The document discusses the silvicultural characteristics, regeneration techniques, yield, and uses of Leucaena leucocephala and Melia dubia. It outlines their morphology, cultivation practices, pest and disease management, and applications like firewood, timber, and fodder. It also describes the constraints faced by these species, such as growth conditions and toxicity issues.

1. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERS,
REGENERATION TECHNIQUES,
TENDING, ROTATION, YIELD
AND USES OF Leucaena
leucocephala & Melia dubia
HARINI. K
2021022035
B.Sc.(Hons.)Horticulture

2. SUBABUL
S.N: Leucaena leucocephala
Tamil name: Nattu cavundal
English name: Ipil-Pil
Hindi name: Subabul
Family: Mimosaceae
Origin: Central America, Mexico
Distribution:
• World – India, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, West Africa, Australia
• India – U.P, H.P, M.P, A.P, T.N, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka

3. MORPHOLOGY
• Fast growing evergreen tree
• Grows to ht. of 20m
• Dense canopy
• Feathery leaves with 10-15 pairs of
leaflets
• Flowers – dense globose heads “power
puff” – light yellowish white clr
• Pods – long, straight , flat, contains 15-20
seeds
• Seed – dark brown, smooth & shining

4. PHENOLOGY
• Shed leaves partially under rainfed
conditions
• Two flowering seasons – Feb to May
& Jul to Nov
• Fruiting season: Apr to Jul
• Self pollinated flowers
• The pods take 3-4 months to mature
• Pods are dehiscent at maturity

5. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• It is a strong light demander.
• Strong coppicing & pollarding
capacity.
• It can tolerate drought for a short
period.
• It can tolerate partial shade but full
sun is best for g&d.
• Moderately frost tender

6. VARIETIES
• K-5, K-8, K-23, K-62, K-72
• TNAU – CO-1, FD-1423
Drought resistant

7. REGENERATION
i) Natural Regeneration
• Self sown seeds
• Root suckers
• Cuttings
ii) Artificial Regeneration
• Seeds (17000-20000
seeds/kg)

8. ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION
SEED TREATMENT:
• Soak seeds in hot water for 1 to 2mins & decant the water
for satisfactory germination
• Mixing Rhizobium culture in 109% gur soln and by coating
the seeds with this mixture
• 250kg Rhizobium culture req to treat about 20kg seeds
SEED RATE – 5 to 7 kg/ha (line sowing)
– 20 kg/ha (broadcasting)

9. PLANTING
• Pre treated seeds are sown in polybags of 20*10cm
filled with 1:1:1 of soil, sand and FYM
• Polybags kept in full sunlight
• Watered daily
• Germinates in 7-10 days
• Pits of 30cm² are dug and filled with 3-5kg FYM
• Spacing: 2 x 2m

10. NURSERY MANAGEMENT
• Empty bags
• Shifting
• Hardening
• Age

11. SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES
IRRIGATION: Newly planted transplants provided with light
irrigation @ 3weeks interval.
MANURES & FERTILIZERS: Initial stage of planting organic
manure is applied. N not req.
Application of phosphorus @ 30-40kg/ha beneficial in
acidic soils of pH below 5.0
Liming is also advisable @ 2-4t/ha
WEEDING: Interrupt only at seedling stage, one or two
weeding at starting stage is recommended

12. T&P: For providing proper framework to growing trees
In Agri silvicultural and silvipastoral systems, pruning of
lower branches is essential
THINNING: Planted at high densities for its multi-purpose
uses.
Frequent thinning req for firewood purpose

13. ROTATION:
Normal rotation of 5-6 yrs is followed
HARVEST & YIELD:
Harvest depend on its purpose
Trees are cut @ 10-20cm above ground
Annual biomass increment is 50cm³/ha
Yield of 70t/ha of pulpwood at the end of 4th year

14. PEST & DISEASES
PESTS:
• Gram pod borer(H.armigera)
- Spray Malathion @ 0.05-1%
• Termites
- Apply chlorpyriphos

15. DISEASES:
• Ganoderma root rot (Ganoderma
lucidum)
 Sym – drying of branches from
tip resulting in stag headed
appearance followed by death
of plants
 Control – rmvl of decayed
stumps & isolation of diseased
trees

16. • Gummosis die back (Fusarium
semitectum)
 Development of dark brown
spots on leaves
 Shoots & pods – oozing of
gum with bark cracking &
canker development
 Control – pruning of lower
branches, weeding
occasionally

17. USES
• FIREWOOD: Has a calorific value of 4200 to 4600Kcal/kg and its high BTU
makes it popular in bakeries, restaurants, etc.
• TIMBER: Hard, strong & easily workable carpentry works and used for
fences, handle of agri. Tools
Trees should be allowed to grow for 8-10yrs
• FODDER: Green leaves of subabul constitutes 15-30% of tot animal
fodder
Cutting of foliage done at 45-60days interval
Toxic alkaloid Mimosine reported to be injurious to monogastric animals
Sole feeding not recommended

18. • GAS: Biomass is used for generating cooking gas
• MANURE: Powdered seeds used as manure leaves & twigs rich
in N, Na & K salts
• PAPER PULP: 1t paper req 3t of air-dry wood
• MEDICINAL USE: Bark used to relieve internal pain in Assam.

20. CONSTRAINTS OF SUBABUL
• High ratio of woody to edible parts
• During summer there is heavy defoliation under rainfed
condition
• Presence of mimosine
• Very poor growth on acidic soil
• Uprooting of trees difficult

21. MALABAR NEEMWOOD
S.N : Melia dubia
Tamil name: Malai vembu
Family: Meliaceae
Origin: India
Distribution: TN, A.P, Kerala, Karnataka, Assam, Mizoram
Soil: Loamy soils are best

22. MORPHOLOGY
• Large deciduous perennial tree
• Grows to a height of 6-30m
• Wood trunk has few or no branches
arising from about 8 m
• Smooth, greenish young barks turn
dark brown when mature and fissures
develop on ageing
• Flowers borne on terminal panicles
• Fruit - drupe

23. PHENOLOGY
• Leaves shed in Dec & new flush
emerge around Feb-Mar
• Flowers during Jan-Apr
• Fruits ripen during Nov-Feb

24. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Heavy light demander
• Excellent coppice
• Produce root suckers freely
• Susceptible to attack of mealy
bug
• Inbuilt self-pruning
• Termite resistant
• Frost and drought resistant

25. REGENERATION
i) Natural Regeneration
• Coppicing
• Root suckers
• Seeds (300 seeds/kg)
Seed Collection Time: Jan-Feb
Viability: 3months
Germination percentage : 20% without seed treatment
40-47% after seed treatment
• Cuttings
• Grafting

26. ii) Artificial Regeneration
• Fruit looks like the kattamonakku fruit
• Seed looks like dates seed, stout & long
• Fruit have very hard & thick seed coat
• 3 seeds / fruit
• Collected fruits shade dried for 3-5 days

27. PRETREATMENT METHODS
• Acid scarification
• Soaking in cow dung soln.
• Alt. wetting & drying
• Hot water treatment
• Cold water soaking
• Termite eating technique
• Mechanical scarification followed by soaking in 100ppm Gibberellic
acid overnight
Pretreated fruits dibbled directly into polybags or sown in 15cm
raised mother beds

28. MIST CHAMBER TECHNIQUE
• Raised sand beds of 15cm ht, 1m breadth and of convenient
length are prepared inside the mist chamber
• Seed are sown either in prepared beds or in polybags
• Because of heat generation inside the sand bed, seeds start to
germinate

29. TRANSPLANTING OF NATURALLY REGENERATED
SEEDLINGS
• 2 leaved stage seedling that naturally germinated under the
mother trees, are carefully transplanted into polybags
• Kept under shade
• Watered regularly
• Maintained in secondary bed

30. PLANTING
• Transplanted during northeast monsoon
• Spacing: 3 x 3m
• Pit size: 45 x 45 x 45cm
• Fertilizer: Mixture of compost & organic fertilizers, bio-fertilizer used
for filling the pits
MAINTENANCE
• Weeding done twice per month up to age of 3yr plantation
• Basin formed beside plant to collect rain water

31. TENDING OPERATIONS
• Weeding
• Cleaning
• Thinning
• Pruning

32. PESTS & DISEASES
PESTS:
• Termite – major pest
especially in red soils
– controlled by
application of chlorpyriphos 2%
DISEASES:
• Root rot (Macrophomina
phaseolina)
– managed by drenching
with carbendazim 0.1%

33. USES
• Wood is soft, reddish
• Used for planking, ceiling
• Pencil making, match boxes
and kattumarams
• FODDER: It is a good fodder
source

34. THANK YOU