Laryngeal cancer occurs when malignant cells form in the larynx and grow uncontrollably. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common form. Key risk factors include smoking and alcohol consumption. A team of specialists is involved in diagnosing and staging the cancer, and developing a treatment plan. This multidisciplinary team may include ENT surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, speech therapists and others to help address all aspects of care for the patient.
cancer of the larynx is also known as the cancer of voice box and basic knowledge about this is important to treat the patient and give better care for the patient this knowledge will help the nursing students to give better care, to improve their academic performance and to improve their skills in their clinical practice
Head and Neck Cancer
The concept of head and neck cancer is included in the syllabus of the master's of clinical pharmacy.This presentation includes epidemiology, Types, Pathology, Etiology and risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment according to stages, Classification, Mechanism of action, and the latest research.
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, accounting for 30-40% of the head and neck cancer. It is fairly common and very curable if found and treated at an early stage.
Definition: Oral cancer is also known as mouth cancer, is cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth or upper throat. It belongs to a large group of cancers called head and neck cancers.
Classification: The TNM classification stages different types of cancer based on certain standard criteria:
T describes the size of the primary tumor
N describe the lymph nodes
M describes whether the cancer has metastasized.
Management of supraglottic and glottic larynx cancer has been revised lately. This presentation gives an overview of guidelines for management of laryngeal cancer. includes latest NCCN guidelines.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. LARYNGEAL CANCER
Laryngeal Cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form
in the tissue of the larynx.
Laryngeal Cancer occurs when the cells in the lining of the
throat grow uncontrollably and form tumour that invades
normal tissues and spread to other part of the body.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common form of
Cancer of the larynx.
3. Etiology
• The incidence of laryngeal cancer is closely correlated with smoking,
an head and neck tumor occurs 6 times more often among cigarette
smokers than among non smokers.
• Death from laryngeal cancer is 20 times more likely for the heaviest
smokers than for non smokers.
• Although alcohol is less potent carcinogen than tobacco, alcohol
consumption is a risk factor for laryngeal tumors.
• The incidence of laryngeal cancer has stabilized at approximately
10,000 case reported in the United States per year. Thus except for
oral cavity cancer, it is the most frequent cancer arising in the
upper aero digestive tract.
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• A distinct male predominance is noted for cancer of the larynx,
but recent data show that the ratio of the affected males to females
is decreasing as the result of an increasing incidence among
women
• Women’s are more likely to develop supraglottic cancer than
glottis.
• Cancer of the larynx is a disease of the elderly, with the peak
incidence in the sixth and seventh decades.
SIZE
Estimated New Cases Estimateddeaths
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
ALL 1,286,000 643,000 625,000 553,400 286,100 267,300
LARYNX 10,000 8,000 2,000 4,000 3,100 900
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 2% of the total cancer burden and 0.3% of all cancer deaths
• The second most common head and neck cancer site after Oral
cavity
• The ratio of glottic to supraglottic carcinoma is approximately 3:1.
• INDIA : 2.5 % of all cancers.
• Strongly associated with tobacco smoking
6. CAUSES AND FACTORS
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Smoking
• Exposure to organic amines and polycyclic acids
• Herpes simplex virus
• Chronic infections
• Irradiation
• Air pollution
• Leukoplakia or keratosis of vocalfolds.
• Dietary factors.
• Gastroesophageal reflux
7. SYMPTOMS
• A lump in the neck Sore throat
• Persistent cough Bad breath
• Respiratory obstruction Dysphagia
• Hoarseness and other voice change Stridor(noisy breathing)
• Fever Earache
• Pain in throat reffered to the ear
• Aspiration on swallowing
• Hemoptysis(coughing up blood)
• Dyspnea(Shortness of breath)
8. ANATOMY
• The larynx can be divided anatomically into
• Supraglottis - The upper part of the larynx above the vocal cords,
including the epiglottis.
• Glottis - The middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are
located.
• Subglottis - The lower part of the larynx between the vocal cords
and the trachea (windpipe).
9. CLASSIFICATION OF LARYNGEAL CANCER
• 1- SUPRAGLOTTAL CANCER(40%)
(Consist of epiglottis, false vocal folds, Ventricles Arypeglottic folds
and Arytenoids)
• 2- GLOTTAL CANCER(59%)
(true vocal cords and anterior and posterior commissure)
• 3- SUBGLOTTAL CANCER(1℅)
(region between vocal folds and trachea)
10. STAGING OF LARYNGEAL CANCER
• Staging consists of three separate evaluation: (TMN system)
1. The first is of the tumour/cancer itself (“T”).
2. The second is the extent to which adjacent lymph nodes are
involved in the tumour/cancer’s spread (“N”).
3. The third is the presence or absence of any distant metastases
(“M).
• TX - Primary tumor cannot be assed
• T0- No evidence of primary tumor
• TIS- Carcinoma in situ
11. SUPRAGLOTTAL CANCER STAGING
• T1– Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal
vocal cord mobility.
• T2 - Tumor invades mucosa of more than one subsite of
supraglottis or glottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis
(e.g., mucosa of the base of tongue vallecula, medial wall pyriform
sinus) without fixation of the larynx.
• T3 - Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or
invades any of the followinng postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic
tissues.
• T4 - Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or extends
into soft tissues of the neck, thyroid and/or esophagus.
13. GLOTTAL CANCER STAGING
• T1- Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or
posterior commisure) with normal mobility.
• T1a- Tumor limited to one vocal cord
• T1b Tumor involves both vocal cords.
• T2 Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis and/or occurs with
impaired vocal cord mobility.
• T3 -Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord ffixation
• T4- Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or to other
tissues beyond the larynx (e.g, trachea, soft tissues if neck, including the
thyroid and pharyn
16. SUBGLOTTAL CANCER STAGING
• T1- Tumor limited to the subglottis
• T2- Tumor extended to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired
mobility
• T3- Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation.
• T4- Tumor invades through the cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or
to other tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of
neck, including the thyroid and pharynx.
18. REGIONAL LYMPH NODE INVASION
• NX- Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
• N0- No regional lymph node metastasis
• N1- Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller
in greatest dimension
• N2 -Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, larger than 3 cm
but not larger than 6cm in greatest
• N2a -Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3
cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension.
• N3 - Metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6cm in greatest
dimension.
19. DISTANT METASTASIS
• MX- Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
• M0- No distant metastasis
• M1- Distant metastasis
20. RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION
• Clinical staging
• The larynx is assessed primarily by inspection, with the use
of indirect mirror and direct endoscopic examinations. Cross-
sectional imaging with a high-resolution/fine-cut CT through the
larynx. Radiologic nodal staging should do simultaneously to
supplement clinical examination.
• Pathologic staging
• The pathologic description of any specimen should
describe the size, number, and level of involved lymph nodes, as
well as whether extra capsular spread is present.
21. STAGE GROUPING
STAGE T N M
0 Tis NO M0
I T1 NO M0
II T2 NO M0
III T3 NO M0
T1 N1 M0
T2 N1 M0
T3 N1 M0
IVA T4 NO M0
T4 N1 M0
IV B AnyT N2 M0
IVC AnyT N3 M0
AnyT AnyN M1
23. INTRODUCTION
• This team may include:
• Medical Oncologists,
• Radiation Oncologists,
• Surgeons, Otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat doctors)
• , Maxillofacial Prosthodontists(specialists who perform
restorative surgery to the head and neck areas), dentists,
• Physical Therapists, Speech Pathologists, Audiologists, And
Psychiatrists.
• Diagnostic Radiologists and Pathologists also are an integral part of
the treatment team because they help with diagnosis and staging
24. • Cancer care teams include a variety of other health care
professionals, such as:
• Physician Assistants,
• Nurse Practitioners,
• Oncology Nurses,
• Social Workers,
• Pharmacists,
• Counselors,
• Dietitians, and others.
25. 1. ENT SURGEON-An ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeon –
a specialist in treating cancer of the larynx
• A Plastic And Reconstructive Surgeon – a surgeon
skilled in rebuilding tissue in the head and neck
• A Cancer Doctor (Oncologist) – a doctor who specialises
in cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy,
targeted therapy and immunotherapy
• A Therapeutic Radiographer – who works closely with the
doctors to plan and give radiotherapy
• A Restorative Dentist –a specialist dentist who makes sure
your teeth look as normal as possible, and work as naturally as
they can.
26. • A Radiologist – a doctor who specialises in reading
scans and x-rays
• A Pathologist – a doctor who specialises in looking at
cells under a microscope and diagnosing the cell type
• A Specialist Nurse – a nurse who gives support and
information about the cancer or treatment
• A Speech And Language Therapist (SLT) – a therapist
who specialises in helping with communication and
swallowing problems
• A Dietitian – someone who gives advice about getting all the
nutrients your body needs.
27. CONCLUSION
• In cancer care, different types of doctors and other specialists
often work together to create a patient’s overall treatment plan,
which combines different types of treatments. This is called
a multidisciplinary team. An evaluation should be done by
each specialist before any treatment begins.