This document provides an introduction to LaTeX, a document preparation system. It discusses how LaTeX allows authors to focus on content over visual formatting, is widely used in academia, and provides numerous features for typesetting mathematical and scientific documents. Installation instructions and examples of basic LaTeX code for formatting equations are also included.

1. BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
AVALAHALLI, DODDABALLAPUR ROAD
YELAHANKA – BANGALORE - 64
INTRODUCTION
TO
DOCUMENT PREPARATION SYSTEM: LATEX
Dr. M. C. HANUMANTHARAJU
(mchanumantharaju@gmail.com / mchanumantharaju@bmsit.in)
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
BMS Institute of Technology
1. INTRODUCTION TO LATEX
 Pronounced as LAY-Tek/Laitek/Leytek/LAH-tek
 Document Preparation System and document markup language
 Used in publication of scientific documents in many fields of engineering
 Plays a prominent role in publication of books and articles
 LaTeX uses typesetting program for formatting its output and is written in TeX
macro language.
 Widely used in Academia.
 LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an
intermediate format.
 Earlier, LaTeX was started as a writing tool by mathematicians and computer
scientists.
 LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport.
 The current version of LaTeX is LaTeX2e.
 Latex is a free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License
(LPPL)
 LaTeX source generates a number of outputs: pdf, dvi, html, rtf, ps and so on.

2.  The output is concerned with placing boxes around the page and boxes are in turn
are combined to form other boxes.
Typesetting System
 LaTeX is based on Donald E Knuth’s Tex typesetting
 LaTex follows the design philosophy of separating presentation from content.
 The authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending
simultaneously to its visual appearance.
 In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using
simple concepts such as chapter, section, table, figure, etc.,
 Authors leave the formatting and layout of these structures to LaTeX system.
 LaTeX can be arbitrarily extended by using underlying macro language to develop
custom formats.
 The macros are often collected into packages and are available to address special
formatting issues such as complex mathematics or graphics.
 Indeed, in the example, below, the align environment is provided by the amsmath
package
“LaTeX is not a word processor! Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry
too much about the appearance of their documents but to concentrate on getting the
right content”
Consider this document

3.  To produce this in most typesetting or word-processing systems, the author would have to
decide
 What layout to use,
 18 pt Times Roman for the title
 12 pt Times Italic for the name, and so on.
This has two results: authors wasting their time with designs; and many badly designed
documents!
In a Nutshell, the disadvantages of MS-Word are as follows:
Disadvantages of MS-Word
 Lack of control.
 Focus is needed on Contents & Presentation at the same time.
 Great effort is required to format for Specific Conferences & Journals.
 It is hard to change from one format to other.
 Difficult to manage with different Versions.
 It is tricky to handle references.
Disadvantages of LaTeX
 You need to learn how to use it.
 It is not completely intuitive (for some people).
LaTeX Example
LaTeX is based on the idea:
 It is better to leave document design to document designers, and
 Let authors get on with writing documents.

4. So, in LaTeX you would input this document as:
o This document is an article.
o Its title is Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs.
o Its author is Jane Doe.
o It was written in September 1994.
o The document consists of a title followed by the text Hello world!
The example below shows the LaTeX input and corresponding output
Simple Latex
documentclass{article}
LaTeX Input
documentclass[12pt]{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
title{LaTeX}
date{}
begin{document}
maketitle
LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the TeX{}
typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop
publishing features and extensive facilities for
automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop
publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing,
tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and
much more. LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by
Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for
using TeX; few people write in plain TeX{} anymore.

5. The current version is LaTeXe.
% This is a comment, not shown in final output.
% The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:
begin{align}
E_0 &= mc^2
E &= frac{mc^2}{sqrt{1-frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
end{align}
end{document}
Output Rendered
2. LaTeX Installation Steps
It is required to download the two software’s
1. A Compiler: Miketex/TeXLive/Tetex :
2. A Editor: Texmaker/TeXworks/TeXnicCenter/Winedt/LEd:
The links to the software’s mentioned above are as follows:

6. An Compiler
http://miktex.org/download
An Editor
http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/
http://www.tug.org/texworks/
http://www.texniccenter.org/download/
http://www.latexeditor.org/
Using LaTex without Software
If you do not Latex Software: Don’t Worry*
However if you internet connectivity then use the following link to run LaTeX code and render
its output
https://www.writelatex.com
 Install the Software
 Create your first document in LaTeX
3. Syntax & Semantics of LaTeX
LaTeX Mathematics Demonstration
INSTALLATION
DEMO
Demonstration 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
documentclass{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amssymb}
begin{document}
title{This is a Math tutorial by Dr. M. C Hanumantharaju}
maketitle
This is inline (n) Math symbol % Displays symbol n in same line
This is inline $n$ Math symbol % Alternate method

7. This is a newline displayed $$n$$ Math symbol % Displays symbol n in new line
This is a newline displayed [n] Math symbol % Alternate Method
$frac{x}{y}$ % Fraction x/y
$n^n$ % Superscript : nn
end{document}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Demonstration 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% In this tutorial we will go over following features:
% Latex amsmath package
% Latex equation environment
% Using Simple equations like x = y + z
% Using Summation in equations
% Using Integration in equations
% Using Cases in equation (if condition based values of a variable)
% Using fractions to write multiple-row equations
documentclass{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amssymb}
begin{document}
title{Writing Equations} % Displays title as “Writing Equations”
maketitle
begin{equation}
% Begin equation(s) with numbering, No line spacing is allowed in equations
x = y + z % Simple equation: x = y + z

8. f(x) = x ^ 2 % Function: f(x)=x2
f(x) = x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + ......+ x_n % Series function
f(x) = sum_{i=1}^{n} {x_i} % Summation
f(x) = int_{i=1}^{n}{x_i} % Integration
% Cases
X=
begin{cases} % Case begins here
5, text{if X is divisible by 5} % First choice
10, text {if X is divisible by 10} % Second choice
-1, text {otherwise} % Third choice
end{cases} % end of case
% Summation usage in fraction
X =
frac{substack{sum_{i=1}^{n} {x_i}}}
{substack{sum_{i=20}^{50} {x_i}}}
end{equation}
end{document}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Mathematical Equations
Observe the output in each example
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Super-scripts
$2x^3$ % Text line math
$$2x^3$$
$$2x^34$$
$$2x^{34}$$
$$2x^{3x+4} $$
$$2x^{3x^4+5} $$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Sub-script
$$x_1$$
$$x_{12}$$
$${x_1}_2$$
$${{x_1}_2}_3$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Greek Letters
$$pi$$
$$alpha$$
$$A = pi r^2$$
$$A, beta, B, gamma, Gamma, pi, Pi, phi, varphi, Phi$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Trigonometric Functions
$$sin(x)$$
$$cos(x)$$
$$y = sin(x)$$
$$cos (2theta) = cos^2 theta - sin^2 theta$$
$$lim_{x to infty} exp(-x) = 0$$
$$a bmod b$$
$$x equiv a pmod b$$
$$frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = binom{n}{k}$$
$$frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = {n choose k}$$
$${n! over k!(n-k)!} = {n choose k}$$
$$^3/_7$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. % Log Functions
$$log(x)$$
$$ln(x)$$
$$log_5(x)$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Square Root
$$sqrt{2}$$
$$sqrt[3]{2}$$
$$sqrt{x^2+y^2}$$
$$sqrt{1 + sqrt{x}}$$
$$sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+ldots}$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Multiplications
begin{equation}
frac{
begin{array}[b]{r}
left( x_1 x_2 right)
times left( x'_1 x'_2 right)
end{array}
}{
left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 right)
} end{equation}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Summations & Integrals
$$sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i$$
$$int_0^infty mathrm{e}^{-x},mathrm{d}x$$
$$bigoplus$$
$int y mathrm{d}x$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Fractions
% In line mathematics mode
% Latex format for fractions is : frac{}{}
% within first curly bracket type Numerator
% type Denominator within the second curly
bracket
About 2/3 of the class is full
About $2/3$ of the class is full
About $frac{2}{3}$ of the class is full
$(frac{n}{2})$
$$frac{x}{x^2+x+1}$$
$$frac{sqrt{x+1}}{sqrt{x-1}}$$
$$frac{1}{1+frac{1}{x}} $$
$$sqrt{frac{x}{x^2+x+1}}$$
$$frac{frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{y}}{y-z}$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parenthesis
$$(x+1)$$
$$3[2+(x+2)]$$
$${a,b,c}$$ % No curly brackets
$${a,b,c}$$
$$$12.5$$ % Prints the dollar sign
$$3(frac{2}{5})$$ % Bracket appears very small

12. $$3left(frac{2}{5}right)$$ % Bracket enlarges for the fraction
$$3left[frac{2}{5}right]$$ % Square bracket for the fraction
$$3left{frac{2}{5}right}$$ % Curly brackets for the fraction
$$|x|$$ % Absolute value
$$|frac{x}{x+1}|$$ % Small absolute for fraction
$$left|frac{x}{x+1}right| $$ % Large square bracket for fraction
$$left{x^2right.$$ % One sided bracket
$$left|frac{dx}{dy}right|_{x=1}$$ % Absolute bracket with subscript
$$( a ), [ b ], { c }, | d |, | e |,$$
$$langle f rangle, lfloor g rfloor,$$
$$lceil h rceil, ulcorner i urcorner$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Matrices
$ left(
begin{array} {c c c}
1 & 2 & 3
4 & 5 & 6
7 & 8 & 9
end{array}
right)
$

13. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$begin{matrix}
a & b & c
d & e & f
g & h & i
end{matrix}$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$A_{m,n} =
begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & cdots & a_{1,n}
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & cdots & a_{2,n}
vdots & vdots & ddots & vdots
a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & cdots & a_{m,n}
end{pmatrix}$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Matrix in Running Text
A matrix in text must be set smaller:
$bigl(begin{smallmatrix}
a&b c&d
end{smallmatrix} bigr)$
to not increase leading in a portion of text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latex Table Demonstration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{table}
caption{My First Table}
centering
begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}
hline
Head 1 & Head 2 & Head 3 & Head 4
hline
1 & 2 & 3 & 4
hline

14. end{tabular}
label{tab:MyFirstTable}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table row=4, column =3 without border
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{lll}
22 & 22 & 21
43 & 11 & 13
65 & 12 & 11
21 & 34 & 98
end{tabular}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table row=4, column =3 with border
begin{table}[ht]
begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21 hline
43 & 11 & 13 hline
65 & 12 & 11 hline
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table with border and caption
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21 hline
43 & 11 & 13 hline
65 & 12 & 11 hline
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
caption {Table with Border}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table with adding borders around
begin{table}

15. begin{tabular}{|lll|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21
43 & 11 & 13
65 & 12 & 11
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
caption {Table with adding borders around}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latex Figures Demonstration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{figure}
centering
{ includegraphics[height=2in,width=3in]{test.jpg}
label{fig:subfig3}
}
caption{This is an Example of Test Image}
end{figure}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.5textwidth}
vspace{-20pt}
begin{center}
includegraphics[width=0.48textwidth]{gull}
end{center}
vspace{-20pt}
caption{A gull}
vspace{-10pt}
end{wrapfigure}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{figure*}
caption{textbf{First Row} : RGB to Y, RGB to Cb, RGB to Cr, textbf{Second Row} : YCbCr
to R, YCbCr to G, YCbCr to B}
centering
begin{tabular}{ccc}
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2y.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2cb.jpg} &

16. includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2cr.jpg}
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2r.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2g.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2b.jpg}
end{tabular}
end{figure*}
% Six Pictures of 2x3 format
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. IEEE/Springer/Elsevier Format Paper Writing using Latex
1. Download IEEE template from the following link:
o http://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishing/templates.html
o Download windows latex and bibliography files
o Extract into new folder
o Run using Latex
software
2. Download Springer template (LNCS) from the following link
IEEE Paper
Writing
DEMO
o The Springer Template may be obtained from the link provided below:
o http://www.springer.com/computer/lncs?SGWID=0-164-6-793341-0
o Download both typeinst.zip and llncs2e.zip
o Follow the steps illustrated in IEEE paper writing
3. Download Elsevier template from the following link
Springer
Paper
Writing
DEMO
o http://www.elsevier.com/author-schemas/preparing-crc-journal-articles-with-latex
o Follow the steps similar to that of IEEE paper demo

17. 6. Book Editing
The template for editing Book using latex may be found from the link:
https://www.sharelatex.com/templates/books
7. Thesis Formulation
 VTU Ph.D thesis may be downloaded from the link provided below:
 http://research.vtu.ac.in/research/materials.html
 Unzip and start editing each chapters
8. Conclusions
 Latex is a free
 Latex is available for many machines
 Latex files are ASCII and are portable
 One can use editor of your choice.
 Typesetting is better, especially the mathematics
 Style changes are better in LaTeX. Style files for many periodicals exist.
 LaTeX is extensible. If you want a new feature, you can look around for a free add-on or
write one yourself.
 In Latex font selection is difficult compared to word.
 Latex is not good for flowing text around pictures.
 LaTeX encourages (almost insists on) structured writing and the separation of style from
content. This is not the way that many people (especially non-programmers) are used to
working.
 Without a WYSIWYG front end, it's not always easy to find out how to do things.

18. “However,
World’s available best thesis/Books/Articles/Research papers are usually written in
Latex”.
References
Text books & Other Information for Learning Usage of Latex
1. LaTeX: A document preparation system, User's guide and reference manual by Leslie
Lamport, 2nd edition, ISBN 0-201-52983-1.
2. The LaTeX Companion, 2nd edition (TTCT series) by Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens,
Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, Chris Rowley ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
3. LaTeX Beginner's Guide by Stefan Kottwitz, ISBN 978-1847199867.
4. Guide to LaTeX, by Helmut Kopka, 4th Edition: This book is an excellent reference to
LaTeX
5. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX : Latex Examples
6. http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~hildebr/tex/tips-topten.html : Latex Tips
7. http://www.tablesgenerator.com/ : Latex Table Editor
8. http://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php : Latex Equation Editor
Thank you for your patience
&
For any queries on Latex mail/call me at
mchanumantharaju@gmail.com / mchanumantharaju@bmsit.in
9742290764