcs or LENRS and remain unreactive.
Creation of nightmarish local “witches’ brew cauldrons” of inter-reacting compounds and ions in some regions of failing batteries; very fast, hyper-accelerated reaction rates in superheated zones.
Witches’ cauldrons can generate their own supplies of Oxygen to support combustion processes that propagate spatially within and between battery cells via fast-moving, autocatalytic flame-fronts coupled with intense emission of thermal infrared and UV radiation.
Arc- and/or LENR-heated regions’ behavior is almost more akin to chemistry of stellar atmospheres than ‘normal’ electrochemistry.
Speculation - extreme events involve thermite-like pyrotechnic metal reactions.
Damage observed to materials located inside Logan battery enclosure were consistent with main destructive processes being venting and partial combustion of flammable electrolyte liquids; measured weight loss of ~6 lbs. vs. exemplar battery is consistent with this hypothesis; no large-scale evidence for occurrence of thermite-like pyrotechnic reactions; if so, would have had vastly worse damage.
Conclusion: Logan battery runaway was not a worst-case Armageddon scenario.
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
This Application Note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is a very expensive technique that cannot usually compete in cost terms with techniques such as resistance or infrared heating.
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
Theory of induction heating by stead fast engineerssteadfast123
Theory of induction heating by stead fast engineers. Find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace
for your sourcing needs.
Induction Heating – Operation, Applications and Case Studies - Presentation S...Leonardo ENERGY
The industrial process heating applications that use electrotechnologies have been found to improve product quality, productivity, energy efficiency, reduce energy intensity and have many other non-energy benefits. Induction technology is another electrotechnology based heating method for heating electrical conductive materials. It involves sending an alternating current (AC) through a copper coil which surrounds the material to be heated or melted. When a metal is placed inside the coil and enters the magnetic field, circulating eddy currents are induced within the metal. The resistance of the metal to the flow of the eddy currents causes the metal to heat up. In this webcast, the operation principles of induction heating technology used for both heating and melting, its applications and EPRI case studies will be presented. The information of vendors as well as other links to reference materials will be presented at the end.
This technique works by generating ions or electrically
charged atoms using electrodes placed close to one
another on a computer chip. Generated ions are passed
from electrode to electrode, with collisions between ions
and neutral air atoms propelling the air forward in what is
called the corona wind effect – the process that cools.
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-NTSB Logan Dreamliner Runaway Data S...Lewis Larsen
NTSB’s experimental data implies that the local temperature of the battery casing’s Type 304 stainless steel hotspots directly exposed to the internal short’s arc plasma didn’t just get to the melting point of such steel (~1,482 degrees C) --- instead these local areas got all the way up to the boiling point of stainless (> 3,000 degrees Centigrade), were turned into a gaseous vapor (expanding in volume by >50,000 x in the process of vaporizing); solid steel then recondensed from hot metallic vapor in the form of perfect nanoscale steel spheres as portions of the super-hot metallic Fe-alloy vapor quench-cooled. We will now briefly review some high points and conclusions concerning this important factual data:
Almost nothing can withstand enormous, star-surface-like local temperatures created by arcs or LENRS and remain unreactive.
Creation of nightmarish local “witches’ brew cauldrons” of inter-reacting compounds and ions in some regions of failing batteries; very fast, hyper-accelerated reaction rates in superheated zones.
Witches’ cauldrons can generate their own supplies of Oxygen to support combustion processes that propagate spatially within and between battery cells via fast-moving, autocatalytic flame-fronts coupled with intense emission of thermal infrared and UV radiation.
Arc- and/or LENR-heated regions’ behavior is almost more akin to chemistry of stellar atmospheres than ‘normal’ electrochemistry.
Speculation - extreme events involve thermite-like pyrotechnic metal reactions.
Damage observed to materials located inside Logan battery enclosure were consistent with main destructive processes being venting and partial combustion of flammable electrolyte liquids; measured weight loss of ~6 lbs. vs. exemplar battery is consistent with this hypothesis; no large-scale evidence for occurrence of thermite-like pyrotechnic reactions; if so, would have had vastly worse damage.
Conclusion: Logan battery runaway was not a worst-case Armageddon scenario.
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
The author and his students have investigated anomalous heat generation during carbon arcing done under saline water solutions using carbon electrodes. Energy balance calculations, indicate a marginal excess energy of up to 50 % with MS electrodes while with carbon electrodes output to input energy ratios are found to be as high as a factor of eight indicating excess heat up to 700%. We think that the anomalous excess energy could be due to some type of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) but the nature of these reactions have not been studied by us so far. The carbon-electrode arc results on heat-accounting corroborate the mass-spectroscopic findings reported by BARC, Texas A & M University and other groups.
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Study of Boron Based Superconductivity and Effect of High Temperature Cuprate...IOSR Journals
This paper illustrates the main normal and Boron superconducting state temperature properties of magnesium diboride, a substance known since early 1950's, but lately graded to be superconductive at a remarkably high critical temperature Tc=40K for a binary synthesis. What makes MgB2 so special? Its high Tc, simple crystal construction, large coherence lengths, high serious current densities and fields, lucidity of surface boundaries to current promises that MgB2 will be a good material for both large scale applications and electronic devices. Throughout the last seven month, MgB2 has been fabricated in various shape, bulk, single crystals, thin films, ribbons and wires. The largest critical current densities >10MA/cm2 and critical fields 40T are achieved for thin films. The anisotropy attribution inferred from upper critical field measurements is still to be resolved, a wide range of values being reported, γ = 1.2 ÷ 9. Also there is no consensus about the existence of a single anisotropic or double energy cavity. One central issue is whether or not MgB2 represents a new class of superconductors, being the tip of an iceberg that waits to be discovered. Until now MgB2 holds the record of the highest Tc among simple binary synthesis. However, the discovery of superconductivity in MgB2 revived the interest in non-oxides and initiated a search for superconductivity in related materials, several synthesis being already announced to become superconductive: TaB2, BeB2.75, C-S composites, and the elemental B under pressure.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Quantum Computing: Current Landscape and the Future Role of APIs
Lattice Energy LLC- Steel Microsopheres in NTSB Dreamliner Battery SEM Images Suggest High Local Temps-April 30 2013
1. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1
Key SEM evidence found in NTSB reports:
Indicates that extremely high temperatures likely occurred at local hotspots which
were created by electric arcs that erupted inside certain GS Yuasa battery cells
during Boeing 787 Dreamliner thermal runaway incident at Logan airport
Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words
Comments
about NTSB reports
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
April 30, 2013
Contact: 1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen
“Facts do not cease to exist
because they are ignored.”
Aldous Huxley in
“Proper Studies” 1927
Presence of perfect stainless steel
microspheres in battery debris suggests
that local temperatures were > 3,000o C
Perfect stainless steel microspheres are
created by condensation of droplets from a
vapor phase; similarities to laser ablation
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image
2. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
When NTSB scientists investigated charred debris found inside the ruined Logan
GS Yuasa battery cells with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), near locations
where electric arcs (internal short circuits) had obviously occurred they discovered
notable numbers of perfect (microscopic) stainless steel microspheres lying
amongst the disorganized rubble of various battery materials
What most technical people following the NTSB’s investigation may not have fully
appreciated was that these beautiful little metallic microspheres are ‘smoking gun’
evidence for vaporization and condensation of stainless steel comprising the
battery cell casing in local hotspots created by high-current, low voltage electric
arcs, i.e., one or more internal shorts likely occurred inside GS Yuasa battery cell #5
This experimental data implies that the local temperature of the battery casing’s
Type 304 stainless steel hotspots directly exposed to the internal short’s arc plasma
didn’t just get to the melting point of such steel (~1,482 degrees C) --- instead these
local areas got all the way up to the boiling point of stainless (> 3,000 degrees
Centigrade), were turned into a gaseous vapor (expanding in volume by >50,000 x in
the process of vaporizing); solid steel then recondensed from hot metallic vapor in
the form of perfect nanoscale steel spheres as portions of the super-hot metallic Fe-
alloy vapor quench-cooled. We will now briefly discuss this important factual data
Summary
Creation of stainless steel microspheres implies local hotspots > 3,000o C
3. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
Dreamliner GS Yuasa battery: electrode construction
separator
separator
Al
Cu
Carbon-based material
Not to scale
Carbon-based material
Source: Slide #13 in NTSB PowerPoint slideshow presented
by Deborah Hersman at news conference on January 24, 2013
Copy of source document: http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/2013/boeing_787/JAL_B-787_1-24-13.pdfs
4. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4
Internal organization of GS Yuasa battery cell
Source: NTSB report:
CT scan image
Source: GS Yuasa - prismatic cell a la 787 Dreamliner battery
Source: SONY “jelly roll” cell - commodity Lithium-ion battery
Source: USPTO – sample patent
drawing for prismatic battery cell
Source: NTSB #13-013 February 19, 2013
5. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5
Hole punched through internal electrode by electric arc
Hole
Source: Slide #18 in NTSB PowerPoint
slideshow presented by Deborah Hersman
at news conference on January 24, 2013
Purple arrow
added by Lattice
6. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
Source: page #18 in NTSB – Materials laboratory factual report No. 13-013 dated February 19, 2013
Copy of source document: http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/2013/boeing_787/docket_documents/787_docket_doc2.pdf
Excerpt from NTSB report
7. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7
Source: Slide #28 in NTSB PowerPoint slideshow presented by Deborah Hersman - January 24, 2013
Excerpt directly from NTSB presentation
CRES Elements
• Finding: electrical arc between battery cell and
inside of battery case
• Not believed to be initiating event
8. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 8
Electric arcs punched 4 holes thru battery cell #5 casing
Source: page # 78 in NTSB – Materials laboratory
factual report No. 13-013 dated February 19, 2013
Lattice comment: electric arcs
from battery case definitely
crossed 0.2” air gap and
discharged into (blue painted)
aluminum battery system
enclosure (which is highly
conductive compared to stainless
steel). If this were just air, would
require ~15 kilovolt potential for
arc to cross gap. Since it was hot
inside case during Logan fire,
intervening gas was very likely
more conductive with ionization
present. Nonetheless, arcs could
have been somewhere in kV range
Lattice note: battery casing material is stainless steel
Purple arrows
added by Lattice
9. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9
SEM images: stainless steel microspheres - NTSB report
Purple arrows
added by Lattice
10. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 10
Low-voltage electric arcs reach enormous temperatures
Excerpted directly from Ghezzi’s thesis:
Source: PhD Thesis -“Modeling and Simulation of Low Voltage Arcs”
by Luca Ghezzi, Technical University of Delft - Netherlands (2010)
To obtain a copy:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=%E2%80%9Cmodeling%20and%20simulation%20of%20low%20voltage%20arcs%E2%80%9D%
20luca%20ghezzi%20pdf&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fassets%2Fuuid%3
Addf219d8-5572-45c5-9249-
aacbb68683cd%2FModeling_and_Simulation_of_Low_Voltage_Arcs.pdf&ei=vQeAUe3XCovO9ATNjYCoCQ&usg=AFQjCNGnoKc_QU7EMx
au7xNIlz-tL8dceg&bvm=bv.45645796,d.eWU
11. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 11
Similar results can occur during laser ablation of surfaces
Spherically-shaped droplets can be created in such processes
Excerpted and quoted directly from:
“Multiplicity and contiguity of ablation mechanisms in laser-assisted analytical micro-sampling”
D. Bleiner and A. Bogaerts
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 61 pp. 421 - 432 (2006)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0584854706000437
Fig. 1. Phase stability diagram of a liquid metal near
the critical point. For fast heating, as obtained
during ns laser ablation, the melt can be
pushed close to critical conditions (superheating),
which favors the realization of explosive boiling
Fig. 2. Schematic visualization of the
hydrodynamic evolution of a fluid system under
and impulse stress (here milk). Note the non-
deterministic formation of jets at the sides and
their break-up into droplets. From Ref. [58].
12. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 12
Similar results can occur during laser ablation of surfaces
Spherically-shaped droplets can be created in such processes
Excerpted and quoted directly from:
“Thermal and fluid processes of a thin melt zone during femtosecond laser ablation of glass: the formation of rims by
single laser pulses”, A. Ben-Yakar et al., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40 pp. 1447 - 1459 (2007)
http://www.stanford.edu/~rlbyer/PDF_AllPubs/2007/423.pdf
13. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 13
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Amazingly, details of electric arcs are still imperfectly understood
Electrical breakdown and arc discharges (i.e., sparks, shorts):
Although they have been studied for 200 years, in many ways electric
discharges are still not all that well understood. Recent measurements
(2007) of spark discharge in low-pressure Xenon gas using rapidly pulsed
lasers has helped better understand the still enigmatic process:
“A spark flying between a metal doorknob and your hand is an intricate chain of electrical
events … researchers report the first direct measurements of the sharply changing electric
fields that pave the way for a visible flash in a precisely controlled laboratory arc. Their
results provided concrete detail in an area where theoretical modeling remains scanty, and
may offer a way to study electrical discharges in settings ranging from plasma televisions to
lightning strikes ... Whether it's a lightning bolt or the spark inside a bad switch, the process
is the same: The voltage across a region of air becomes large enough to drive an electric
current by creating a plasma. The process starts when a few stray electrons--accelerated by
the electric field--knock into atoms and liberate more electrons, which continue the process.
In carefully designed lab experiments the region between a pair of electrodes fills with
plasma smoothly, starting at the positive end, with a wave front that sweeps quickly across
to the negative end. At the leading edge of this so-called ionization front is a narrow band of
enhanced electric field, according to theory and indirect experiments, but theorists only
vaguely understand what determines the field's profile. Nor have experimenters been able to
map the field profile directly, because inserting metal probes distorts the discharge.
Researchers have tried to infer field strengths from the glow following the breakdown, but
that light is feeble and only appears once the ionization is well under way.
Source: D. Monroe, Physical Review Focus, “Xenon on the verge of an electric breakdown,”
Feb. 9, 2007 URL = http://focus.aps.org/story/v19/st4
High E-M field region
E. Wagenaars/Eindhoven Univ. of Tech
Reference: E. Wagenaars, M.
Bowden, and G. Kroesen,
“Measurements of electric field
strengths in ionization fronts during
breakdown,” Physical Review
Letters 98 pp. 075002 (2007)
14. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 14
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Field emission is precursor to surface breakdown and electric arcs
Field electron emission (associated with very high, often rapidly changing local E-M fields):
“Field emission (FE) (also known as electron field emission) is an emission of electrons induced by external electromagnetic fields.
Field emission can happen from solid and liquid surfaces, or individual atoms into vacuum or open air, or result in promotion of
electrons from the valence to conduction band of semiconductors. The terminology is historical because related phenomena of
surface photoeffect, thermionic emission or Richardson-Dushman effect and ‘cold electronic emission’, i.e. the emission of
electrons in strong static (or quasi-static) electric fields, were discovered and studied independently from 1880s to 1930s. When
field emission is used without qualifiers it typically means the ‘cold emission’.”
“Field emission in pure metals occurs in high electric fields: the gradients are typically higher than 1000 volts per micron and
strongly dependent upon the work function. Electron sources based on field emission have a number of applications, but it is most
commonly an undesirable primary source of vacuum breakdown and electrical discharge phenomena, which engineers work to
prevent.”
“Field emission was explained by quantum tunneling of electrons in the late 1920s. This was one of the triumphs of the nascent
quantum mechanics. The theory of field emission from bulk metals was proposed by Fowler and Nordheim. A family of
approximate equations, ‘Fowler- Nordheim equations’, is named after them.”
“In some respects, field electron emission is a paradigm example of what physicists mean by tunneling. Unfortunately, it is also a
paradigm example of the intense mathematical difficulties that can arise. Simple solvable models of the tunneling barrier lead to
equations (including the original 1928 Fowler-Nordheim-type equation) that get predictions of emission current density too low by a
factor of 100 or more. If one inserts a more realistic barrier model into the simplest form of the Schrödinger equation, then an
awkward mathematical problem arises over the resulting differential equation: it is known to be mathematically impossible in
principle to solve this equation exactly in terms of the usual functions of mathematical physics, or in any simple way. To get even
an approximate solution, it is necessary to use special approximate methods known in physics as "semi-classical" or "quasi-
classical" methods. Worse, a mathematical error was made in the original application of these methods to field emission, and even
the corrected theory that was put in place in the 1950s has been formally incomplete until very recently.”
Source: Wikipedia article titled “Field electron emission” as of July 10, 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_electron_emission
15. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 15
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Seidman: “… highest power density commonly found in Nature”
D. Seidman’s candid comments on field emission and
breakdown in a grant proposal written back in 2005:
Dave Seidman is the Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science
and Engineering at Northwestern University in Evanston, IL, and leads
the Seidman Research Group at NWU’s Center for Atom-Probe
Tomography (NUCAPT) - http://arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/Seidman_Group
Prof. Seidman has a unique knowledge of high surface electric fields,
field emission, and arc discharges as a result of his many years of
work with atom-probe tomography (APT) which uses nanoscale local
electric fields of 1010 V/m and higher to image the structure and
analyze the chemical composition of surfaces on near atomic-scales
(see image to right courtesy of Imago, Inc., a manufacturer of APTs)
Quoting (ca. 2005), “NUCAPT is among the world leaders in the field of
three-dimensional atom-probe microscopy, particularly as result of the
recent installation of a LEAP microscope, manufactured by Imago
Scientific Instruments. Currently only three other LEAP microscopes,
with a comparable performance, exist throughout the world.”
Readers will find a boldness and blunt candor in Seidman’s insightful
remarks to follow that tend to be absent in published refereed papers
Seidman’s quoted remarks were made
in the context of a publicly posted
2005 grant proposal: Seidman, D., and
Norem, J., “Experimental study of high
field limits of RF cavities”
Please see source URL:
http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/LCRD/LCRD_
UCLC_proposal_FY05/2_49_Seidman_
Norem.pdf
Image: Larson & Kelly, Imago, Inc., local-
electrode atom probe image of ordered L12
Al3Sc precipitate in aluminum matrix (Al – blue,
Sc – red). The <200> planar spacing of the
crystalline Al lattice (spacing ~0.2nm) is evident
and contrasts with the <100> planar spacing
(~0.4 nm) of the Al3Sc precipitate. Alloy provided
by van Dalen, Dun, and Seidman
16. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 16
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Seidman: “… highest power density commonly found in Nature”
Seidman’s comments circa 2005:
“[Electric arc] breakdown at surfaces was discovered by Earhart and Michelson, at
[the University of] Chicago, in 1900 … While checking the new ‘electron’ theory of
gas breakdown at small distances, they discovered that there were two mechanisms
present, at large distances gas breakdown dominated, and at small distances [i.e.,
on small length-scales] breakdown of the surface was correctly identified as the
mechanism. The break point where the two mechanisms met, at atmospheric
pressure, occurs at about 300 V … This was confirmed 5 years later by Hobbs and
Millikan, and is consistent with modern data on vacuum breakdown.”
“Although high electric fields have been used in DC and RF applications for many
years, up to now there has been no fundamental agreement on the cause of
breakdown in these systems … Until our work, no theoretical understanding of this
process developed over the last 100 years, although many papers have been
written.”
“Another interesting feature of this [electrical breakdown] mechanism is that the
power densities involved are enormous. The numbers can be obtained from the
values we measured for field emitted currents, electric field, the emitter dimensions,
and volume for transferring electromagnetic field energy into electron kinetic
energy. Combining these gives, (10 GV/m)(10−7 m)(1 mA)/(10−7m)3 = 1021 W/m3, a
value that seems to be greater than all other natural effects, except perhaps Gamma
Ray Bursters (GRB’s). The power density is comparable to nuclear weapons.
Michelson and Millikan noticed the ‘hot sparks’ in 1905, bought a vacuum pump,
(which they didn’t have), and invented vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy. Both
moved on, and did not look in detail at the mechanisms involved.”
Seidman, D., and Norem, J., “Experimental
study of high field limits of RF cavities”
Again, please refer to source URL:
http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/LCRD/LCRD_UCL
C_proposal_FY05/2_49_Seidman_Norem.p
df
In the following Slide, we modify a chart
shown in Seidman & Norem’s above-noted
proposal to illustrate the very approximate
regions of physical parameter space in
which LENRs may occur if ALL the
necessary preconditions that we have
previously outlined are obtained. Please
note carefully that just the presence of
very high local E-M fields by itself does
not guarantee that LENRs will take place at
a given location in time and space
Also please note that once the nuclear
processes begin, power densities in
LENR-active ‘patches’ can go even higher
for brief periods of time until nearby
nanostructures are destroyed by violent
‘flash’ heating and LENRs temporarily
cease in a given ‘patch’ (all of this occurs
on the order of <1 to 300 nanoseconds)
17. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 17
Source: Fig. 2, pp. #3, Seidman & Norem 2005 proposal, "Experimental study of high field limits of RF cavities”
Lattice modification of original chart: yellow-shaded regions ‘capped’ by red-colored bars
are approx. regions of parameter space where LENRs may occur in condensed matter
systems IF all of the necessary conditions met (please refer back to earlier Slides)
Adapted by L. Larsen after Seidman & Norem (2005)
Astrophysical
gamma ray burst
Nuclear weapons
Electron field emitter
Supernovas
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Seidman: “… highest power density commonly found in Nature”
Local micron-scale power densities can be enormous during brief ‘lifetime’ of an LENR-active ‘patch’
They can exceed huge power densities reached during electrical breakdown a la Seidman & Norem
18. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Seidman: “… highest power density commonly found in Nature”
D. Seidman’s comments circa 2005 (continued):
“We think we have developed a model of breakdown that explains the phenomenon in
almost all environments ….The model strongly argues that breakdown events are the
result of fragments or clusters breaking off of the surface and rapidly being ionized in
the electron beams from the field emitter. Within the active volume, the power
involved in these beams is comparable to nuclear weapons. This model is also
generally in agreement with the experience with APFIM samples at the high fields
used. Tiny APFIM samples operate at fields about 5 times higher than the local E field
limit we postulate, but they also frequently fail, however there has been no systematic
study of these failure modes.”
“Combining these two ideas, however, one can conclude that: 1) this mechanism
produces perhaps the highest power density commonly found in nature, and, 2) it is
accessible to anyone with a wall switch or an electric light, and is used many times a
day by everyone.”
“While there has been extensive study of the time development of breakdown events
from the first small local ionization to complete breakdown of a cavity, the trigger for
breakdown, and how it was related to the metallurgy of surfaces has received very
little attention until now. Our model predicts that the production of clusters and
fragments is an essential component of breakdown. This is consistent with
experience in Atom Probe Tomography, however there is almost no systematic data
on sample failures under the high field environment used in data taking. Our previous
work has been published in three refereed papers and many conference papers.”
Breakdown of
surface
Figure courtesy of
B. Jüttner, Berlin
Note creation of
~spherical droplets
19. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 19
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Anders has developed model for “arc spot ignition” runaways
In 2010, Dr. Andre Anders of Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL) publicly posted a very
interesting 32-slide PowerPoint presentation
titled “Cathodic Arcs, and related phenomena”:
Among other things, he believes that ‘hot cathode
spots’ are fractal, as shown in the Figure to the right,
and that the electron current is higher than the arc
current (his Slide #6)
On his Slide #7, he makes an important distinction
between collective electron emissions that occur in arc
discharge regimes (namely, thermionic, field, thermo-
field, and explosive emissions) versus “individual”
electron emission mechanisms (such as secondary
electron emission by primary ion, electron, or excited
atom impact, and photo-emission) that tend to occur in
glow discharge regimes
On Slide #11, he describes an “arc spot ignition”
involving a, “Local thermal run-away process [that]
leads to micro-explosion and formation of extremely
dense plasma”
Evidence that “cathode spots” are fractal:
Original source: A. Anders, “Cathodic Arcs,” Springer, NY (2008)
In 2010, this Figure appears in a workshop presentation:
A. Anders (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - LBNL),
“Cathodic Arcs, and related phenomena,” work supported by
the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-
05CH11231
URL =
https://twindico.hep.anl.gov/indico/getFile.py/access?sessionI
d=3&resId=0&materialId=1&confId=69
20. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 20
Cathodic arc discharges and LENRs are very energetic
Anders’ model for “arc spot ignition” runaways can lead to LENRs
Dr. Andre Anders - LBNL (continued):
On Slide #11, he then elaborates his model as follows:
High [local] electric field, enhanced by:
Protrusion (e.g. roughness, previous arcing) [dendrites]
Charged dielectrics (e.g. dust particles, flakes) [nanoparticles]
1. Higher field leads to locally greater e-emission
2. Joule heat enhances temperature of emission site
3. Higher temperature amplifies e-emission non-linearly
4. Runaway!
To which we would add, based on Widom-Larsen theory:
5. LENRs --- if other necessary preconditions are also
fulfilled, as we have outlined elsewhere
Feedback
loop
Anders then goes on to show an
array of fascinating SEM images of
surfaces on which ‘explosive’
cathode arcs have occurred that
bear a certain resemblance to post-
experiment SEM images of LENR
cathodes (with a difference in their
aspect-ratios that we will explain)
“Crater” in cathodic arc experiment:
A. Anders: “Cathodic Arcs, and related
phenomena,” Slide #12 of 32 (2010)
21. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 21
Arcs and LENRS both involve very high local E-M fields
E-fields can increase greatly between nanoparticles and at sharp tips
E-M field strength enhancement
as a function of interparticle spacing
Electric field enhancement
at nano-antenna tip:
R. Kappeler et al. (2007)
Sharp tips can exhibit the so-called “lightning
rod effect” in terms of local enhancement of
electric field strengths; dendrites are but one
type of such a structure – there are others
Above: classic
Mandelbrot fractal form
Certain juxtapositions of metallic
contaminant nanoparticles could also
potentially trigger formation of LENR-
active sites inside Lithium-based batteries
22. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 22
Arcs and LENRS both involve very high local E-M fields
E-fields can increase greatly between nanoparticles and at sharp tips
Many fractal or dendrite structures have sharp, tapered tips:
Fractals are intrinsically self-similar on all length-scales, from
meters down to nanometers. As illustrated in these Figures,
many types of natural fractal forms narrow-down to very sharp
tips on smaller length-scales. Structures with such geometries
can be prone to exhibit the lightning rod effect if they happen to
be comprised of materials such as metallic conductors
TEM image: nm-scale Tungsten dendrite
Credit: Furuya & Hasegawa, CNMT - Korea
Image: macroscopic cm length-scale Copper dendrite
growing in aqueous Copper Sulfate solution
Image: terrestrial lightning
very large length scale
Image: mm length-scale Lichtenberg Figures
from electrical discharge through plastic
23. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 23
Arcs and LENRS both involve very high local E-M fields
E-fields can increase greatly between nanoparticles and at dendrite tips
Examples of fractal dendritic structures that can grow inside Li-ion batteries over time and many
charge/discharge cycles:
Image: Lithium metal dendrites growing within solid polymer electrolyte - G. Stone
et al., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, APS March 17, 2010
Abstract: Q16.00005 - “Retarding Dendrite Formation in Rechargeable Lithium
Metal Batteries with Block Copolymer Electrolytes”
Actual SEM image of “mossy” Li
dendrite inside a Li-ion battery
Source: Fig. 2 in J. Tarascon and M. Armand,
“Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium
batteries”
Nature 414, pp. 359 - 367 (2001)
24. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 24
Arcs and LENRS both involve very high local E-M fields
Energetic processes can lead to thermal runaways of varying severity
Lithium metal ‘classic’ dendrites growing in solid polymer electrolyte ‘Mossy’-type Lithium dendrite growing in solid polymer electrolyte
Zotye M300 EV taxi - Hangzhou, China (2011) Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Logan Airport, Boston (2013) Renault F1 car: Li-ion battery in KERS system (2011)
Scale-up of the internal energy densities, electrical capacity, and sheer physical size of battery systems can lead to much larger thermal runaway events
Relatively small-scale
problems
25. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 25
Morphological similarities between arc ‘craters’ and LENRS
Key difference: LENR ‘craters’ can have much higher aspect-ratios
Anders’ SEM photos vs. selected images of post-experiment surfaces in LENR experiments:
LENR Pd surface post-experiment: P. Boss et al.
Anders cathodic arc: post-experiment surface feature
Please note what appears to be a somewhat common
morphological difference between LENR ‘craters’ and
those produced by prosaic cathodic arcs as discussed by
Anders. Many central ‘craters’ in LENR SEM images often
appear to have more sharply defined, ‘crisper’ interior
walls and greater depths (relative to the surface area)
compared to arc discharges without LENRs (i.e., a higher
aspect-ratio); this may be indicative of much more rapid,
higher levels of heating than those envisioned by Anders
LENRsCathodic arcs
26. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 26
This example of laser ablation ‘crater’ has high aspect-ratio
‘Craters’ at many LENR-active sites often have high aspect-ratios
Excerpted and quoted directly from:
“Ultrafast laser patterning of OLEDs on flexible substrate for solid-state lighting”
D. Karnakis, A. Kearsley, and M. Knowles
Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering 4 pp. 218 - 223 (2009)
http://www.jlps.gr.jp/jlmn/upload/25e2c628adb23db70b26356271d20180.pdf
Fig. 6 from Karnakis et al. (2009)
LENR Pd surface post-experiment: P. Boss et al.
Quoting from Karnakis et al.:
“Laser irradiation at
fluences between 137-360
mJ/cm2 removed the
cathode layer only, resulting
in a uniform flat floor and an
intact LEP surface, allowing
a relatively wide process
window for cathode
removal.
A typical example of such
laser patterned Ba/Al
cathode layer on the OLED
stack is shown in Figure 6.
The average fluence was 230
mJ/cm2 irradiated with an
estimated spot diameter at
1/e2 of 35 μm.
This resulted in a crater
diameter of 21.5 μm.”
27. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27
Morphological similarities between arc ‘craters’ and LENRS
Note quenched droplets ‘frozen’ in mid-formation on ‘crater’ rims
Anders’ SEM photos vs. selected images of post-experiment surfaces in LENR experiments:
A. Anders “Cathodic Arcs, and related phenomena” (2010)
Anders: Slide #27
A. Anders “Cathodic Arcs, and
related phenomena” (2010)
Cathodic Arcs LENRs
P. Boss et al. , US Navy - SPAWAR
Cathodic Arcs
28. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 28
Morphological similarities between arc ‘craters’ and LENRS
Note much higher aspect-ratios of some LENR crater-like structures
Cathodic Arcs LENRs
A. Anders: “Cathodic Arcs, and related
phenomena,” Slide #12 of 32 (2010)
“Elemental analysis of palladium electrodes after Pd/Pd
light water critical electrolysis” Y. Toriabe et al., Fig. 9
Free copy of paper: http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ToriyabeYelementala.pdf
Anders’ SEM photos vs. selected images of post-experiment surfaces in LENR experiments:
29. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 29
Morphological similarities between arc ‘craters’ and LENRS
Anomalous non-contaminant elements seen near LENR-active sites
A. Anders: Spot Type 1 - “contaminated” surface
LENR surface shown to right, which started-out
smooth at the beginning of the experiment, appears
to be much rougher in texture than the cathodic arc
Zhang and Dash (2007) --- Fig. 10. SEM picture of region #2 in Fig.
4(b). SEM No.WS060424Pd-H-CC-i2-150X
A. Anders “Cathodic Arcs, and related phenomena” (2010)
Free copy of Zhang
and Dash paper at:
http://www.lenr-
canr.org/acrobat/Zha
ngWSexcessheat.pdf
Cathodic Arcs LENRs
Fig. 11. Characteristic X-ray spectrum of spot #1 in Fig. 10.
Quoting from discussion of
Fig. 10: “Ni was listed as “not
detected” in the chemical
analysis provided by the vendor
of the Pd foil. It is very unlikely
to have resulted from the cold
rolling process or from
electrodeposition because it is
highly localized near one corner
of the cathode. If it is the result
of either contamination from the
rolling mill or from electroplating
it should not be highly localized
on only one corner of the
cathode. It could not have
resulted from SEM systems
because the stainless steel
components of the SEM
chamber also contain Fe and Cr.
Fe and/or Cr are not present in
any of the spectra. The SEM
does not have components
made of pure Ni. Therefore, the
origin of the Ni is not known.”.
Nickel (Ni) anomalies
observed on surface
Anders’ SEM photos vs. selected images of post-experiment surfaces in LENR experiments:
30. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 30
LENR transmutation products can be found near ‘craters’
Number of other researchers have also observed this with SIMS
Selected images of post-experiment surfaces in LENR experiments by Zhang and Dash:
LENRs: Zhang and Dash (2007) - Fig. 9
Fig. 9. SEM picture of crater at another time. SEM
No.WS060607Pd-H-CC-i2-2kX
Zhang and Dash: Table IX. Relative atomic percent concentrations of silver (Ag) in area and spots shown in Fig. 9
Spot # wa* area** +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Ag/(Pd+Ag) 1.2 +/- 0.5 5.6 +/- 0.4 6.8 +/- 0.4 5.6 +/- 0.3 6.3 +/- 0.4 3.6 +/- 0.6 1.2 +/- 0.5
*wa = whole entire area comprising image in Fig. 9
** area = delimited by the white square outlined in Fig. 9
Following likely took place in these experiments:
Pd + n unstable n-rich Pd isotope Ag isotopes→ →
neutron capture beta decay
Palladium Cathode
Note: Pd surface b.p. = 2,970o C
Palladium Cathode
LENRs: Zhang and Dash (2007) - Fig. 8
Free copy of
Zhang and Dash
paper at:
http://www.lenr-
canr.org/acrobat/
ZhangWSexcessh
eat.pdf
Quoting: “The most common finding
is that silver occurs in craters, such
as those shown in Fig. 8. These
craters with rims almost certainly
formed during electrolysis. Pt
deposition was concentrated on
these protruding rims.”
31. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 31
Possible causative agents
that can potentially trigger
battery thermal runaways
Regime or
requirements
Physical dimensions Key
details
Temperature
range in o C
Comments
Electric discharges: that is,
arcs or sparks; alternative names
for internal electrical short circuits
that can occur inside battery cells
Outer ‘edges’ of tubular
arc plasma sheath
Arc lengths can range in
length from 2 nm between
metallic nanoparticles all
the way up to as long as
several centimeters (cm)
between larger structures
Chemical
and nuclear
reactions
can occur
within; dep.
on current
~2,727 up to ~4,727
Heat radiation is mainly
created via Joule heating by
electrons and ions found in
arc discharge plasma; very
damaging to materials; can
even breach battery cell case
Innermost core of arc
plasma’s tubular
sheath-like structure
~9,726 up to ~19,726
LENR-active ‘hotspots’: can occur
on metallic surfaces or at oxide-
metal interfaces anywhere inside
battery where be: e-, p+ and metals
Require local presence
of hydrogen (protons),
metals, and surface
plasmon or π electrons
2 nanometers (nm) to as
large as ~100+ microns (μ)
in diameter; roughly
circular in shape
MeV-energy
nuclear
reactions
occur within
~3,700 up to ~5,700
Directly radiate infrared heat
photon energy; ionizes nearby
molecules, materials, destroys
μ-scale nanostructures
“Thermo-chemical process associated with lithium cobalt oxide cathode
in lithium ion batteries”
C. Doh and A. Veluchamy
Chapter 2 in book "Lithium-ion Batteries", Chong Rae Park, ed.
ISBN 978-953-307-058-2 open access content
Published by InTech (Shanghai, China) under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license
DOI: 10.5772/9116 (2010)
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/10407/InTech-
Thermo_chemical_process_associated_with_lithium_cobalt_oxide_catho
de_in_lithium_ion_batteries.pdf
Another highly recommended reference paper:
Summary of two energetic causative processes for thermal runaway events in batteries:
32. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 32
With or without LENRs, arcs can trigger thermal runaways
LENR-triggered runaways may be rarest but possibly deadliest type
LENRs
Lattice summary comments:
Although there are differences, there is a degree of morphological similarity in
SEM images of post-experiment cathodic arc surfaces (e.g., crater-like structures
and related droplets) compared to those observed after LENR-related experiments
To the extent that such morphologies are highly indicative of very rapid heating and
quenching in small areas of cathode surfaces, it implies that temperatures reached
in such ‘hot spots’ or ‘patches’ are briefly high enough to melt, if not likely boil and
vaporize substrate metals, e.g., Palladium (Pd) boiling point = 2,970o C or other
transition metals, including refractory ones and even Tungsten
Widom-Larsen theory predicts that if necessary preconditions are met, LENRs can
be triggered in high-local-current arcs and related high-field electrical phenomena
including field emission and breakdown processes on surfaces and on dendrites
Variety of different nuclear transmutation products observed by a large number of
LENR researchers in and around surface structures such as ‘craters’ suggests that
LENRs probably occurred at non-negligible rates in and around such active regions
Micron-scale LENR-active sites that happen to be located close to a plastic battery
separator (with or without a ceramic layer) will vaporize and flash-ionize a local
region of separator which can in turn trigger an internal electrical short right there;
similarly, an LENR ‘patch’ occurring on surface of a Lithium cobalt oxide cathode
or carbon anode can potentially trigger irreversible combustion of an electrode
With or without the help of LENRs, electric arcs (internal shorts) are capable of
triggering catastrophic thermal runaways in batteries of many varied chemistries
Y. Toriabe et al.
Y. Toriabe et al.
33. Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33
Model Dendrites
Lattice Energy LLC
Lattice Energy LLC, copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33
“For the truth of the conclusions of physical science,
observation is the supreme Court of Appeal.”
Sir Arthur Eddington
“The Philosophy of Physical Science” pp. 9 (1939)