The document provides an introduction to broadcasting, outlining key concepts such as the philosophy of using broadcasting to educate audiences and effect change. It discusses the main broadcast media of radio and television, as well as equipment and personnel involved in television studios and production. The document also covers various techniques used in broadcasting like camera shots, transitions, production modes, and interview styles. It provides classifications for broadcast stations and programs as well as differences between news and public affairs programming.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
BROADCASTING
LADY LEE
BAMC-2C
FRANZ JOSEPH MENDOZA
PROFESSOR

2. PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT
BROADCASTING
People must be reached at their present age of educational
attainment and level of interest and understanding in order to help them
attain their articulated needs and interests. An implicit requirement that
these needs and interests be known and fully understood.

3. Uses Of Broadcasting
1. Reinforce messages
2. Informative or alerting device
3. Effects change by creating
awareness
4. Provide a perspective for considering
change
5. Help identify reference groups

4. What Are The Broadcast
Media?
RADIO
TELEVISION
(CABLE TELEVISION)

5. What is the equipment and who
are the personnel found in the TV
Studio?

6. CONTROL ROOM
Equipment Personnel
 Video maker  Executive producer
 VTRs for playbacks &  Director
Recording  Technical Director
 TV monitors for  Audio Engineer
cameras, preview and  VTR/Playback person
program
 Computer Graphics
 Special effects console Artist
 Computer graphics  (Writer)
equipment
 Lights control panel
 Audio Mixer

7. STUDIO PROPER
Equipment Personnel
 Lights  Talents
 Cameras (with  Cameraman
TelePrompTers)  Floor Director
 Microphones  Lights Persons
 Earphones or  Set/Props persons
Overdrives  Make-up artists

8. What are the different camera
shots?

9. According To Size Of
Subject:
CLOSE-UP SHOT
MEDIUM SHOT
FULL / LONG / WIDE SHOT

10. According To Body
Coverage:
HEAD
BUST / CHEST
WAIST
KNEE

11. What Are The Camera
Movements?
Tilt up, down
Pan left, right
Dolly in, out
Track left, right
Zoom in, out
Focus, Defocus

12. What Are The Different TV
Transition Techniques?
Cut
Dissolve
Superimposition, ‘Super’
Special effects such as wipes, flip
and tumble, etc.

13. What Are The Different
Production Modes Or Set-ups
in the Broadcast Media?
Live or Taped
Studio or Remote
Raw or Edited
New, Fresh or File, Stock
ENG or SNG

14. How Are Broadcast
Stations Classified?
Private / Commercial or
Government
Sales Oriented or Program
Oriented

15. How Are Broadcast
Programs Classified?
Block time, Station Produced or
Co-Production
News & Public Affairs,
Entertainment or ‘Information’
Profit Center or Prestige Program
Local or Foreign (‘canned’)

16. Where Lies The Difference Between
News And Public Affairs?
NEWS- a report or account of an event, fact, development or
opinion
that reporters and editors, acting as agents for the public, believe will
interest or some may of those who receive it.
-Inform people urgently need in getting their bearings in a rapidly
changing world.
-Report of a recent event mark by fairness, currency, accuracy,
conciseness, balance, and objectivity.

17. P U B L I C A F F A I R S P R O G R A M S
those who are geared towards building an enlightened
citizenry through the discussion and clarification of issues of
national concern and international significance.
• Provide a forum for articulating views and opinions
from all sectors of society (KBP Television Code)

18. What Are The Different Program
Formats under Public Affairs?
TALK SHOWS- Interview, Discussion, Debate
•Talk Shows- Interview, Discussion, Debate
•News Special
•News Magazine
•Documentary
•Investigative Report
•Special / cultural Event

19. What are the 3Vs of being a
TV News Anchor Or Program
Host?

20. •VOICE: HOW TO SOUND GOOD •VISUAL: HOW TO LOOK GOOD
4Ps- Projection “CAM”- Carriage
Pronunciation Attire
Phrasing Make-up &
Hair
Pacing
•VALUES: HOW TO BE GOOD
4Cs- Credibility
Competence
Confidence
Concern

21. What Are The Different
Roles Of A TV Program
Host?
 ANCHOR  SPOKESPERSON
 INTERVIEWER  AD-LIB MASTER
 LISTENER  RESEARCHER /
 MODERATOR REPPORTER
 FACILITATOR  ANALYST
 INTERPRETER  DEVIL’S
 INTERROGATOR ADVOCATE
 SUMMARIZER
 SYNTHESIZER

22. PRIVELEGE OF TV
Advantages:
1. Reality/ concreteness of message is reinforced
2. Offers a common base of experiences to those
who watch the program at the same time
3. Can bring people, places, events on screen
4. Can magnify small objects

23. L I m I t a t I o n s:
1. Passivity/ inattentiveness (habitual watching)
2. Highly competitive
3. TV never tends to become critical
4. More Expensive
5. Delayed Feedback
6. Exorable

24. How To Become A Good
Interviewer?
 Always be on time.
 Be sure to introduce yourself and explain the purpose
of the interview properly.
 Be curious but ask only intelligent questions.
 Until you develop your own style, go ahead…be a
copycat.
 Keep a simple conversational style.
 Be conscious of your appearance, voice, language,
mannerisms, gestures, facial expressions, posture
and behavior.
 Be bold and direct.
 Do not lose control.
 Plan your approach accordingly for any type of
interview.

25. What Are The 3 Ways Of Conducting
An Interview?
 INFORMATION INTERVIEW- When you gather
information to be used in reporting and tracking down
additional information from other sources: Face to face or
on telephone.
 FIELD INTERVIEW- Requires a camera to pick up sound
bites which should be incorporated in news stories and
documentaries.

26.  PRODUCTION INTERVIEW- Requires 2 cameras and is
done in a studio, in a carefully chosen location outside the
studio, or sometimes with the interviewer and interviewee in
different places.
- May be an entire program, a segment of a program or a live
interview in a news program.

27. What Are News Packages?
1. In Radio, there are 2 Types:
 Voicer
 Wraparound
2. In TV, there are also 2 Types:
 Package
 Wraparound

28. What Are 3 The Basic
Patterns Of A News
Packages?
 Reporter- Sound Bite- Reporter
 Reporter- Sound Bite- Reporter- Sound Bite-
Reporter
 Reporter- Sound Bite- Sound Bite- Reporter

29. What Is The Basic Structure
Of A News Packages?
 A line or two of the hard news
 Set up sound bite (s)
 Add some information
 Then close with a signature (name, news
organization, dateline)

30. Some Ground Rules:
On The Record
Whatever is said to the journalist may be
published and directly attributed by the name to
the interviewee. It is by far the best way to get
your message across.

31. On Background
Whatever is said to the journalist may be
published, but with attribution to a previously
agreed upon identification. It is generally used
when the institutional interests represented by
the interviewee may be damaged by direct
attribution. Examples: “an official spokesman of
…”, “a well informed source”, “an expert on…”

32. On Deep Background
Whatever said to the journalist may be
published, but without attribution of any kind.
The information should appear as a conclusion
drawn by the journalist as a result of his inquiries.
It should only be uses when “On Background”
would lead to quick identification to the
interviewee and serious institutional damage,
since it represents difficulty for the journalist.

33. Off The Record
Often misused, this ground rule, as the
words imply, means that the journalist will receive
information that is not to be published under any
circumstances. Use is generally restricted to
emergency situations involving the physical well-
being of the participants in the interview, or
others who may be the subject of the interview.

34. RADIO NEWS STYLE
Listeners depend only on their sense of hearing.
They cannot go back to a story once they miss something.
The newscaster therefore should not be put in a doubtful
position while he reads. If there are difficult words or phrases
in a news story, the newscaster might stammer or stutter.

35.  Be Informal- write the way one talks to a friend across the
table – minus the errors and objectionable words.
 Avoid Long Sentences- people are not used to making
long, complex sentences in ordinary conversation.
 Provide Breathers- give the announcer a chance to
breathe.
 Mention The Source Of The Information- always begin
with the source of the story and not at the middle or at the
end of the sentences.
 Use Transitional Words- like therefore, however, likewise,
also, furthermore at the beginning of sentence.
 Prefer The Indirect Quotation- this makes for smoother,
readable copy.

36.  Handle Figures Properly- avoid them unless they are
vital part of the story.
 Avoid Abbreviations- a good rule to follow in handling
abbreviations is, when in doubt, write it out.
 Always Use The Present Tense Whenever Possible-
this adds to immediacy.
 Avoid Tongue Twisters or Tanglers- change words or
phrases which are hard to read.
 Provide Phonetic Spelling- new words and those difficult
to pronounce should be provided with a phonetic spelling
right after the word.

37. Radio Program Formats
Panel Discussion Documentary
Musical Program
•Integrated
Variety Program Farm, Homemaking
•Diversed
Drama
Special Events
Radio Vision •Scheduled
Talk Program
News •Unscheduled
•Subject Public Service /
Affairs
•Special Audience Radio Forum
•Variety
School-On-The-Air Magazine Program
News Program Radio Spots / Plugs

38. Elements Of AudioCraft
 SOUND EFFECTS
Functions And Sound 5. Establish time, event and
Effects place
6. Heighten Emotions
 Action
Principles of Musical
 Setting Scoring
 Symbolic  Novelty
 Consistency
• MUSIC
 Unobtrusiveness
Uses Of Music
1. Theme Music
2. Shift Scenes
3. Bridge/Transition
Music
4. Indicate Action

39.  VOICE
Pacing and Delivery
1. Marking
2. Intended Use
3. Visualize audience
Pronunciation and
Enunciation
1. Speak Naturally
2. Role Model
3. Pronunciation Guide
Emoting
1. “Picture” in mind
2. Body Language
3. Stress
4. Practice
Modulation

40. THE END