Pineapple leaf fiber is a natural fiber that can be extracted from pineapple leaves through manual or mechanical methods. It has properties such as light weight, strength, and biodegradability. Common applications include automotive interior and exterior components. Melamine fiber is a synthetic fiber composed of at least 50% melamine polymer that offers thermal resistance and is used in protective clothing and filtration. Piezoelectric ceramic fiber can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and is used in applications like energy harvesting and medical devices. Spider silk is incredibly strong and elastic due to its protein structure, and is used for purposes like web construction and parachuting. Spectra fiber 1000 is a high strength polyethylene fiber with properties including light weight, chemical resistance,

1. content
pineapple leaf fiber
Melamine fiber
Piezoelectric ceramic fiber
Spider silk
Spectra fiber 1000
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2. Pineapple Leaf Fibres (PALF)
Pineapple is a popular delicious fruit. It is a perennial
crop which is cultivated for its fruit. The pineapple plant
does not have any use after harvesting of the fruit. These
pineapple leaves generate huge unutilized agricultural
waste. Different approaches are adopted to manage these
organic wastes.
Pineapple leaf fibre
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3. The fiber extracted from leaves of pineapple plant is
called pineapple PALF. PALF is also known as pina-fibre.
The pina fiber is mostly sourced from Thailand. Cause,
Thailand is the world’s 4th largest pineapple producer
approximately produces 2.1 million tones per year. It is
also the world’s top producer of smooth cayenne. It is a
special type of pineapple with extra-smooth leaves,
yielding superior quality fibers.
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4. Pineapple leaf fibres can be extracted by
two steps. They are discussed as follows:
1. Manual method: Manual method is that the traditional
method of scraping is finished by painstaking task and
required skilful labor. In manual process, the initial step is
mixing of layered fibers in water for about 20 days to become
saturated. The manual procedure begins with shredding
through beating, scraping and husking the leaves. During this
step, microorganisms play a significant role in removing the
unwanted material, gummy substance and separating the
fibers. After this procedure, fibers are cleaned. Then the
fibers are naturally dried.
Process of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Extraction
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5. 2. Mechanical method: The mechanical method is administrated
by the leaves area unit fed through the feed rollers. That is passed
through a series of scratching rollers. The pineapple leaves sides are
scraped by scratching roller skates to dispose of the waxy layer. Then,
it gone through the toothed roller. There it closely fitted cutting
edges of roller macerates. The pineapple leaf delivers with numerous
breaks on its surface for easy passage of retting micro-organisms.
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6. Advantages of Pineapple Leaf Fiber:
The advantages of Pineapple Leaf Fibre PALF are
below:
• Light-in-weight, low density, low cost.
• Easy to handle.
• Separation of fibres is free from hazard.
• Enhanced energy recovery.
• Acceptable specific strength properties.
• High toughness.
• High crystallinity.
• Eco friendly and Bio-degradable, etc.
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7. Applications of pineapple leaf fibre
composites on the interior and exterior
components of automotive are:
1. Head restraints,
2. Seat backs,
3. Door panels both on front and back,
4. Seat bottoms,
5. Seatback linings,
6. Boot lining,
7. Noise insulation panels,
8. Windshield,
9. Dashboard,
10. Headliner panels,
11. Business table,
12. Pillar cowl panel,
13. Door trim,
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8. Conclusion
The pineapple leaf fiber composites are more significant materials for
replacement of the non-renewable synthetic fibres. Pineapple leaf fibers
bolstered composites have several attractive features and benefits, such
as: eco friendly, biodegradability, low cost, tenuity and easy mould-
ability and so on. But still, research needs to on the pineapple leaf fiber
to expand the widely utilized in the automotive sector.
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9. Melamine Fiber:
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming
substance is a synthetic polymer composed of at least
50% by weight of a cross-linked melamine polymer.
Fiber is primarily known for its inherent thermal
resistance and outstanding heat blocking capability in
direct flame applications. This high stability is due to the
cross linked nature of the polymer and the low thermal
conductivity of melamine resin. In comparison to other
melamine fiber offers an excellent value for products
designed for direct flame contact and elevated
temperature exposures.
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10. Production: -
The production process is proprietary. It is based on a unique melamine
chemistry that results in a cross-linked, non-thermoplastic polymer of
melamine units joined by methylene and dimethylene ether linkages.In
the polymerization reaction, methylol derivatives of melamine react with
each other to form a three-dimensional structure. This structure is the
basis for the fiber’s heat stability, solvent resistance, and flame resistance.
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11.  Uses: -
Fire Blocking Fabrics: Aircraft seating, fire
blockers for upholstered furniture in high-
risk occupancies.
 Protective Clothing: Firefighters ‘turnout
gear, insulating thermal liners, knit hoods,
molten metal splash apparel, heat resistant
gloves.
 Filter Media: High capacity, high efficiency,
high temperature bag house air filters.
 Characteristic: -
White and Dye able .
 Flame resistance and low thermal conductivity
 High heat dimensional stability.
 Process able on standard textile equipment
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12. piezoelectric ceramic fiber:
 Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT) active
fibers, from 80 to 250
micrometers
in diameter, are
produced for the
AFOSR / DARPA
funded Active Fiber
Composites
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13. Cera Nova has developed a proprietary ceramics-
based technology to produce PZT mono-filaments
of the required purity, composition, straightness,
and piezoelectric properties for use in active fiber
composite structures. CeraNova’s process begins
with the extrusion of continuous lengths of mono-
filament precursor fiber from a plasticized mix of
PZT-5A powder. The care that must be taken to
avoid mix contamination is described using
illustrations from problems experienced with
extruder wear and metallic contamination.
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14. Manufacturing:
CeraNova has developed a proprietary extrusion and firing method to ake
round, straight and contamination free PZT fibers having composition and
piezoelectric performance suitable for AFC use.
Raw materials and mixing:
PZT-5A powder is mixed under high-shear conditions with a proprietary
binder formulation until a homogeneous blend is achieved.
Batch blending and remixing improves mix consistency and extrusion
performance. Great care is taken to avoid contamination as this can
result in extruder die blockage or unacceptable defects in fired fibers
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15. Properties: -
Diameters from 5 microns to 250 microns.
Flexible and lightweight.
Converts waste mechanical energy into
electrical energy (vibration, motion)
When the fibers are exposed to an electric field,
they mechanically deform.
Uses: -
Used in sonar, ultrasound, acoustic
reproduction, energy harvesting, smart
materials, smart sporting goods, and medical
applications.
Can be used to power independent Electronic
Systems
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16. A shirt you wear can charge your
phone!!! Wondering how?
 Smartphone’s emergence
was a major breakthrough
in the technology sector
and now the demand has
arisen for smart clothes for
which scientists around
the globe are
brainstorming. Imagine a
day when you
can charge your phone
with the T-shirt you wear!!!
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17. Scientists have relied on a phenomenon known as
piezoelectricity which converts mechanical energy
into electric energy. Simply by tapping or distorting
a piezoelectric material, it will generate electricity
This research was done in a collaboration
between the University of Bath, the Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research in Germany and
the University of Coimbra in Portugal and led by
professor Kamal and his student saleem Anwar
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18.  The study says that while
wearing piezoelectric
clothing, for example, a
shirt, even the swinging
motion made by the
arms can create
sufficient movement in
the shirt’s fibers to
generate electricity
and the charge can be
taken away, stored in a
capacitor for instance
and then put to use like
to charge the phones.
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19. Piezoelectric materials make good candidates for energy harvesting from
mechanical vibrations, such as body motion, but most of these materials
are ceramic and contain lead, which is toxic and makes and makes their
integration in wearable electronics or clothes challenging,” Mr. Asadi
explained piezoelectric features of nylon were known to scientists since
the 1980s itself and its lead-free and non-toxic nature made it more
appealing. But the challenge was to create nylon fibers that retain its
piezoelectric properties. Nylon, in its raw polymer form, is a white
powder that can be mixed with other substances (natural or man-made)
and then reshaped into different products. The piezoelectric property of
nylon arrives in it when it is converted into a particular crystal form.
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20. The traditional method of making nylon crystals is to melt, rapidly cool
and then stretch it. Even though this method gives thick slabs of nylon
that are piezoelectric but it is not suited for clothing With this research,
the scientists took a new approach which was by mixing an acid solution
with acetone (a chemical best known as a paint thinner), the mixture was
able to dissolve the nylon and turned into a piezoelectric phase.
piezoelectric fibers is a groundbreaking development in
producing electronic textiles with clear applications in the
field of wearable electronics.
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21. The electricity generated from the fibers of piezoelectric
clothing could be stored in a battery fixed in a pocket
that can be connected to devices. “In years to come, we
could be using our T-shirts
to power a device such as our mobile phone as we walk
in the woods, or for monitoring our health,”.
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22. Spider silk.
 Spider silk: It is a fibrous
protein secreted as a fluid,
which hardens as it oozes
out of the spinnerets,
which are mobile finger-
like projections. Spider silk
is so elastic that it doesn't
break even if stretched 2-4
times its length. Spider silk
is also waterproof, and
doesn't break at
temperatures as low as -
40C.
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23. Properties
* Spider silk is incredibly tough and is stronger by
weight than steel.
* Quantitatively, spider silk is five times stronger than
steel of the same diameter.
* It is finer than the human hair.
* Spider silk is also very elastic
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24. uses:
*Swathing silk for the wrapping and immobilization
of prey.
*Webs for catching prey using sticky silk - it is elastic
to prevent the prey from rebounding off the web.
*Parachuting or ballooning which is used to aid the
dispersal of young and to find new areas as a
foodsource.
*Shelters such as burrows or nests.
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25. Spectra fiber 1000 :
 High-strength, lightweight polyethylene fiber.
Spectra® fiber 1000, the second in a series of Spectra®
fibers, was developed to meet customers' needs for
increased performance. It is available in a multitude of
deniers for use in a wide range of applications. This
extended chain polyethylene fiber has one of the
highest strength to weight ratios of any manmade
fiber.
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26. Spectra fiber 1000 :
 High-strength, lightweight
polyethylene fiber. Spectra®
fiber 1000, the second in a
series of Spectra® fibers, was
developed to meet customers'
needs for increased
performance. It is available in
a multitude of deniers for use
in a wide range of
applications. This extended
chain polyethylene fiber has
one of the highest strength to
weight ratios of any
manmade fiber.
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27. Characteristics:
*Light enough to float (.097 Specific Gravity) High
resistance to chemicals, water, and UV light
*Excellent vibration damping
*Highly resistant to flex fatigue
*Low coefficient of friction
*Good resistance to abrasion
*Low dielectric constant makes it virtually transparent
to radar.
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28. Uses:
*Police and military ballistic vests and helmets.
*Composite armor for vehicles and aircraft.
*Marine lines and commercial fishing nets.
*Industrial cordage and slings.
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29. References
 https://www.textileblog.com/properties-extraction-
and-uses-of-pineapple-leaf-fiber/
High technology fibers for technical textiles- S.K. Mukhopadhyay
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326668967_Spider_Silk-
Properties_and_Uses_Spider_Silk-Properties_and_Uses
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