This document introduces G-code and M-code, which are programming languages used to instruct computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses common G-code commands like G00 for rapid positioning and G01 for linear interpolation. M-code controls auxiliary functions like spindle speed and coolant. The document provides examples of how to program circular and radial cuts using G02, G03 as well as absolute and incremental positioning with G90 and G91 codes.

1. Lab 2:
Introduction to G-code and M-code
Eng Mohammed Al-Obaidi
University of Sana’a
Facility of Engineering
Mechatronics Department
I
ndustrial Automation CADCAM
MT308

2. ▶ Objective:
To understand the basics of G-code and M-code,
their functions, and common examples.

3. CNC: Computer Numerical Control
CNC machines are used to automate various
machining processes.
G-code and M-code are programming
languages used to instruct CNC machines.

4. Thefollowing termsare usedin different
typesof machines:
▶ Cartesian Coordinates:
• When pointsare located on a workpiece, two
straight intersecting lines, one vertical and one
horizontal,areused
• These linesmustbe at rightangles to
each other,and the pointwhere they
crossiscalled the origin,orzeropoint
• Theplus(+)andminus(-)signsindicatethe
directionfromthezeropoint(origin)along
theaxismotion.

5. HowdoesthisdiagramlookinCNC
programming
• It looks like this:

6.  G-code:Geometriccode
 G-codeinstructionsdefinethemovementofthemachine'stool.
 CommonG-codecommands:
 G00:Rapidpositioning
 G01:Linearinterpolation
 G02:Clockwisecircularinterpolation
 G03:Counterclockwisecircularinterpolation
 G04:Dwell
 G20:ImperialUnit
 G21:MetricUnits

7.  G-code:Geometriccode
 G-codeinstructionsdefinethemovementofthemachine'stool.
 Differencebetween:
 G00:Rapidpositioning
 G01:Linearinterpolation

8. Write the CNC code to mill the following profile:

9.  Cutter compensation:
 There are two different G codes
that we use to tell a machine the
size of a cutter so the machine can
workout the diameter and the
radius of the cutter so we can
program directly to drawing
dimensions and not have to add
the radius to all the profiles.
 G40: ends cutter compensation

10.  There are three ways to program cutter compensation in CNC programming:

11.  For our previous example:

12.  G90: Absolute programming, all dimensions taken from the datum.

13.  G91: Incremental programming, dimensions taken from the position of the cutter.

14. • M-code: Miscellaneous functions code
• M-code instructions control auxiliary functions of the CNC machine.
• Common M-code commands:
• M00: Program stop
• M01: Optional stop
• M02: End of program=M30:end program and return to start
• M03: Spindle on (clockwise)
• M04: Spindle on (counterclockwise)
• M05: Spindle stop
• M06: Tool Change
• M08: Coolant on
• M09: Coolant off

15.  O - Program number (Used for program identification)
 N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
 G - Preparatory function
 X - X axis designation
 Y - Y axis designation
 Z - Z axis designation
 R - Radius designation
 F – Feed rate designation
 S - Spindle speed designation
 H - Tool length offset designation
 D - Tool radius offset designation
 T - Tool Designation
 M - Miscellaneous function

16.  Remember our previous example

17. • G02: Clockwise circular interpolation
• G03: Counterclockwise circular interpolation
 There are 2 ways to define the paths for radius cutting
The First way:

18. • Incase of counterclockwise cutting

19. • The second way is by defining the radius point.

20. • Incase of counterclockwise cutting

21. • Write the CNC code in absolute programming